Vegetation cover change in growing urban agglomerations in Chile

Cities in Latin America expose high rates of urbanization and poorly controlled processes of creation of new urban peripheries. In this study we evaluated the changes in vegetation cover as a proxy of the success of urban planning in the creation or conservation of elements able to provide ecosystem services to citizens and therefore strengthening urban sustainability. Three urban agglomerations in Chile located in different climates were analysed. Four indicators were processed to understand the changes and correlations between vegetation and urban dynamics: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), vegetation cover, normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) and built-up area. The indicators were calculated for a period over 20 years covering two parts of the city as an urban development: the urban core and the new peripheries. An overall loss of vegetation was observed in all cities has a consequence of urban expansion despite their geographical location. Moreover, the greatest losses were in new peripheries. Santiago broke this pattern of change. First its urban core showed a small increase in indicators for vegetation cover despite the increase in indicators for urban dynamics. Secondly, despite their peripheries experiencing a decrease in vegetation cover, a more detailed analysis found differences on the northern and eastern peripheries where increases of vegetation cover were observed, and other new peripheries where vegetation loss was massive. Urban planning needs to play a role not only to facilitate the creation of green spaces or other public spaces able to host vegetation, but also to form an urban structure supported by regulations that facilitate the planting and maintenance of vegetation in private spaces.     

Indicators for green spaces in contrasting urban settings

Urban green spaces (GS) are essential for the well-being of the population. Several works have shown a positive correlation between the amount of GS and the household incomes in both developed and developing countries. Thus, the higher the incomes, the larger the total area covered by GS, the better the quality of these spaces, the higher the amount of private GS. Public policies seek to correct this inequality, but existing indicators, especially the amount of GS per inhabitant, do not provide enough information for effective decision-making. Our aim was to provide tools to evaluate and plan better the location and quality of GS in complex urban areas. For this we applied a set of indicators for GS at two spatial scales city-level and local-level, in order to disclose existing inequalities. The indicators considered (i) the total area of GS in relation to population and urban context, (ii) the quality of GS based on its size, shape and vegetation cover, and (iii) the spatial distribution and accessibility of GS. The proposed indicators were tested in three municipalities, belonging to the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (Chile), with different household incomes. The indicators showed large differences in terms of quantity of GS per inhabitant, vegetation cover and accessibility. The GS proved to be an effective strategy to reduce areas that lack vegetation cover. The sustainability assessments must consider how the diversity of structural attributes of GS has an impact on the well-being of urban inhabitants.     

Indicators for sustainable land use management in Santiago de Chile

Indicators are helpful tools for land use management; especially in the context of sustainable urban development, they are indispensable information bases for decision making, communication, and awareness rising. For Santiago de Chile, like many other large and dynamic cities, a high complexity of geographical conditions, social and land use pattern, diverging interests, and a high velocity of development are characteristic. In this situation, the Risk Habitat Megacity (RHM) initiative seeks to support local and regional authorities in elaborating indicators applicable in land use and flood risk management.In this article, the indicator approach of the Land Use Management group within the RHM initiative is presented. Based on the analysis of characteristics of and demands on sustainability indicators, existing indicator sets for Santiago de Chile are analysed. Thereafter, the indicator set for sustainable land use management in Santiago de Chile is presented. It was elaborated in a combined bottom–up and top–down approach in discussion with Chilean scientists and stakeholders in order to guarantee its relevancy to practice. The analysis of the already existing indicators in Santiago de Chile shows that the newly developed toolset forms a valuable and complementary addition, mainly for two reasons: the interdisciplinary nature of the set and its reproducibility.     

城市绿色空间可达性与居民分布的空间匹配与影响因素

城市居民的绿色空间可达性是衡量城市基础设施公平分配的指向标,关乎城市民生福祉。以宁波为研究区,基于高德地图路径规划Application Programming Interface(API)测度了绿色空间可达性,融合多源数据模拟了人口空间分布,分析了绿色空间可达性与人口分布的空间匹配状态,并采用地理探测器探讨其影响因素。研究表明：(1)宁波绿色空间可达性由各区中心向郊区衰减,高可达性空间占比不高,反映了绿色服务供给不足的现状。高可达性空间集中于三江口、鄞州新城、北仑城区和镇海老城区,低可达性空间则主要分布在东部郊区、西部山区和南部农业区。(2)宁波居民的绿色空间可达性在空间上表现为市中心高人口密度-高可达性和郊区低人口密度-低可达性的空间匹配特征,在规模上仅不及半数的居民享有15min绿色空间可达性,在乡镇尺度上呈现显著的城区—郊区二元类型分异。(3)城市居民绿色空间可达性受多重影响因子驱动,按照重要性依次为区位特征、人类活动、开发强度、社会经济和地形条件。     

基于供需分析的城市绿地空间布局优化——以南京市为例

城市绿地具有生态服务和社会服务两种主要功能,这两种服务水平的高低取决于供需关系.而绿地的供给和需求不仅指数量上,还包括空间分布,因此单纯的绿化指标或可达性水平都不能完全体现城市绿地的真实服务水平.本文从供需分析的角度,在ArcGIS平台下,利用均匀度指数和可达范围内人均享有公共绿地达标率考察了南京城市绿地的生态服务和社会服务在空间上的需求和供给,最终得出了南京市各区绿地系统的生态和社会服务水平.结果表明：东部地区绿地数量上富余,但缺乏高可达性公共绿地,社会服务水平中等;老城地区绿地缺乏,特征绿地分布不均匀,绿地生态和社会服务水平低;河西地区绿地社会服务水平高,但生态绿地较少且分布不均,生态服务水平低;南部、北部均存在绿地不足、分布不均、高可达性公共绿地少的问题.     

深圳市1988—2007年间湿地景观动态变化及成因分析

城市湿地是城市生态安全体系构成的重要组成部分。以深圳地区为工作区,利用多时段遥感资料和土地利用变更调查数据,进行1988—2007年期间工作区内湿地景观动态变化特征分析,探讨快速城市化背景下湿地景观动态变化的成因。结果表明,研究时段内深圳市湿地总面积损失了35.7%,不同湿地类型及不同行政单元内湿地的动态变化表现出明显差异。建设用地扩张是工作区内湿地损失的主要原因并且其影响表现为一种非均匀过程;功能差异是导致不同湿地类型之间动态变化差异的主要成因;区域社会经济和自然环境条件差异是导致不同行政单元之间湿地动态变化差异的主要影响因素。     

城市绿地对居民身心福祉的影响

城市绿地是人工与自然耦合的城市景观之一,是改善居民居住环境重要组成部分,更是提高居民身心健康的有效途径。以杭州主城区为研究对象,通过GIS技术对城市绿地遥感图像进行解译得到杭州主城区绿地空间布局图,同时,以人口密度为阻力要素,基于交通路网的500m网络距离可达范围内绿地数量和面积作为分类标准。通过对45个高、中、低不同档次的居民区进行问卷调查得到665份居民感知数据并进行统计整理。利用结构方程模型进行以绿地数量及游玩时间为标准的组间分析,区别不同组别的差异及其原因,分析城市绿地数量、面积,居民认知、动机,绿地吸引力等与居民身心健康福祉及满意度之间的关系。结果显示:城市绿地数量、居民游玩绿地次数时间等与居民福祉有显著的正向关系;居民对绿地作用的认知、去往绿地的动机进一步影响居民身心健康福祉;城市绿地的自身引力会激发居民去往绿地的积极性,从而增加去往绿地频次。另外,不同社会属性的个体对绿地需求不同,所产生的福祉效应及满意度也会有所差异。从增加居民区周围的街头绿地及邻里公园数量、提升绿地吸引力、提升居民对城市绿地作用的认知3个方面对城市绿地今后的发展规划提出建议。     

济南市城市绿地可达性分析

以济南市1989、1996和2004年SPOT遥感卫星影像数据解译的城市绿地分类图、道路图和水系图为基础数据资料,在遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术支持下,运用景观可达性的概念与原理,采用费用加权距离方法,对济南市整体绿地系统和公园与广场绿地可达性的时空动态变化及其原因进行了分析。研究结果表明:1)济南市城市绿地的可达性不断提高与改善;2)济南市城市绿地可达性的空间格局变化明显,但仍不均衡、不太合理;3)城市绿地面积和斑块数量的不断增加、绿地分布格局的日益均衡和道路网的日臻完善是可达性不断提高的主要原因;4)城市绿地可达性分析是衡量城市绿地服务功能社会公平性的有力手段,充分体现城市建设“以人为本”的理念,是目前生态城市评价指标体系的必要补充。因此,城市绿地可达性分析结果可为合理调整与设计城市绿地系统提供科学依据。     

青岛市城市绿地生态系统的环境净化服务价值

在分析青岛市城市绿地空间分布及面积动态变化基础上,利用市场价值法、生产成本法、替代费用法等方法计算了1999-2009年各年度青岛市城市绿地生态系统的环境净化服务价值。结果表明,1999-2009年青岛市城市绿地的环境净化服务价值由1.587×10⁸元增至3.491×10⁸元,人均城市绿地的环境净化服务价值由68.42元增至126.73元。11a间青岛市城市绿地的环境净化服务价值增加了1.904×10⁸元,平均年增长率为10.91%。在青岛市城市绿地生态系统环境净化服务总价值构成中,其气体调节服务价值占总价值的49.81%- 51.72%,而吸收有害气体和滞尘服务价值、减弱噪声服务价值占48.28%-50.19%。城市绿地的气体调节服务具有地域空间的可转移性,可以由城市以外的自然生态系统补偿;而其吸收有害气体和滞尘服务与减弱噪声服务则不具有地域空间的可转移性。加强城市绿地建设、提高城市绿化水平是改善青岛市城市环境和提高城市居民生活质量的有效措施。     

南京市新街口地区垂直绿化发展潜力评价

垂直绿化已成为建设用地紧张、绿化空间缺乏的城市中心区提升生态效能、缓解人为活动负面影响的重要策略.本文在总结国内外垂直绿化建设影响因素的基础上,以南京市新街口地区为例,选择风环境、光照环境、建筑及周围环境作为影响研究区垂直绿化发展潜力的主要因子,基于地理信息系统(GIS)和计算流体动力学(CFD)对其进行单因子定量分析,并通过多因子加权叠置方法对研究区垂直绿化发展潜力进行综合评价.结果表明:研究区12 m以下建筑立面中,较为适宜进行垂直绿化建设的面积为17726 m^2,占比为30.8%,为研究区总面积的17.3%;光照对垂直绿化适建性影响程度较大,而建筑及周围环境中的"灌溉"因子是影响垂直绿化建设的重要限制性因子;适于垂直绿化建设的建筑立面在空间上分布很不均衡,多集中于研究区内部和建筑南侧.研究结果可为研究区垂直绿化的规划和建设提供重要参考,也为其他城市高密度地区实现建筑立面的科学规划与有效利用提供了重要的方法借鉴.     

Urbanization and green space dynamics in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh

Green space is particularly indispensable for proper functioning of the ecosystem in an urban environment. This study was an attempt to dynamically map and monitor green spaces in Greater Dhaka of Bangladesh. Both primary and secondary data were acquired to document the spatial–temporal dynamics of green spaces in the study area. Using a supervised classification algorithm, multi-temporal land use/cover data were extracted from a set of satellite images. A number of spatial metrics were employed to understand the landscape condition in a multi-temporal manner. In addition, 50 key informants along with focus group discussion and observation techniques were used to document existing management aspects of green spaces and their conservation policies. The analysis revealed that green spaces in Greater Dhaka are rapidly disappearing over the course of time even though they provide a number of natural, economic and social benefits. The disappearance of green spaces was primarily attributed to a rapid increase in the urban population, mainly driven by rural–urban migration. As a result, the landscape became highly fragmented and less connected. A substantial reduction of green patches is also leading to deterioration of the ecological condition of the landscape. The drastic reduction of green spaces in Greater Dhaka has been attributed to a lack of policy, low political motivation, and poor management. In order to ensure sustainability of green spaces and proper functioning of the city’s ecosystem, there is an urgent need for strategic green space planning.     

城市绿地类型的划分及其在生态城市建设中的意义和作用

根据生境和绿地功能把城市绿地划分为10个类型,并阐述了这些类型的组建和管护问题。10个绿地类型包括保护区,植物园,城市公园,城市片林,街心花园、草坪和花坛,道路两旁绿化区,庭园绿地,房顶、墙壁、凉台和室内的绿化,村落生态经济园及生态农业景观。根据归属部门、管理级别、保护对象、管理对象及监控类型的不同,对保护区进行了进一步的划分。城市绿地分类系统的建立既能把城市建设与生物多样性保护相结合,也有助于生物多样性公约的实施,并在维护城市生态安全、美化城市环境、建立具有特色的生物多样性产业、开展生态旅游和生态教育培训、繁荣地方经济和提高当地人民生活水平等方面有重要意义。     

城市绿色空间格局的定量化方法研究进展

城市绿色空间格局的变化是影响城市生态系统社会、经济与生态功能的重要因素.在分析城市绿地数量和结构时空动态变化的基础上,重点综述了城市绿地斑块和廊道连接的景观格局指数法和网络分析方法,探讨了城市绿地与居住用地的空间交互作用以及可达性分析方法,比较了城市绿地沿城乡分布的梯度分析方法.并总结了城市绿色空间格局研究的热点领域,包括城市绿色空间格局的空间显式表征和多尺度分析,以及格局的定量研究与规划的结合,并应用于生态系统服务的评价.     

城市绿地的生态环境效应研究进展

工业化的快速发展和城市化进程的加剧,使得城市生态环境的破坏和污染愈来愈严重,加速了城市的“生态环境危机”.城市绿地能够通过植被的光合作用、吸收作用、隔离阻挡作用、蒸腾以及蒸散作用改善城市的生态环境.目前研究主要集中在降温、增湿、固碳释氧、降噪、抗污染、生物多样性保护等6个方面.关于城区绿地对6种生态环境要素的改善程度、影响范围、机理问题以及不同植被种类生态环境效应的差异情况等,国内外学者都进行了大量详细的研究.基于传统实地观测数据进行城市绿地的生态环境效应研究是目前主要使用的研究方法,部分学者开始使用遥感技术手段研究城区绿地的降温增湿效应.在总结和分析前人研究成果的基础上,从研究内容的不同着手,主要总结并系统评估了目前关于城市绿地6种生态环境效应的研究,为今后相关研究提供参考.     

GMM-based research on environmental pollution and population migration in Anhui province,China

The urban population in Anhui province has increased rapidly in recent years. Simultaneously, society has grown more concerned with protecting the ecological environment, including controlling atmospheric pollution. As such, the relationship between urban population and the environment merits consideration. This paper examines five statistical indicators (urban population, three kinds of industrial waste, and urban green area) using the GMM method to quantitatively explore the relationship between urban population and the ecological environment in cities of Anhui province. The results show that waste gas pollution is truly positive to the emigration of population and to each area, the higher the level of average urban income, the higher the possibility of emigration after the area being polluted; effects are smallest on landscape green area. The article concludes with suggestions on how policymakers can better align the needs of a growing urban population with environmental growth.     

20世纪90年代上海市热环境变化及其社会经济驱动力

城市化过程导致地表水分蒸腾减少、径流加速、显热的存储和传输增加以及水质降低等一系列生态环境效应,其中最典型的特征就是城市热岛的出现。城市热环境动态主要驱动力可以概括为两大方面:地表覆被的变化与人类社会经济活动。论文采用Landsat的TM/ETM+为基本数据源,先定量反演了每个像元内的陆地表面温度,以此探讨了20世纪90年代上海市主城区热环境的动态演化和社会经济驱动力。研究结果揭示,20世纪90年代上海市主城区热岛范围显著扩大,但中心城区的热岛强度在下降,空间格局也趋于复杂;通过分析,城市热环境空间格局动态演变是不同尺度上、相互嵌套、相互影响的多种驱动力的综合作用结果。其中,城市建成区的快速扩展是热岛范围不断扩展的最显性驱动力;中心城区人口密度显著下降是热岛中心强度降低的一个综合性驱动因子,而以重化工业为代表的能耗布局改变则是中心城区热岛强度降低的一个主要驱动力;通过增加绿化面积布局等人为措施改变热辐射和存储模式,对缓解城市热环境来说是最有意义的因素。由于多种驱动力相互嵌套、交互作用,因此建立城市热环境演变驱动机制的定量模型还十分困难,但是研究结果对于制定城市热环境改善政策和编制合理的城市规划等都具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Island biogeography of urban insects: tenebrionid beetles from Rome tell a different story

Tenebrionid beetle records from 55 sites in urban Rome (Italy) were used to study the influence of structural parameters (area, isolation, forest cover, and shape) of green spaces on species richness and extinction trends. In line with biogeographical predictions, species richness correlated positively with area size of green spaces, extinction was enhanced by isolation and hindered by area size, but, in contrast with common findings, forest extent had a negative impact on tenebrionid persistence. This is explained by the fact that most of tenebrionid species from Rome are associated with open habitats typical of the landscape that characterized the study area before modern urbanization. In contrast with results obtained in other studies of urban ecology, distance to city centre (which expresses the urban–rural gradient) was never recovered as an important correlate of tenebrionid richness or extinction, which may be explained by the fact that tenebrionids include both urban avoider and urban adapter species. These results warn against making generalizations on urban diversity patterns and conservation strategies without reference to past land-use and species characteristics.     

北京城区道路系统路网空间特征及其与LST和NDVI的相关性

城市道路系统是人类活动最为频繁的场所之一,研究路网空间特征与相关环境指标的关系,可为定量分析城市建设过程对城市生态环境的影响以及为城市基础设施规划管理提供方法。对北京市五环内各级道路抽样调查及面向对象的高分辨率遥感影像识别,建立道路空间信息数据库,运用TM影像反演获得地表温度(LST)及归一化植被指数(NDVI),研究4种不同分析网格下城市路网特征与两者的空间相关性。结果表明,在较大分析网格下(4×4),路网空间指标与LST mean及NDVI mean相关性显著;中等网格下,除LST与NDVI的平均值外,路网空间指标还可与两者最小值建立相关性;在较小窗口下(32×32),除平均值与最小值,还可建立特定道路指标与LST max及NDVI max的联系;各路网指标中,单位面积道路总长与LST及NDVI相关性最强;加权道路结点数在8×8和32×32网格分析中,与NDVI的相关性高于该指标未加权值,而结点指标均不适合与LST max建立联系;在各分析网格下,4项道路指标均与NDVI mean呈极显著负相关,表明道路绿地建设规模还不足以对NDVI的强度及分布产生较大影响。     

Community mean traits as additional indicators to monitor effects of land-use intensity on grassland plant diversity

Semi-natural grasslands, biodiversity hotspots in Central-Europe, suffer from the cessation of traditional land-use. Amount and intensity of these changes challenge current monitoring frameworks typically based on classic indicators such as selected target species or diversity indices. Indicators based on plant functional traits provide an interesting extension since they reflect ecological strategies at individual and ecological processes at community levels. They typically show convergent responses to gradients of land-use intensity over scales and regions, are more directly related to environmental drivers than diversity components themselves and enable detecting directional changes in whole community dynamics. However, probably due to their labor- and cost intensive assessment in the field, they have been rarely applied as indicators so far.Here we suggest overcoming these limitations by calculating indicators with plant traits derived from online accessible databases. Aiming to provide a minimal trait set to monitor effects of land-use intensification on plant diversity we investigated relationships between 12 community mean traits, 2 diversity indices and 6 predictors of land-use intensity within grassland communities of 3 different regions in Germany (part of the German ‘Biodiversity Exploratory’ research network). By standardization of traits and diversity measures, use of null models and linear mixed models we confirmed (i) strong links between functional community composition and plant diversity, (ii) that traits are closely related to land-use intensity, and (iii) that functional indicators are equally, or even more sensitive to land-use intensity than traditional diversity indices. The deduced trait set consisted of 5 traits, i.e., specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), seed release height, leaf distribution, and onset of flowering. These database derived traits enable the early detection of changes in community structure indicative for future diversity loss. As an addition to current monitoring measures they allow to better link environmental drivers to processes controlling community dynamics.     

基于步行指数的深圳市福田区公园绿地社会服务功能研究

城市公园绿地是当代城市的重要组成部分,居民能否方便地享用公园绿地所提供的各项服务与功能,是衡量一个城市人地关系和谐状况、现代化发展水平和居民生活质量的重要指标,也是城市公园绿地社会服务功能的体现。选取深圳市福田区为研究对象,计算单点绿地步行指数,衡量均质区域的公园绿地步行可达性;基于土地利用类型法实现人口数据空间化;基于面域绿地步行指数耦合绿地空间分布与人口格局,评估深圳市福田区居民通过步行方式到达城市公园绿地的便利程度,即城市公园绿地的社会服务功能水平。结果表明:深圳市福田区在区域均质假设下,公园绿地步行可达性整体较好,区域差异较大,呈现出东优西劣的趋势,梅林公园周边、莲花山公园南部、荔枝公园周边及皇岗公园周边是四个公园绿地步行可达性最好的区域,福田区西北部和西南部公园绿地步行可达性差;供需平衡视角下,70%街道的居民可以便捷、公平地享用城市公园绿地所提供的服务,华强北街道、莲花街道、园岭街道和华富街道公园绿地设施建设非常完善,且绿地格局与人口格局配置合理,香蜜湖街道与沙头街道开放性公园绿地建设状况有待改进。将步行指数应用于公园绿地建设状况评估,为步行城市建设、公园绿地空间布局优化提供参考依据。