种、种的多样性及退化生态系统功能的恢复和维持研究

物种多样性是生态系统的重要特征并维持系统的功能支行,生物种和不同种类构成的群落为人类提供诸如营养物质循环、生物生产力、营养功能等形式的重要生态服务,特种多样性与生态系统抵御逆境和干扰的能力紧密相关,多样性的提高会增加系统的稳定性,与单个种和种类的数量相比,功能群和功能多样性对生态系统功能的影响效应要大得多,且易于被用来测度稳定性和预测群落变化,本文提出并探讨了种对生态系统功能作用的几种形式,理解物种多样性与生态系统的功能关系能指导退化生态系统恢复和维持其功能的实践活动,尤其为恢复的初始阶段进行群落的“种类组装”提供生态理论基础。     

Perspectives on the link between ecosystem services and biodiversity: The assessment of the nursery function

The relationship between biodiversity and each ecosystem service or bundle of ecosystem services (e.g. win−win, win−lose or win−neutral) is an active field of research that requires structured and consistent information. The application of that research for conservation and decision-making can be hampered by the ambiguity found in the definition of the nursery function under the ecosystem service perspective. In this paper, we review how the role of nursery habitats is included in the ecosystem services literature, covering conceptual, biophysical and economic reflections. The role of ecosystems as nurseries is mostly analyzed in coastal environments. The main observation is that there is no consensus on the consideration of the nursery function as a service (e.g. which species or habitats) or on how to assess it (e.g. which indicators or valuation methods). After that review, we analyze three different interpretations given to the nursery function, namely the ecological, conservationist and economic point of view; and we distinguish between different types of assessment that may consider the nursery function.We conclude that the nursery function can be considered an ecosystem service on its own right when it is linked to a concrete human benefit and not when it is represented with indicators of general biodiversity or ecosystem condition. Thus, the analysis of the delivery of ecosystem services should be differentiated from the analysis of ecological integrity. Only with this distinction science may be able to quantify the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services and policy may be effective in halting biodiversity loss. Similar considerations could apply for other biodiversity constituents that may be treated as ecosystem services.     

Combined effects of agrochemicals and ecosystem services on crop yield across Europe

Simultaneously enhancing ecosystem services provided by biodiversity below and above ground is recommended to reduce dependence on chemical pesticides and mineral fertilisers in agriculture. However, consequences for crop yield have been poorly evaluated. Above ground, increased landscape complexity is assumed to enhance biological pest control, whereas below ground, soil organic carbon is a proxy for several yield‐supporting services. In a field experiment replicated in 114 fields across Europe, we found that fertilisation had the strongest positive effect on yield, but hindered simultaneous harnessing of below‐ and above‐ground ecosystem services. We furthermore show that enhancing natural enemies and pest control through increasing landscape complexity can prove disappointing in fields with low soil services or in intensively cropped regions. Thus, understanding ecological interdependences between land use, ecosystem services and yield is necessary to promote more environmentally friendly farming by identifying situations where ecosystem services are maximised and agrochemical inputs can be reduced.     

景观空间异质性对生态系统服务形成与供给的影响

景观空间异质性与生态系统服务的关系极为密切,适当调整景观空间异质性有助于生态系统服务的持续形成与稳定供给。研究景观空间异质性和生态系统服务形成与供给之间的相互影响作用及响应机制具有重要的理论与现实意义,是保护生物多样性、管理生态系统服务与优化景观空间配置的基础。现有研究大多在不同尺度上探讨了景观格局与生态过程或生态系统服务间的相互影响关系,而缺乏景观格局-生态过程-生态系统服务三者间有效联结等方面的研究。景观空间异质性是怎样直接或间接地作用于生态系统服务形成与供给的,目前还没有一个较为明确的解释。因此,通过分析国内外文献,回顾了景观格局或景观空间异质性与生态系统服务之间关系的研究进展、研究内容和研究方法;从景观组成、景观构型的变化入手,讨论了景观空间异质性对生态系统服务形成与供给的影响及其强度,并认为景观组成异质性变化能够直接影响生态系统服务,而景观构型异质性变化会通过改变生态过程而间接影响生态系统服务;阐述了景观空间异质性在影响生态系统服务形成与供给的同时,也使生态系统服务在空间上产生了异质性分布,并从自然因素和人为因素两个方面对其进行解释;强调了尺度问题在景观空间异质性与生态系统服务研究中的重要性;最后,明确了对生态系统服务形成与供给的景观空间异质性影响研究不仅有助于生态系统服务的维持与调节,也能更深层次地揭示其中的生态学意义。     

Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes - eight hypotheses

Understanding how landscape characteristics affect biodiversity patterns and ecological processes at local and landscape scales is critical for mitigating effects of global environmental change. In this review, we use knowledge gained from human-modified landscapes to suggest eight hypotheses, which we hope will encourage more systematic research on the role of landscape composition and configuration in determining the structure of ecological communities, ecosystem functioning and services. We organize the eight hypotheses under four overarching themes. Section A: 'landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns' includes (1) the landscape species pool hypothesis-the size of the landscape-wide species pool moderates local (alpha) biodiversity, and (2) the dominance of beta diversity hypothesis-landscape-moderated dissimilarity of local communities determines landscape-wide biodiversity and overrides negative local effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Section B: 'landscape moderation of population dynamics' includes (3) the cross-habitat spillover hypothesis-landscape-moderated spillover of energy, resources and organisms across habitats, including between managed and natural ecosystems, influences landscape-wide community structure and associated processes and (4) the landscape-moderated concentration and dilution hypothesis-spatial and temporal changes in landscape composition can cause transient concentration or dilution of populations with functional consequences. Section C: 'landscape moderation of functional trait selection' includes (5) the landscape-moderated functional trait selection hypothesis-landscape moderation of species trait selection shapes the functional role and trajectory of community assembly, and (6) the landscape-moderated insurance hypothesis-landscape complexity provides spatial and temporal insurance, i.e. high resilience and stability of ecological processes in changing environments. Section D: 'landscape constraints on conservation management' includes (7) the intermediate landscape-complexity hypothesis-landscape-moderated effectiveness of local conservation management is highest in structurally simple, rather than in cleared (i.e. extremely simplified) or in complex landscapes, and (8) the landscape-moderated biodiversity versus ecosystem service management hypothesis-landscape-moderated biodiversity conservation to optimize functional diversity and related ecosystem services will not protect endangered species. Shifting our research focus from local to landscape-moderated effects on biodiversity will be critical to developing solutions for future biodiversity and ecosystem service management.     

Aquatic biodiversity in forests: a weak link in ecosystem services resilience

The diversity of aquatic ecosystems is being quickly reduced on many continents, warranting a closer examination of the consequences for ecological integrity and ecosystem services. Here we describe intermediate and final ecosystem services derived from aquatic biodiversity in forests. We include a summary of the factors framing the assembly of aquatic biodiversity in forests in natural systems and how they change with a variety of natural disturbances and human-derived stressors. We consider forested aquatic ecosystems as a multi-state portfolio, with diverse assemblages and life-history strategies occurring at local scales as a consequence of a mosaic of habitat conditions and past disturbances and stressors. Maintaining this multi-state portfolio of assemblages requires a broad perspective of ecosystem structure, various functions, services, and management implications relative to contemporary stressors. Because aquatic biodiversity provides multiple ecosystem services to forests, activities that compromise aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity could be an issue for maintaining forest ecosystem integrity. We illustrate these concepts with examples of aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services in forests of northwestern North America, also known as Northeast Pacific Rim. Encouraging management planning at broad as well as local spatial scales to recognize multi-state ecosystem management goals has promise for maintaining valuable ecosystem services. Ultimately, integration of information from socio-ecological ecosystems will be needed to maintain ecosystem services derived directly and indirectly from forest aquatic biota.     

Functional structure of biological communities predicts ecosystem multifunctionality

The accelerating rate of change in biodiversity patterns, mediated by ever increasing human pressures and global warming, demands a better understanding of the relationship between the structure of biological communities and ecosystem functioning (BEF). Recent investigations suggest that the functional structure of communities, i.e. the composition and diversity of functional traits, is the main driver of ecological processes. However, the predictive power of BEF research is still low, the integration of all components of functional community structure as predictors is still lacking, and the multifunctionality of ecosystems (i.e. rates of multiple processes) must be considered. Here, using a multiple-processes framework from grassland biodiversity experiments, we show that functional identity of species and functional divergence among species, rather than species diversity per se, together promote the level of ecosystem multifunctionality with a predictive power of 80%. Our results suggest that primary productivity and decomposition rates, two key ecosystem processes upon which the global carbon cycle depends, are primarily sustained by specialist species, i.e. those that hold specialized combinations of traits and perform particular functions. Contrary to studies focusing on single ecosystem functions and considering species richness as the sole measure of biodiversity, we found a linear and non-saturating effect of the functional structure of communities on ecosystem multifunctionality. Thus, sustaining multiple ecological processes would require focusing on trait dominance and on the degree of community specialization, even in species-rich assemblages.     

Interactions of ecosystem properties,ecosystem integrity and ecosystem service indicators—A theoretical matrix exercise

The ecosystem service concept is becoming more and more acknowledged in science and decision-making, resulting in several applications in different case studies and in environmental management, but still it is developing in terms of definitions, typologies and understanding its complexity. By examining the interrelations between ecosystem properties, ecosystem integrity, biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being qualitatively, the mutual influences on each constituent of the ‘ecosystem service cascade’ are illuminated, giving an impulse for further discussions and improvements for a better understanding of the complexity of human–environmental systems. Results of the theoretical interactions are among others the assumption that provisioning services exclude or compete with each other, while the role of biodiversity was found to be supporting for regulating services and cultural services. Ecosystem services meet the criteria of being adequate human–environmental system indicators and therefore, they are an appropriate instrument for decision-making and management.     

Unifying concepts of biological function from molecules to ecosystems

The concept of function arises at all levels of biological study and is often loosely and variously defined, especially within ecology. This has led to ambiguity, obscuring the common structure that unites levels of biological organisation, from molecules to ecosystems. Here we build on already successful ideas from molecular biology and complexity theory to create a precise definition of biological function which spans levels of biological organisation and can be quantified in the unifying currency of biomass, enabling comparisons of functional effectiveness (irrespective of the specific function) across the field of ecology. We give precise definitions of ecological and ecosystem function that bring clarity and precision to studies of biodiversity– ecosystem function relationships and questions of ecological redundancy. To illustrate the new concepts and their unifying power, we construct a simple community‐level model with nutrient cycling and animal‐plant mutualism, emphasising the importance of its network structure in determining overall functioning. This type of network structure is that of an autocatalytic set of functional relationships, which also appears at biochemical, cellular and organism levels of organisation, creating a nested hierarchy. This enables a common and unifying concept of function to apply from molecular interaction networks up to the global ecosystem.     

从生物地理区划到生态功能区划——全球生态区划研究进展

全球生态区划可以为全球和区域的生态系统保护与管理起到关键的空间指引作用,但当前全球生态区划方案存在重视生物地理分布特征而忽视生态系统服务的问题。系统梳理了全球生态区划研究进展,并总结为萌芽、发展和再认识的3个阶段。Bailey和Olson等的两套全球生态区划方案在近40年来使用最为广泛,但两套以生物多样性保护为区划目标的方案均属于生物地理区划范畴。为实现对区域生态安全保障和人地关系协调的全面支持,有必要开展以功能区划为主的全球生态区划研究,进一步完善生态区划理论体系、探索生态区划方法集成、突出生态系统服务权衡并聚焦人地关系动态演化。     

国家重点生态功能区2010—2015年生态系统服务价值变化评估

国家重点生态功能区是国家重要的生态安全屏障,其生态保护价值对维护国家生态安全具有重要意义。基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法,采用模型运算和地理信息空间分析,定量分析了25个国家重点生态功能区在实施转移支付后(2010—2015年)生态系统服务价值的时空分布格局及其变化特征。研究结果表明:(1)2015年,全国重点生态功能区生态系统服务价值呈现明显的"西北低,东南高"的分布格局。从25个重点生态功能区来看,中高值区的面积占比31.60%,个数占比60%。4类自然生态功能区的生态系统服务价值大小排序为水土保持型功能区>生物多样性维护型功能区>水源涵养型功能区>防风固沙型功能区。(2)2010—2015年,全国重点生态功能区的生态系统服务价值整体呈明显增加趋势,增幅为16.46%。从空间分布来看,80.14%面积的生态系统服务价值基本持衡;从分级变化特征来看,高值区、较高值区的面积增加,中值区面积减少,较低值区面积增加,低值区面积减少。(3)近5年来,25个重点生态功能区的生态系统服务价值呈增加的有21个,占比84%,而生态系统服务价值出现减少区域的变化幅度...     

Exploring the links between functional traits and cultural ecosystem services to enhance urban ecosystem management

Functional traits have been proposed as a more mechanistic way than species data alone to connect biodiversity to ecosystem processes and function in ecological research. Recently, this framework has also been broadened to include connections of traits to ecosystem services. While many links between traits and ecosystem processes/functions are easily and logically extended to regulating, supporting, and provisioning services, connections to cultural services have not yet been dealt with in depth. We argue that addressing this gap may involve a renegotiation of what have traditionally been considered traits, and a targeted effort to include and expand upon efforts to address traits-cultural ecosystem services links in traits research. Traits may also offer a better way to explore the recognition and appreciation of biodiversity. Drawing upon examples from outside the explicit traits literature, we present a number of potential connections between functional traits and cultural ecosystem services for attention in future research. Finally, we explore considerations and implications of employing a traits approach in urban areas, and examine how connections between traits and ecosystem services could be developed as indicators in a research and management context to generate a robust and resilient supply of ecosystem services.     

放牧对草地生态系统服务和功能权衡关系的影响

内蒙古草原是我国北方的重要生态屏障和绿色畜牧业基地, 放牧是草原生态系统的主要利用和管理方式, 在放牧管理中充分发挥生态系统某一项或几项服务和功能最大利用价值时, 往往会与其他服务(功能)发生冲突, 需要权衡多项生态系统服务和功能, 制定合理的放牧管理制度。该研究以内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原为例, 通过设置不放牧、轻度放牧、中度放牧以及重度放牧的放牧梯度, 从多项生态系统服务和功能权衡的角度比较了最适放牧管理强度。结果显示, 在放牧管理的草地生态系统服务和功能的权衡中, 权衡、协同、不相关关系同时存在, 如土壤呼吸速率与植物群落净生长量、生物多样性与植物群落净光合速率表现为权衡关系, 植物群落净生长量分别与土壤含水量、植物群落净光合速率及草地蒸散速率存在协同关系, 土壤有机碳含量与其他服务或功能间呈不相关关系; 放牧能不同程度地削弱多项生态系统服务及功能间的权衡关系(冲突对立关系); 中度放牧条件下的多项生态系统服务及功能的协同性最佳。     

How Can We Identify and Communicate the Ecological Value of Deep-Sea Ecosystem Services?

Submarine canyons are considered biodiversity hotspots which have been identified for their important roles in connecting the deep sea with shallower waters. To date, a huge gap exists between the high importance that scientists associate with deep-sea ecosystem services and the communication of this knowledge to decision makers and to the wider public, who remain largely ignorant of the importance of these services. The connectivity and complexity of marine ecosystems makes knowledge transfer very challenging, and new communication tools are necessary to increase understanding of ecological values beyond the science community. We show how the Ecosystem Principles Approach, a method that explains the importance of ocean processes via easily understandable ecological principles, might overcome this challenge for deep-sea ecosystem services. Scientists were asked to help develop a list of clear and concise ecosystem principles for the functioning of submarine canyons through a Delphi process to facilitate future transfers of ecological knowledge. These ecosystem principles describe ecosystem processes, link such processes to ecosystem services, and provide spatial and temporal information on the connectivity between deep and shallow waters. They also elucidate unique characteristics of submarine canyons. Our Ecosystem Principles Approach was successful in integrating ecological information into the ecosystem services assessment process. It therefore has a high potential to be the next step towards a wider implementation of ecological values in marine planning. We believe that successful communication of ecological knowledge is the key to a wider public support for ocean conservation, and that this endeavour has to be driven by scientists in their own interest as major deep-sea stakeholders.     

水利工程对河流生态系统服务功能的影响评价方法初探

通过分析水利工程对河流生态系统服务功能的影响,建立了评价指标体系和定量化的评价方法．评价指标体系包括建立评价指标的原则、对河流生态系统服务功能的分类和指标确定等．本文将河流生态系统的服务功能分为四类即供水及与供水量相关的航运和水电功能、生态支持功能、调节控制功能和文化美学功能．依据不同的功能类型,应用以前的研究成果,针对水利工程产生的生态效应如生物多样性的变化和河流净化功能的变化,确定了不同的调度指标,并建立了相应的数量化评价方法,主要包括指效法和BOD-DO模型方法,这些方法特有助于对水利工程的生态环境效应进行深入的分析与评价。     

生态系统服务的生态学机制研究进展

全面认识和理解生态系统服务的生态学机制是加强生态系统服务功能管理的前提,但目前从生态系统服务的生态学机制研究中提供给管理者的信息还非常有限.针对生态系统服务功能的物质基础(生境、生态系统结构和生态系统过程),目前生态系统服务的生态学机制研究主要集中在3个方面:生物多样性与生态系统服务功能关系;生态系统服务功能的时空尺度特征;气候和土地利用变化对生态系统服务功能的影响机制.在综述上述3方面进展的基础上,提出了今后的研究方向.     

基于生态系统服务的海南岛自然保护区体系规划

随着我国生物多样性保护与生态建设的发展,区域尺度自然保护区体系规划得到广泛的关注.以海南岛为例,探索了利用生态系统服务空间格局进行区域自然保护区规划的方法.研究中,首先从生物多样性分布、水源涵养、水资源保护、土壤保持和海岸带防护等5个方面分析了海南岛生态系统服务的空间格局,综合评价单元生态系统重要性;然后基于生态系统服务综合评价结果,并根据海南省保护自然过程与生物多样性并重的要求,识别出生态重要性高但无保护区或保护面积不足的空间单元,提出海南岛自然保护区体系规划.根据本规划,海南岛将共建成规范完善的自然保护区42个,总面积290.14万hm2.其中,陆地自然保护区面积41.26万hm2,占海南岛陆地总面积的11.79％.新建保护区4个(面积8.80万hm2),调整保护区4个(扩大面积8.01万公顷),优化整合原有保护区中的17个为6个,升级保护区4个.结果表明,基于生态系统服务的自然保护区体系规划有助于发挥自然保护区的综合效益,并具有更强的可操作性.将生态系统服务纳入自然保护区体系规划应是今后的发展方向.     

农业景观异质性对生物多样性与生态系统服务的影响研究进展

农业景观是人类生活所需资料的最主要来源地,农业景观及其提供的生物多样性和生态系统服务是影响人类福祉的最主要因素之一。系统梳理了景观异质性变化对生物多样性和生态系统服务影响的相关研究,总结指出:(1)农业景观格局变化会强烈的影响着区域生物多样性和生态系统服务,但总体上更关注了空间异质性,对于时间和功能异质性的研究仍需加强;(2)尺度效应、大尺度上景观背景的差异、种间差异、营养级联效应等会对景观异质性和生物多样性、生态系统服务间的关系产生显著的、综合的、交互的影响效应。未来区域农业景观中如何通过景观构建和管理措施的施行来确保生物多样性与生态系统服务供给的持续稳定仍需进一步加强以下内容的研究:景观异质性变化在时间上和功能上的影响效应及其阈值的探讨;跨尺度、多因素、多物种类群与多生态系统服务的综合及其交互作用;不同生物类群和不同生态系统服务间的权衡;景观异质性提高与有效生境面积下降及其引起的生物随机丧失间的权衡等问题。     

Biodiversity mitigates trade-offs among species functional traits underpinning multiple ecosystem services

Biodiversity loss and its effects on humanity is of major global concern. While a growing body of literature confirms positive relationships between biodiversity and multiple ecological functions, the links between biodiversity, ecological functions and multiple ecosystem services is yet unclear. Studies of biodiversity–functionality relationships are mainly based on computer simulations or controlled field experiments using only few species. Here, we use a trait-based approach to integrate plant functions into an ecosystem service assessment to address impacts of restoration on species-rich grasslands over time. We found trade-offs among functions and services when analysing contributions from individual species. At the community level, these trade-offs disappeared for almost all services with time since restoration as an effect of increased species diversity and more evenly distributed species. Restoration to enhance biodiversity also in species-rich communities is therefore essential to secure higher functional redundancy towards disturbances and sustainable provision of multiple ecosystem services over time.     

生态安全格局研究的主要内容与进展

生态安全格局是我国国土空间开发战略格局的重要组成部分。区域生态安全格局的有效构建及维护不仅有利于生态系统结构与功能的完整、生物多样性保护、生态系统服务的维持,还将提升人类福祉,实现可持续发展,最终保障区域生态安全。生态安全的复杂性及学科交叉性,使已有研究涉及内容多样,但缺少相互联系与比较,导致不同区域、不同方法研究条件下存在多种格局。因此,有必要系统地分析与梳理,以便进行综合分析与集成,实施生态安全格局调控管理与决策。参考国内外生态安全格局的主要研究成果,在此基础上阐述了生态安全格局研究需要重点关注的内容及之间的相互关系,在考虑"格局形成、演变机制-影响-关键区识别-构建优化-调控管理"的关系基础上,论述了具体的研究内容与相关研究方法。通过加强生态安全主要研究内容间相互关系及机理研究,评估与预警方法模型的改进与优化,协调发展的调控技术与保障政策的研发,为生态安全格局管理的决策支持系统提供重要支撑。