石竹科繁缕属与鹅肠菜属的数量分类

石竹科繁缕属(Stellaria L.)和鹅肠菜属(Myosoton Moench.)的系统关系一直存在争议.为了弄清它们之间的关系及属下分类等问题,选取55个形态特征对繁缕属和鹅肠菜属进行数量分类学研究.聚类分析和主坐标分析结果显示,鹅肠菜(M.aquaticum (L.) Moench.)与繁缕组繁缕亚组的关系较近,故支持将鹅肠菜属并入繁缕属.此外,研究结果还支持将繸瓣组作为独立的组.对性状的主坐标排序分析显示,茎的形状及是否被毛、叶长、叶宽、是否具叶柄、叶形及毛被、上下表皮气孔指数与密度、是否具花瓣及花瓣裂片数、雄蕊数目、蒴果长度、花柱与种子的数目、种子表面纹饰等性状特征是繁缕属与鹅肠菜属分类的重要依据.     

石竹科繁缕属与孩儿参属的数量分类

石竹科繁缕属(Stellaria L.)和孩儿参属(Pseudostellaria Pax)的关系一直备受关注。为了弄清它们之间的关系及属下分类等问题,选择繁缕属22种和孩儿参属8种,共30种植物51个形态特征,利用NTSYS-pc 2.10e软件中的UPGMA聚类分析方法和主坐标分析方法,对这2个属进行数值分类学研究。结果表明,繁缕属与孩儿参属是2个自然类群,除繁缕属的繁缕(S.media(L.)Cyr.)和鸡肠繁缕(S.neglecta Weihe ex Bluff et Fingerh)在聚类中不能分开外,其它物种都能很好地分开。两属有较近的关系,其中巫山繁缕(S.wushanensis Williams)是过渡种。此外,数量分类结果建议将细叶孩儿参(P.sylvatica(Maxim.)Pax)作为一个独立组处理。对性状的主坐标排序分析显示,根的形状、叶缘质地、花的形态(是否具花瓣、花瓣长度、花瓣裂数、深裂还是浅裂)和种子表面纹饰(是否具齿轮状、疣状突起)等在繁缕属与孩儿参属的分类中具有重要作用。     

海三棱藨草及其近缘种的DNA条形码研究

海三棱藨草[×Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter(Tang&F. T. Wang) Tatanov]的分类学地位至今尚无定论。为明确海三棱藨草的分类学地位并探讨其与近缘种的关系,该研究分别利用1个核基因(ITS)和5个叶绿体基因(matK、ndhF、rbcL、trnL和trnL-trnF)的DNA条形码序列对海三棱藨草及其近缘种的4种21批样品进行扩增和测序,通过采用相似性搜索算法对单一序列和序列组合的物种鉴定效率进行评价,并基于贝叶斯推断方法构建系统发育树进行鉴定分析。结果表明：(1)ITS+matK序列组合的物种鉴定效率最高,为71.4%,可实现海三棱藨草及其近缘种的种间区分、鉴定。(2)基于ITS+matK序列组合构建海三棱藨草及其近缘种的系统发育树,发现同一物种的样品聚集度较好,海三棱藨草与三棱草属[Bolboschoenus(Asch.) Palla]的物种聚为一支,明显与水葱属[Schoenoplectus(Rchb.) Palla]物种分开,并且海三棱藨草与海滨三棱草[Bolboschoenus maritimus(Linnaeus) P...     

基于分子与形态证据的桃色无心菜(石竹科)分类地位探讨

广义无心菜属(Arenaria L.s.l.)是石竹科(Caryophyllaceae)中分类较为困难的大属之一,基于分子系统学研究结果该属目前已被拆分为多属。基于形态学证据,桃色无心菜(Arenaria melandryoides Edgew.)被置于无心菜属齿瓣亚属[subg.Odontostemma (G.Don) Williams]、齿瓣无心菜属(Odontostemma Benth.ex G.Don)或独缀草属[Shivparvatia (Edgew.) PusalkarD.K.Singh]之中,但都缺少分子系统学证据的支持。基于ITS序列重建了繁缕族(Alsineae)系统发育关系,结果表明:目前所界定的齿瓣无心菜属并非单系,桃色无心菜应纳入独缀草属的范畴。此外,还支持将传统无心菜属齿瓣亚属中漆姑无心菜(A.saginoides Maxim.)、匙叶无心菜(A.spathulifolia C.Y.Wu ex L.H.Zhou)及云南无心菜(A.yunnanensis Franch.)归入齿瓣无心菜属的处理,以及将单花亚属中红花无心菜(A.rhodantha PaxK.Hoffmann)归入独缀草属的处理。形态特征上,花朵单生于枝端这一特征可作为独缀草属区别于齿瓣无心菜属的重要识别特征。     

福建省种子植物分布新记录

报道4种福建省种子植物分布新记录：球药隔重楼Paris fargesii Franch.、巫山繁缕Stellaria wushanensis Williams、肾萼金腰Chrysosplenium delavayi Franch.和叉序草Isoglossa collina (T. Anders.) B. Hansen。新分布植物标本均保存于福建农林大学植物标本馆(FAFU)。     

基于叶绿体DNA序列分析东亚七筋姑的遗传进化

通过对东亚七筋姑(Clintoniaudensis Trautv.etMey.)19个居群的cpDNA基因间隔区(cpDNA intergenic regions)rpl20-rps12和trnL-F进行序列分析,结果表明,当空位(Gap)作缺失处理时,trnL-F全序列排序后的长度为754个位点,G C含量为35.2%～35.8%,rpl20-rps12序列排序后长度为814bp,G C含量为34.1%～34.3%.聚类结果显示四倍体居群没有单独聚为一支,其多倍体可能是同源多倍体,起源方式属于异地多起源.     

内蒙古2种白刺间自然杂交类型的分子验证

本实验对齿叶白刺(Nitraria roborowiskii Kom.)和唐古特白刺(N.tangutorum Bobr.)以及疑似杂交个体共48个个体的叶绿体trnL-F序列和核糖体ITS序列进行分析.trnL-F结果显示,齿叶白刺和唐古特白刺在15个位点上存在差异,杂交个体在其中11个位点上与齿叶白刺相同,4个位点...     

基于3个DNA序列的不同形态类型诸葛菜的遗传关系分析及后代性状观察

选择4种形态类型(花紫色-果实光滑、花紫色-果实密生毛、花白色-果实光滑和花白色-果实密生毛)诸葛菜[Orychophragmus violaceus (L. ) O. E. Schulz]共11个单株为实验材料,在进行ITS、trnL-F和psbA-trnH序列分析的基础上,采用邻接法(NJ)构建系统发育树,并对各形态类型的后代性状进行观察和分析.结果表明,诸葛菜的ITS、trnL-F和psbA-trnH序列长度分别为704、767和216 bp,合并序列长度为1 687 bp,G+C含量为43.5%;共有7个变异位点和7个信息位点,变异率0.41%.4个形态类型诸葛菜的trnL-F序列完全一致,ITS和psbA-trnH序列略有差异.其中,花紫色和花白色的果实密生毛类型中各有1个单株的ITS序列第519位碱基为C,其他单株为T;花紫色和花白色的果实光滑类型中各有1个单株的psbA-trnH序列第68位至第73位碱基依次为CAAAAA,其他单株均为TTTTTG.NJ系统发育树显示,4个类型诸葛菜之间没有完全清晰的界限,亲缘关系很近.后代性状观察结果表明,诸葛菜白色花为特化现象,果实光滑和密生毛是不稳定的性状.研究结果支持将毛果诸葛菜(O. violaceus var. lasiocarpus Migo)并入诸葛菜的分类处理.     

5种苍术属药用植物的trnL-F序列测定及种间遗传关系分析

采用PCR技术对5种苍术属(Atractylodes DC.)药用植物的trnL-F序列进行测定及比较分析。结果表明,扩增获得的序列长886~902 bp,经排序并两端切平后,序列长816 bp,G C含量为34.4%;当空位始终做缺失处理时,产物有5个变异位点。利用trnL-F序列可准确鉴别出朝鲜苍术〔A.koreana(Nakai)Kitam.〕、北苍术〔A. chinensis(DC.)Koidz.〕和白术(A.macrocephalaKoidz.);而茅苍术〔A.lancea(Thunb.)DC.〕与关苍术(A.japonicaKoidz.ex Kitam.)的trnL-F序列则完全一致,相互之间无法区分。采用邻接法和UPGMA法得到的5种苍术属药用植物的分子系统树有一定的差异,表明这5种苍术属药用植物的物种分化不完全,序列进化不一致。     

繁缕和鹅肠菜的花维管束系统比较解剖学研究及其系统学意义

运用石蜡制片技术,对繁缕（Stellaria media）和鹅肠菜（Myosoton aquaticum）的花维管束系统进行了比较解剖观察,为其系统分类提供了一定的科学依据。研究结果表明,两者维管系统有以下特征：（1）花梗部维管束以3束不封闭成环形式分布在中央区。（2）花梗顶部维管束形成一个封闭的分生组织环。（3）分生组织环最先呈辐射状分离出的外层10束,每相隔一个束的那个束向外分裂出2束。其中15束是通往花萼的维管束,5束是通往花瓣的维管束。通往花瓣的5束维管束又一分为二,变成10束花瓣维管束。（4）分生组织环再呈辐射状分裂出10束,形成雄蕊维管束。（5）在子房室区分生组织环再呈辐射状分裂出4子房隔膜束,每束分裂出3束,形成胎座维管束,其数目为12束,每一束均与一个胚珠相连,从而使子房壁维管束数目增加到16束。鉴于繁缕和鹅肠菜花维管束系统的高度一致,将鹅肠菜置于繁缕属比较恰当。     

Embryo and Endosperm Function and Failure inSolanumSpecies and Hybrids

Although the importance of the endosperm as a food store inmany angiosperm seeds is well known, its significance duringearly embryogenesis has been neglected. In many interspecifichybrids, and in some other situations, embryos do not developfully and abort. It has often been stated that this is causedby the endosperm failing to conduct sufficient nutrients tothe embryo, but seldom has it been suggested that the endospermactively controls most of the early stages of morphogenesisof the embryo. Information gleaned from a broad survey of theliterature, combined with additional evidence presented here,obtained fromSolanum incanumand interspecific hybrids, indicatethat the endosperm is dynamic and very active in regulatingearly embryo development. This requires highly integrated geneticcontrol of rapidly changing metabolism in the endosperm. Ininterspecific hybrids, lack of coordination may cause unbalancedproduction of growth regulating substances by the endospermand hence abortion of the embryo, or even unregulated productionof nucleases and proteases resulting firstly in autolysis ofthe endosperm and then digestion of the embryo. The endospermmay thus serve to detect inappropriate hybridization of speciesor ploidy levels and so prevent waste of resources by producingseeds that would result in sterile hybrids or unthrifty subsequentgenerations. This discriminatory function of the endosperm hasdiminished during evolution and domestication of the crop plantSolanummelongenaL.Copyright 1998 Annals of Botany Company Solanum, embryo morphogenesis, endosperm, hybrid, seed development.     

HIFs and tumors--causes and consequences

For most organisms oxygen is essential fo life. When oxygen levels drop below those required to maintain the minimum physiological oxygen requirement of an organism or tissue it is termed hypoxia. To counter act possible deleterious effects of such a state, an immediate molecular response is initiated causing adaptation responses aimed at cell survival. This response is mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha- and a beta-subunit. HIF-1 alpha protein is stabilized under hypoxic conditions and therefore confers selectivity to this response. Hypoxia is characteristic of tumors, mainly because of impaired blood supply resulting from abnormal growth. Over the past few years enormous progress has been made in the attempt to understand how the activation of the physiological response to hypoxia influences neoplastic growth. In this review some aspects of HIF-1 pathway activation in tumors and the consequences for pathophysiology and treatment of neoplasia are discussed.     

环腺苷酸应答元件结合蛋白与学习记忆

环腺苷酸(cAMP)应答元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein,CREB)是一种核转录因子,可与cAMP反应元件结合,调节基因转录,具有调节精子生成,昼夜节律,学习记忆等功能.近年来关于其在学习记忆中的作用成为医学研究热点.CREB是神经元内多条信息传递途径的汇聚点,参与长时记忆形成和突触可塑性.长时记忆(long-term memory)形成需依赖CREB介导的基因转录,干扰或抑制CREB活性可破坏长时记忆.长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP)是研究学习记忆的理想模型,在LTP诱导和维持过程中均可观察到CREB活性持续升高.但增龄过程中,海马CREB活性下降,影响学习记忆功能,与许多神经退行性疾病发生有关.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.