Influence of forest management regimes on forest dynamics in the upstream region of the Hun River in northeastern China

Balancing forest harvesting and restoration is critical for forest ecosystem management. In this study, we used LANDIS, a spatially explicit forest landscape model, to evaluate the effects of 21 alternative forest management initiatives which were drafted for forests in the upstream region of the Hun River in northeastern China. These management initiatives included a wide range of planting and harvest intensities for Pinus koraiensis, the historically dominant tree species in the region. Multivariate analysis of variance, Shannon's Diversity Index, and planting efficiency (which indicates how many cells of the target species at the final year benefit from per-cell of the planting trees) estimates were used as indicators to analyze the effects of planting and harvesting regimes on forests in the region. The results showed that the following: (1) Increased planting intensity, although augmenting the coverage of P. koraiensis, was accompanied by decreases in planting efficiency and forest diversity. (2) While selective harvesting could increase forest diversity, the abrupt increase of early succession species accompanying this method merits attention. (3) Stimulating rapid forest succession may not be a good management strategy, since the climax species would crowd out other species which are likely more adapted to future climatic conditions in the long run. In light of the above, we suggest a combination of 30% planting intensity with selective harvesting of 50% and 70% of primary and secondary timber species, respectively, as the most effective management regime in this area. In the long run this would accelerate the ultimate dominance of P. koraiensis in the forest via a more effective rate of planting, while maintaining a higher degree of forest diversity. These results are particularly useful for forest managers constrained by limited financial and labor resources who must deal with conflicts between forest harvesting and restoration.     

海河流域森林生态系统服务功能评估

森林生态系统在流域中发挥着极其重要的生态作用,为流域发展提供着巨大的服务功能。本研究根据生态系统服务功能的内涵,建立了流域森林生态系统服务功能评价指标体系,利用市场价值法、影子工程法和生产成本法等,定量评价了海河流域森林生态系统服务功能的经济价值。结果表明：海河流域森林生态系统总价值2349.4亿元,其中直接价值358.7亿元,间接价值1990.7亿元。从不同的服务功能类型来看,其价值量大小依次为：涵养水源>固碳释氧>环境净化>提供产品>土壤保持>营养元素循环;从不同的森林类型来看,其价值量大小依次为：松柏类>灌丛>栎类>桦木类>混交林>杨树类>松杉类。但是从各种森林类型单位面积价值量来看,大小依次是：松杉类>松柏类>桦木类>混交林>栎类>杨树类>灌丛。从研究结果来看,海河流域森林生态系统服务功能价值巨大,该结果有利于加强人们对森林生态系统的认识,可以为流域生态系统管理、生态保护和生态补偿提供依据。     

嫩江流域参考作物蒸散量时空变化及其气候归因

为了解嫩江流域参考作物蒸散量(ET₀)的时空变化特征,明确气候因素对流域ET₀的影响,应用Penman-Monteith公式计算1970—2019年嫩江流域各站点日ET₀,分析ET₀的时间变化趋势和空间分布格局,采用敏感性分析方法定量研究ET₀对气象因子敏感性程度,并进一步探究各气象因子对ET₀变化的贡献。结果表明: 研究期间,嫩江流域年际ET₀整体呈不显著减少趋势,春、夏、秋季ET₀波动减少,冬季波动增加;ET₀整体呈从东南向西北递减趋势。ET₀在时间和空间尺度上均表现为对相对湿度的敏感性最高;平均气温、相对湿度和风速的敏感性系数逐渐增强,日照时数的敏感性系数逐渐减弱。大兴安岭北部和小兴安岭地区ET₀对平均气温较敏感;大兴安岭南部和松嫩平原地区ET₀对风速较敏感。风速是影响全年及春、秋、冬季ET₀变化的主导因素,日照时数是影响夏季ET₀变化的主要因素。大兴安岭北部和小兴安岭地区平均气温和相对湿度对ET₀的贡献率最大,松嫩平原地区风速的贡献率最大。     

伊春林区生态旅游资源综合评价

结合运用层次分析法和德尔菲法,从伊春林区生态旅游资源质量、环境质量、旅游条件以及旅游功能4个方面选取30个有代表性的评价因子,构建综合评价模型,对伊春林区生态旅游资源进行了综合定量评价.结果表明,伊春林区自然生态旅游资源优于人文生态旅游资源,且在优良级生态旅游资源数量区域分布上,北（嘉荫）-中（伊春）-东（金山屯）-南（铁力）4点极其明显;区域内生态旅游资源类型基本呈北（嘉荫、汤旺河、五营）-中（伊春、上甘岭）-东（金山屯、美溪）-南（铁力、带岭）的一致性分布.将伊春林区划分为南部、东部、中部和北部4个旅游集合区,并针对各自的特色,提出初步的开发方向.     

辽东山区典型森林生态系统碳密度

以辽东山区典型森林生态系统为研究对象,通过系统的样地调查并结合辽宁省2009年森林资源二类调查资料,利用异速生长方程和植被类型法对典型森林生态系统不同组分碳密度及碳储量进行估算.结果显示,辽东山区森林生态系统碳密度为300.050Mg· hm-2,各层碳密度的大小顺序为:土壤层(232.452 Mg·hm-2)＞乔木层( 63.237Mg · hm-2)＞凋落物层(3.529 Mg·hm-2)＞灌木层(0.558 Mg · hm-2)＞草本层(0.274Mg·hm-2).乔木层碳密度随着林龄的增加而增大,灌木层碳密度随着林龄的增加而减小,土壤、草本和凋落物层碳密度在不同龄组间的变化没有明显的规律性.辽东山区305.852×104 hm2的生态系统碳储量为917.709 Tg C,其中生物量碳储量为206.751Tg C,土壤碳储量为710.959 Tg C,土壤碳储量是生物量碳储量的3.44倍.通过比较本次调查结果与以往研究结果发现,利用森林清查资料,由于低估了幼龄林的乔木碳密度,导致辽东山区的乔木碳储量低估,且以往研究中用简单的换算系数高估了林下植被碳密度,但远低估了土壤碳密度.     

我国东北东部林区花楸树的天然更新特征

花楸树是我国东北林区重要的非木质资源树种.本文选取东北东部林区有代表性的花楸树分布区,采用样线法对花楸树的天然更新特点及其影响因素进行了调查分析.结果表明:在东北东部林区,花楸树以种子繁殖、桩蘖繁殖和根蘖繁殖3种方式更新;在未经破坏的天然林和恶劣生境下的天然林中,3种方式建成的幼苗数量比例各占1/3,无显著差异;但在破坏后形成的次生林中,桩蘖苗比例(16.5%)明显降低.桩蘖和根蘖更新能够维持当地居群的稳定,其中根蘖繁殖可使幼苗扩散到母株周围50cm或更远处;1.0～2.9cm的Ⅱ径级向3.0～4.9cm的Ⅲ径级的转化率很低,在破坏后形成的次生林、恶劣生境下的天然林和未经破坏的天然林中,Ⅱ径级向Ⅲ径级的转化率分别为25.6%、45.3%和15.9%.这是限制花楸树天然更新的关键环节.     

基于NBR指数分析大兴安岭呼中森林过火区的林火烈度

基于TM影像和3S技术手段,利用NBR指数对1986—2010年大兴安岭呼中林区森林过火区林火烈度进行了定量评价,分析了林火烈度与植被类型、海拔、坡度和坡向等环境因子的关系.结果表明:呼中林区的林火发生次数和面积年际变化明显,每年6—8月是林火的高发期,重度火烧区占总过火面积的84.2%.过火区中,兴安落叶松林占89.9%;海拔1000～1500m区域占68.8%;东、南、西、北4个坡向的过火面积占62.5%,阴、阳坡过火面积差异不明显;坡度15～25°的斜坡区域过火面积占38.4%.不同程度林火烈度的过火面积由大到小依次为重度火>中度火>轻度火>未过火,其中,重度火过火面积>70%,中度火过火面积在10%左右,轻度火和未过火的过火面积<5%.呼中林区林火烈度以重度火为主,对森林资源的破坏程度极大.在大兴安岭林区的林火管理中,应尽早开展森林可燃物处理工作,以降低林火烈度,保障森林生态系统的安全.     

东北林区主要森林类型土壤有机碳密度及其影响因素

2011年在东北林区研究了5种主要森林类型(针叶混交林、针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、落叶松林和白桦林)4个林龄(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和过熟林)的土壤碳密度.结果表明: 东北林区不同森林类型的土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度均以表层土壤最高,随土壤深度的增加逐渐减少,而随森林类型和林龄的变化并不显著;森林土壤有机碳主要集中在表层土壤,其中大兴安岭、小兴安岭和长白山森林0～20 cm土壤贮存了其剖面总有机碳密度的847%～86.1%、51.7%～59.8%和51.2%～53.4%.随纬度的增加,森林土壤总有机碳密度明显下降,可能与东北林区土壤发生层的厚度密切相关.     

黄河流域景观破碎化时空特征及其成因探测

黄河流域快速的人口增长和城市扩张加剧了土地利用转型和生态景观破碎化,引发了诸如生态系统功能退化、生物多样性功能减弱以及生境破碎化等一系列严重问题。探明黄河流域景观破碎化时空特征及其成因对维护流域生态系统稳定和生态修复具有重要指导意义。但是以往研究缺乏对黄河流域景观破碎化时空特征及其归因分析的相关研究,难以为黄河流域生态环境治理以及景观格局优化提供科学指导。基于FRAGSTATS4.2软件测度了2000—2018年黄河流域县域单元景观破碎化时空格局特征,并借助地理探测器模型探讨了黄河流域景观破碎化时空分异的成因。研究表明：(1)研究期间黄河流域斑块密度(PD)无显著变化,边缘密度(ED)、景观形状指数(LSI)、平均斑块面积(Area＿AM)均呈先增后减的变化趋势,聚集度指数(AI)呈先减后增的趋势;蔓延度指数(CONTAG)持续降低,分离度(DIVISION)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)逐年增高。(2)研究期间黄河流域景观破碎化程度总体逐渐加剧,流域中下游各省破碎化程度变化剧烈,上游各省破碎化程度变化趋于平稳。(3)地理探测器结果显示,黄河流域景观破碎化受到自然、社会等多重因素影响,因...     

浑太流域实际蒸散的时空变化特征及影响因素

基于浑太流域1970—2006年气象、水文资料,采用参数率定后的平流-干旱（AA）模型计算浑太流域蒸散.根据水量平衡法得到的蒸散结果对模型的原始参数进行调整,并在4个子流域进行验证.采用线性趋势分析、滑动平均法、克里金插值、灵敏度分析方法研究浑太流域蒸散的时空变化和影响因素.结果表明： AA模型经验参数（0.75）在浑太流域上的计算误差为11.4%,表明AA模型在浑太流域上是可行的;浑太流域年均蒸散量为347.4 mm,并以1.58 mm·(10 a)^-1的速率略呈上升趋势,但上升趋势不明显,年内呈单峰变化,峰值出现在7月;季节变化上,夏季最大,冬季最小,春季高于秋季;整个流域实际蒸散量呈现从西北至东南逐渐减少的分布特征,但差异不大;净辐射是影响浑太流域蒸散变化的主导因素.
     

甘肃白龙江林区森林资源可持续发展力的评价

在森林资源可持续发展理论指导下,构建了森林资源可持续发展力综合评价指标的体系．以白龙江林区为例,通过对所选择的5个策略层(中间层,B层),20个措施层(最低层,C层)指标值的计算和纠正,建立森林资源可持续发展力评价的协调度模型：DH=∑BiPi．1996年的DH=0．5320,2000年的DH=0．6100,虽然均小于其理论值0．7000,判定该林区处于非可持续发展状态。但同时表明该林区正向可持续发展目标前进．     

山西文峪河上中游森林群落多样性

基于山西文峪河上中游森林群落的野外调查数据,选取植物生活型、生活史、固氮类型、传粉途径、种子传播途径等14个植物功能性状,计算丰富度指数(R)、多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(E)等物种多样性指数和功能丰富度指数(FRic)、功能均匀度指数(FEve)、功能分歧度指数(FDiv)等功能多样性指数,并用TWINSPAN对森林群落进行分类,Spearman秩相关分析多样性指数间及其与环境因子间的相关性,对山西文峪河上中游森林群落多样性进行研究。结果表明:青杄林种数最多(R=27),辽东栎油松林和油松林种数最少(R=16);白桦林的H'和E最大,油松林的H'和E最小。山杨白桦林的FRic值最大,白杄林的FRic值最小;青杄林的FEve值最大,山杨白桦林的FEve值最小;山杨林的FDiv值最大,白桦林的FDiv值最小。文峪河上中游森林群落物种多样性指数与功能多样性指数间相关性不显著(P0.05),仅FDiv与H'呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);物种多样性指数间呈极显著相关关系(P0.01),功能多样性指数间相关性不显著(P0.05),仅FRic与FEve呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);随着海拔增加,物种多样性指数增加(P0.05或P0.01),但功能多样性指数减小(P0.01或P0.05)。     

Clearance and fragmentation of tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW, China

Xishuangbanna, situated in the northern margin of the tropical zone in Southeast Asia, maintains large areas of tropical rain forest and contains rich biodiversity. However, tropical rain forests are being rapidly destroyed in this region. This paper analyzed spatial and temporal changes of forest cover and the patterns of forests fragmentation in Xishuangbanna by comparing classified satellite images from 1976, 1988 and 2003 using GIS analyses. The patterns of fragmentation and the effects of edge width were examined using selected landscape indices. The results show that forest cover declined from 69% in 1976 to less than 50% in 2003, the number of forests fragments increased from 6,096 to 8,324, and the mean patch size declined from 217 to 115 ha. It was found that fragment size distribution was strongly skewed towards small values, and fragment size and internal habitat differ strongly among forest types: less fragmented in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, but severe in forests that are suitable for agriculture (such as tropical seasonal rain forest and mountain rain forest). Due to fragmentation, the edge width was smaller in 2003 than that in 1976 when the total area of edge habitat exceeded core habitat in different forest types. The core area of tropical seasonal rain forest was smallest among main forest types at any edge width. Fragmentation was severe within 12.5-km buffers around roads. The current forest cover within reserves in Xishuangbanna was comparatively large and less fragmented. However, the tropical rain forest has been degraded inside reserves. For conservation purposes, the approaches to establish forest fragments networks by corridors and stepping stone fragments are proposed. The conservation efforts should be directed first toward the conservation of remaining tropical rain forests.     

帽儿山5种林型土壤碳氮磷化学计量关系的垂直变化

采用土壤分层取样法测定了帽儿山地区相同气候条件、不同立地条件下林龄相近的2种人工针叶林(红松林和兴安落叶松林)和3种天然落叶阔叶林(蒙古栎林、杨桦林、硬阔叶林)的土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量,以及土壤容重、土壤厚度等,研究土壤C、N、P含量和密度及化学计量关系的垂直变化特征.结果表明: 不同林型间土壤C、N、P含量和密度差异显著,其中硬阔叶林土壤O层和A层的C、N含量和密度均显著高于其他林型.所有林型土壤的C、N含量均随土层加深而下降;落叶阔叶林土壤P含量随土层加深而显著下降,但针叶林各土层间P含量差异不显著.不同林型间A层土壤C/N、O层土壤N/P,以及A和B层土壤C/P均存在显著差异.不同林型间土壤C-N存在显著的线性关系,且其斜率和截距在林型间差异均不显著,但土壤N-P、C-P关系只在阔叶林中存在显著相关关系.这表明不同林型间土壤C-N耦联关系有趋同现象,而土壤N-P和C-P关系随林型而变.     

大兴安岭呼中森林景观的空间点格局分析

基于呼中林业局林相图,采用点格局方法,分析了森林景观的空间格局及各景观间的关联性。结果表明:针叶林在0～25km尺度范围内呈聚集分布;阔叶林在0～14km为聚集分布,在14～25km为随机分布;灌木林在0～10km为聚集分布,在10～25km为随机分布;草甸在0～15km为聚集分布,在15～25km为随机分布。针叶林与灌木林在4.5～25km、阔叶林与草甸在12～24km尺度范围内无关联性;针叶林与阔叶林、针叶林与草甸、阔叶林与灌木林、灌木林与草甸在0～25km尺度范围内均存在空间关联性。这种分布格局对大兴安岭林区森林的可持续经营具有重要的指导意义,小范围内的植被恢复可以采用集中连片的造林方式,而大范围内则可以根据立地条件类型采取随机造林模式。     

东北地区主要森林生态系统凋落量的比较

以东北地区不同纬度带上4个区域内的典型森林类型为研究对象,采用直接收集法对森林凋落量进行连续3年的观测研究,结果表明,同一地区不同林型间的年凋落量差异显著,凋落量年变化不显著;落叶量占总量的比例最大,在70%以上,落枝和花果皮各占总量的20%以下,落枝量和落叶量之间存在正相关关系,相关系数为0.82;长白山区5种森林类型不同时期内凋落量统计结果显示,秋、冬季的凋落量明显大于春、夏季,前者为后者的2.62～9.14倍.不同凋落组分之间凋落动态不同,落叶以秋季为主,落枝和花果皮则年内分布比较均匀.同一林型的凋落量随纬度增加而减少,并建立了总体森林凋落量和白桦凋落量随纬度变化的数学关系式;总体森林凋落量和白桦林凋落量与温度均呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.95和0.91.     

Applicability of macrobenthos indexes in health assessment upstream of a large river: A case study in the Babian River of the Red River Basin,China

Biological assessment is an important component of river health assessments. With the thorough growth of river health assessment in China, the scientific verification and screening of straightforward, easily quantifiable, and widely used bio-assessment indexes has emerged as a significant scientific challenge that needs to be resolved immediately in river health assessment. In 2019, 28 sections of the Babian River were examined for water quality, macrobenthos, status of the riparian zone and societal value. Based on the presence of macrobenthos in river health assessments, the applicability of 17 indexes was analyzed. The indexes that could differentiate between reference sites and impaired sites were B-IBI, S₂, S₃, and BMWP, which had good correlation with environmental factors. Although there was no significant link with riparian conditions, B-IBI, S₂, S₃, and BMWP had strong negative correlations with total ammoniacal nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus but S₂, S₃, and BMWP are effective alternatives for B-IBI in river health assessment since their results were comparable to those of B-IBI, which covered all the assessment grades. Moreover, when constructing and selecting a bio-assessment index, more attention should be paid to the role of dominant and rare species, as well as the appropriate condition of indexes. In addition, riparian condition is a necessary aspect of river health assessment, but it is challenging to reflect the influence of land components on river health because of the small scale of riparian investigation. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce basin-scale indexes to optimize river health assessment systems. By doing this, watershed system management and overall governance will be supported more effectively.     

基于地理加权回归克里格模型的帽儿山地区森林碳储量空间分布

森林碳储量对于全球气候变化具有重要影响,以往的模型估算未考虑到模型残差的空间相关性和碳储量数据的非平稳性,影响模型的预测精度.本研究基于东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场的ETM+遥感影像数据和193块固定样地,利用地理加权克里格回归(GWRK)建立森林碳储量与遥感和地形因子的回归模型,同时对比最小二乘模型(OLS)、地理加权回归模型(GWR)的预测精度.结果表明: 对于帽儿山地区的森林碳储量估算,GWRK的平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)低于OLS模型和GWR模型,GWRK模型的平均误差(ME)低于GWR模型,与OLS模型相近.GWRK模型的预测精度为83.2%,较OLS模型(73.7%)和GWR模型(77.3%)分别提高6%和10%,拟合精度明显提高,说明GWRK模型是森林碳储量估算的有效方法.利用GWRK模型预测的研究区森林碳储量平均值为70.31 t·hm^-2,在海拔较高的地区,森林碳储量值相对较高,说明海拔对其有较大影响.     

河流山区段水生态安全评估——以太子河为例

河流山区段上游地区的水生态状况直接影响着流域整个水系生态系统的安全.本研究以生态安全评估模型PSFR(压力-状态-功能-响应,Pressure-State-Function-Response)框架为基础,选取辽宁太子河上游山区段为研究区域,结合太子河流域山区段河流的特征,构建了包括4个方案层、11个要素层和23个指标层的评估指标体系,从水生态压力、水生态状态、生态功能和社会响应4个方面,对太子河流域山区段进行河流生态安全评估.评估结果显示,在5种安全等级标准下,研究区内35个子流域的水生态安全状态有3种:不安全状态、基本安全状态和较安全状态,未出现极不安全和非常安全状态.其中,处于不安全状态的子流域有9个,比例为25.7%;处于基本安全状态的子流域有22个,占总流域的62.9%;处于较安全状态的子流域有4个,只占11.4%.表明太子河流域山区段水生态安全的主要压力来自于农业活动.流域栖息地环境质量下降、水质恶化及生境面积的衰退,导致河流生态系统的生态功能受损,河流水体内珍稀和特有物种减少、生物多样性降低,从而威胁河流生态系统的完整性,影响整体水生态安全.本研究结果能诊断流域内影响河流水生态安全的主要因子,为河流生态修复提供科学决策依据.     

Landscape pattern and eco-hydrological characteristics at the upstream of Minjiang River, China

Based on three scenes of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images acquired on June 26, 1994, 12 land cover types were identified by the supervised classification techniques. The precipitation, runoff, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data of six catchments were accumulated from April to September in 1992, 1993, and 1995. A new eco-hydrological index, expressed by the difference between precipitation and runoff divided by the product of precipitation and NDVI, was used in this study to represent the eco-hydrological functions of different catchments. The results were: (1) The selected six catchments at the upstream of Minjiang River, China were different in landscape patterns in terms of landscape type and cover. There were higher contagion, lower edge density and diversity index in the Shouxi catchments and lower contagion, higher edge density and diversity index in the Zagunao catchments. (2) Eco-hydrological indexes had remarkable differences among different catchments. The highest eco-hydrological index was found in the Shouxi catchments, which indicated higher precipitation holding capacity of vegetation therein. While the lower eco-hydrological index was found in the Zagunao catchments, which indicated its lower precipitation holding capacity of vegetation. (3) High correlation was detected between the landscape indexes and eco-hydrological indexes. Eco-hydrological index was positively correlated with landscape contagion in contrast with the negative correlation with landscape diversity and edge density. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(4): 691–698 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(4): 691–698]