黄嘌呤氧化还原酶的结构、功能和作用

黄嘌呤氧化还原酶(XOR)参与人体内的嘌呤代谢,并且是这一代谢过程的限速酶。其终产物是活性氧(包括OH·、H2O2和O2-)和尿酸。这两种产物参与体内多种生理活动。从XOR基因的结构、XOR蛋白的分子结构和基本功能、控制XOR活性的多个环节以及XOR的两种催化产物活性氧和尿酸在生理和病理情况下的功能及机制进行了总结,以期对XOR的发现、研究历史及现状和有待解决的问题有一个系统的了解。     

VE对培养的鼠心肌细胞氧自由基损伤的影响

本文通过向培养基中加入黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤氧化酶系统造成细胞的氧自由基损伤,以心肌细胞动作电位和膜通透性的改变为指标,从细胞水平观察了V_E对氧自由基损伤的影响。实验结果:XOD组心肌细胞动作电位各电参数明显降低,与对照组比较有明显差异(P<0.05—0.001),BaCl_2引起心肌细胞停跳的阈浓度减低(P<0.05),而V_E组与XOD组比较, 动作电位各电参数增高(P<0.05—0.001),BaCl_2的阈浓度增高(P<0.05)。提示V_E对黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤氧化酶引起的培养心肌细胞氧自由基损伤具有保护作用。     

病毒感染致病与自由基的损伤

以流感病毒A/FM1/1/47(H₁N₁)鼠适应株,鼻腔内接种感染小鼠为模型,探讨了病毒感染过程中,自由基的产生以及在致病过程中的作用.结果表明,感染病毒的小鼠肺组织中氧自由基水平和黄嘌呤氧化酶活性显著升高,并与肺组织损伤和死亡率之间呈正相关.提示,氧自由基参与了病毒感染小鼠的致病过程,是造成组织损伤的重要因素.     

ESR检测大鼠心脏缺血—再灌产生的氧自由基及药物的消除

据报道,心肌缺血——再灌损伤的机制与活性氧自由基的产生紧切相关,在大鼠心脏产生氧自由基是以黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)途径为主.心肌中的黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XD)在Ca~(2+)激活水解酶的作用下向XD转化.而此我们设想,协同使用钙拮抗剂与超氧阴离子(O_2~1)清除剂(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD)可能加强对心肌的保护作用.本实验用电子自旋共振波谱仪(ESR)直接检测大鼠缺血——再灌心肌产生的活性氧自由基,从心脏收缩幅度,静息张力,肌酸激酶(CK)释放和心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)为指标,观察钙拮抗剂硫氮(艹卓)酮(DTZ)和SOD的分别作用和联合作用,发现两药合用可明显减少心肌活性氧自由基的产生.     

ESR检测大鼠心脏缺血—再灌产生的氧自由基及药物的消除

据报道,心肌缺血——再灌损伤的机制与活性氧自由基的产生紧切相关,在大鼠心脏产生氧自由基是以黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)途径为主.心肌中的黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XD)在Ca~(2+)激活水解酶的作用下向XD转化.而此我们设想,协同使用钙拮抗剂与超氧阴离子(O_2~1)清除剂(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD)可能加强对心肌的保护作用.本实验用电子自旋共振波谱仪(ESR)直接检测大鼠缺血——再灌心肌产生的活性氧自由基,从心脏收缩幅度,静息张力,肌酸激酶(CK)释放和心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)为指标,观察钙拮抗剂硫氮(艹卓)酮(DTZ)和SOD的分别作用和联合作用,发现两药合用可明显减少心肌活性氧自由基的产生.     

氧自由基在应激性胃溃疡中的发病学意义

本工作研究了氧自由基在大鼠冷冻束缚应激性胃溃疡中的发病学意义。实验结果如下:(1)以超氧自由基清除剂超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)或羟自由基清除剂二甲亚砜和甘露醇预先处理大鼠,均可显著地减轻胃粘膜损伤;(2)应激时,胃粘膜内的脂质过氧化分解产物丙二醛的含量显著升高;(3)组织化学的研究显示,胃粘膜层含有丰富的黄嘌呤氧化酶,其活性在应激时明显升高,预先用别嘌呤醇处理大鼠以抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性,可使胃粘膜损伤显著减轻。上述结果提示,氧自由基是应激性胃溃疡的重要致病因子,而黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的升高似可能为应激时氧自由基生成增加的重要原因。     

胰岛素对糖尿病大鼠肝细胞氧化损伤的影响

利用四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病大鼠模型 ,研究了胰岛素对糖尿病大鼠肝细胞及线粒体氧化损伤的保护作用。结果表明 ,胰岛素 1U kg皮下注射 9d ,能明显降低肝组织谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性 ,显著提高肝组织丙二醛的含量及肝线粒体O· -2 (活性氧自由基 )的生成量 ,显著提高抗氧化酶谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶的活性 ,提高肝线粒体H+ ATPase的合成活力 ,从而使受损的肝细胞功能得到改善     

几种检测超氧物歧化酶活性反应的比较

超氧物歧化酶(SOD)的基质·O′_2是极不稳定的,因此检测SOD活性至今都是采用间接的方法。曾被用于该酶活力测定的方法有如下几种反应系统:①SOD在硷性条件下抑制肾上腺素的自动氧化;②SOD抑制氮蓝四唑(NBT)光化还原;③SOD在黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤氧化酶存在下对NBT还原的抑制效应;④SOD在黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤氧化酶存在下对细胞色素C还原的抑制。但最后这一反应在应用于组织粗提液时,细胞色素C氧化酶有严重干扰,所以目前较普遍采用的是前三种。本文通过对前三种反应的条件比较,进一步了解这些反应在检测SOD时的适宜条件及反应机理。     

肝癌的生化研究 Ⅰ.3’-甲基-4-二甲基氨基偶氮苯引起大白鼠肝癌癌变过程中核酸嘧啶化合物代谢酶系的变化

肿瘤组织的核酸代谢和正常组织有所不同,已有不少工作证实,Skipper,Bennett等观察到肿瘤组织利用甘氨酸、甲酸等小分子化合物合成核酸嘌呤的能力较正常组织强,而利用嘌呤碱、嘌呤核苷及嘌呤核苷酸的能力则不如正常组织。de Lamirande等发现核酸嘌呤化合物代谢酶系活力在大白鼠Novikoff肝癌组织和正常组织中有明显区别,如黄嘌呤氧化酶和尿酸酶活力在肿瘤组织中完全不能测到。但有关核酸嘧啶化合物在癌组织中代谢的报导则较少,Reichard和Skold曾报告艾氏腹水癌尿嘧啶核苷磷酸     

木荷属和柃木属植物的嘌呤代谢及嘌呤碱合成研究

以［8-¹⁴C］标记的腺嘌呤和黄嘌呤为底物,对两种可以合成少量咖啡碱和茶叶碱的木荷属和柃木属植物（Schima mertensiana,Eurya japonica）叶片的嘌呤代谢进行了检测研究。发现木荷属和柃木属植物中嘌呤代谢相似,¹⁴C标记的腺嘌呤可以整合到嘌呤核苷酸、RNA、酰脲（包括尿囊素和尿囊酸）、二氧化碳中。经过24 h培养,在叶片吸收的放射能中,仅有6%～7%用于甲基黄嘌呤类化合物的合成（3-甲基黄嘌呤、7-甲基黄嘌呤核苷、7-甲基黄嘌呤、茶叶碱）。和其他植物一样,绝大多数¹⁴C标记的黄嘌呤整合到嘌呤的分解代谢物中（二氧化碳和酰脲）,少量的放射能分布在3-甲基黄嘌呤及茶叶碱中。根据结果可以推断木荷属和柃木属植物具有N-甲基转移酶活性,可以用来合成咖啡碱和茶叶碱,相对于茶树而言,活性不高。综上,本文对木荷属和柃木属植物的嘌呤代谢以及嘌呤碱合成进行了研究。     

稳定表达黄嘌呤氧化还原酶的人类神经外胚层瘤PFSK细胞株的建立（简报）

Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) is the key enzyme in purine metabolism and also produces oxygen free radicals. As a continuation of our previous work, in this study, we constructed a retrovirus expression vector (pLNCX2-XOR) containing full length of XOR cDNA. Retrovirus was produced by the virus package cell line PT-67 following the transfection of PT-67 with pLNCX2-XOR and used to infect the human primitive neuroectodermal tumor cell line (PFSK). Infected PFSK cells were selected by G418 to establish cell line with stable expression of XOR. The expression of XOR in the cell line we established was confirmed by RT-PCR, Immunocytochemistry and XOR activity assay.     

Estrogen receptor expression in a human primitive neuroectodermal tumor cell line from the cerebral cortex: estrogen stimulates rapid ERK1/2 activation and receptor-dependent cell migration

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are the most common form of pediatric brain tumor. Most often these malignant childhood brain tumors arise from neuroepithelial precursor cells in the cerebellum, and less frequently in the cerebral cortex. Because the normal PNET precursor cells from the cerebrum and cerebellum transiently express high levels of estrogen receptors (ERs), we hypothesized that the PNET cells of the cerebrocortical-derived cell line PFSK1 may also express ERs and would be responsive to estrogen. Results of immunoblot studies using ER-specific antiserum indicate that both ERalpha and ERbeta are expressed in PFSK1 cells. The ability of estrogen to rapidly activate MAPK signaling was tested; low physiological concentrations of E(2) stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation within 15min of exposure. Exogenously added 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) could not stimulate PFSK1 growth, however E(2) significantly increased PFSK1 cell migration, suggesting that rapid actions of E(2) and ER-mediated processes might contribute to the metastatic phenotype of some PNETs.     

骨形成蛋白7基因诱导人肝癌细胞的凋亡

目的 构建表达重组人骨形成蛋白7 （bone morphogenic protein 7, BMP7）基因的重组逆转录病毒,观察其对人肝癌细胞HepG2的凋亡诱导活性,并探讨其作用机制。方法 克隆BMP7基因,以loxP同源重组法构成逆转录病毒载体pLP-LNCX-BMP7（pLLBMP7）,转染包装细胞PT67进行病毒包装并测定病毒滴度;将逆转录病毒感染人成骨细胞,MTT法检测细胞生长变化,琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞仪检测肿瘤细胞的凋亡;Western blotting检测BMP7,caspase-3和bcl-2蛋白表达。结果 重组逆转录病毒载体pLLBMP7经鉴定连接正确,转染PT67细胞后上清液中可得到病毒,滴度达1×109pfu;MTT检测见pLLBMP7病毒组48和72h细胞抑制率高于对照组（35.1% vs. 5.3%,68.5% vs.18.3%,均p<0.05）,48h可见BMP7蛋白高表达。琼脂糖凝胶电泳出现典型梯形条带;流式细胞仪检测出现凋亡峰,于转染48h后达最高峰,其凋亡百分率高达14.42%;BMP7蛋白高表达时caspase-3蛋白的表达亦有显著升高,但bcl-2蛋白未见表达差异。结论 构建了BMP7逆转录病毒,在体外能够有效地诱导人肝癌细胞HepG2的凋亡,其可能是通过激活caspase-3而发生作用。     

细胞培养物中的逆转录病毒检测

本文用非放射性法测定了K562,SP2/0,L-02,SPC-A-1,SMMC-7721和Hut-102等6个细胞培养液超离心沉淀物逆转录酶的含量,间接证明细胞培养物中逆转录病毒的存在。结果表明,Hut-102细胞为阳性,其它5个细胞系为阴性。     

Contribution of xanthine oxidoreductase to mammary epithelial and breast cancer cell differentiation in part modulates inhibitor of differentiation-1

Loss of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has been linked to aggressive breast cancer in vivo and to breast cancer cell aggressiveness in vitro. In the present study, we hypothesized that the contribution of XOR to the development of the normal mammary gland may underlie its capacity to modulate breast cancer. We contrasted in vitro and in vivo developmental systems by differentiation marker and microarray analyses. Human breast cancer microarray was used for clinical outcome studies. The role of XOR in differentiation and proliferation was examined in human breast cancer cells and in a mouse xenograft model. Our data show that XOR was required for functional differentiation of mammary epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Poor XOR expression was observed in a mouse ErbB2 breast cancer model, and pharmacologic inhibition of XOR increased breast cancer tumor burden in mouse xenograft. mRNA microarray analysis of human breast cancer revealed that low XOR expression was significantly associated with time to tumor relapse. The opposing expression of XOR and inhibitor of differentiation-1 (Id1) during HC11 differentiation and mammary gland development suggested a potential functional relationship. While overexpression of Id1 inhibited HC11 differentiation and XOR expression, XOR itself modulated expression of Id1 in differentiating HC11 cells. Overexpression of XOR both inhibited Id1-induced proliferation and -stimulated differentiation of Heregulin-β1-treated human breast cancer cells. These results show that XOR is an important functional component of differentiation whose diminished expression contributes to breast cancer aggressiveness, and they support XOR as both a breast cancer biomarker and a target for pharmacologic activation in therapeutic management of aggressive breast cancer.     

携带HSV-1TK基因的逆转录病毒载体构建及在HeLa细胞中的表达

目的:构建携带单纯疱疹病毒脱氧胸腺嘧啶激酶基因(herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase,HSV-TK)的逆转录病毒,用于宫颈癌的治疗研究。方法:用限制性内切酶从质粒pcDNA3.1/HA-myc-His(-)Z-TK切下HSV-1TK cDNA序列,亚克隆入逆转录病毒载体pLXSN得到重组质粒pLXSN-TK,鉴定正确的阳性重组质粒经PA317细胞包装,G418筛选,在NIH3T3细胞进行病毒滴度测定。然后用病毒感染人宫颈癌细胞HeLa。PCR、RT-PCR和Western blotting方法检测HSV-1TK基因在HeLa中的整合和表达情况。结果:重组质粒pLXSN-TK经PA317细胞包装后收获病毒上清,感染HeLa细胞,检测发现HSV-1TK基因整合到细胞基因组DNA中,并且能有效的转录和翻译。结论:成功构建了逆转录病毒pLXSN-TK,该病毒能有效感染HeLa细胞,并使携带的治疗基因HSV-1TK在细胞中表达,为今后HSV-1TK基因治疗宫颈癌的研究奠定基础。     

Xanthine Oxidoreductase Function Contributes to Normal Wound Healing

Chronic, nonhealing wounds result in patient morbidity and disability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are both required for normal wound repair, and derangements of these result in impaired healing. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has the unique capacity to produce both ROS and NO. We hypothesize that XOR contributes to normal wound healing. Cutaneous wounds were created in C57Bl6 mice. XOR was inhibited with dietary tungsten or allopurinol. Topical hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 0.15%) or allopurinol (30 μg) was applied to wounds every other day. Wounds were monitored until closure or collected at d 5 to assess XOR expression and activity, cell proliferation and histology. The effects of XOR, nitrite, H₂O₂ and allopurinol on keratinocyte cell (KC) and endothelial cell (EC) behavior were assessed. We identified XOR expression and activity in the skin and wound edges as well as granulation tissue. Cultured human KCs also expressed XOR. Tungsten significantly inhibited XOR activity and impaired healing with reduced ROS production with reduced angiogenesis and KC proliferation. The expression and activity of other tungsten-sensitive enzymes were minimal in the wound tissues. Oral allopurinol did not reduce XOR activity or alter wound healing but topical allopurinol significantly reduced XOR activity and delayed healing. Topical H₂O₂ restored wound healing in tungsten-fed mice. In vitro, nitrite and H₂O₂ both stimulated KC and EC proliferation and EC migration. These studies demonstrate for the first time that XOR is abundant in wounds and participates in normal wound healing through effects on ROS production.     

重组人pLXSN-CD80逆转录病毒载体的构建及在CHO和PA317细胞中的表达

CD80是表达于抗原提呈细胞表面的分化抗原,它提供T细胞活化的协同刺激信号,并在抗肿瘤免疫应答中起着重要作用。我们在克隆了CD80全长。cDNA的基础上,将其与逆转录病毒pLXSN表达载体连接,构建成表达质粒,并用磷酸钙沉淀法将其转染PA317和CHO细胞,经G_(418)筛选获得抗G_(418)的PA317和CHO细胞克隆。以RIA,FACs和Westernblot检测CD80分子在PA317和CHO细胞上的表达、分布和分子量,结果显示,pLXSN-CD80转染的CHO细胞可表达较高丰度的CD80分子,其表观分子量为40kD。pLXSN-CD80转染的PA317和CHO细胞经5个月连续传代培养,无论存在G_(418)的选择压力与否,仍然持续表达CD80分子,表明我们构建的pLXSN-CD80表达载体具有应用于试验性治疗的潜能。