Plant hormones: metabolism, signaling and crosstalk

Plants synthesize various hormones in response to environmental cues and developmental signals to ensure their proper growth and development.Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which plant hormones control growth and development contributes to our understanding of fundamental plant biology and provides tools to improve crops.Because of their critical roles in plant growth and development, plant hormones have been studied extensively since the early days of plant biology.     

活性氧调控植物生长发育的研究进展

活性氧(ROS)是植物有氧代谢过程中的副产物, 它在植物的许多生命过程中均具有有害和有利的双重功能。ROS对细胞的氧化损伤作用和信号转导诱导植物防卫反应已有详尽的研究。近年来, 越来越多的关于ROS调控植物生长发育的证据开始引起了人们的广泛关注。细胞的生长是植物发育的重要部分, ROS通过直接或间接调节细胞的生长来控制植物的发育, 成为植物发育的重要调节剂。该文综述了羟自由基(.OH)及其前体超氧阴离子自由基(O2^–. )和过氧化氢(H₂O₂)调控植物生长发育的研究进展, 包括ROS调控植物不同器官生长的证据和机理、ROS产生的途径及其检测方法, 同时对今后的研究进行了展望。     

多胺与植物激素

本文概述了多胺与植物生长促进剂、生长抑制剂及乙烯的关系,以及它们对植物生长发育、花芽分化、抗逆性及衰老的作用。     

A new balancing act: The many roles of melatonin and serotonin in plant growth and development

Melatonin and serotonin are indoleamines first identified as neurotransmitters in vertebrates; they have now been found to be ubiquitously present across all forms of life. Both melatonin and serotonin were discovered in plants several years after their discovery in mammals, but their presence has now been confirmed in almost all plant families. The mechanisms of action of melatonin and serotonin are still poorly defined. Melatonin and serotonin possess important roles in plant growth and development, including functions in chronoregulation and modulation of reproductive development, control of root and shoot organogenesis, maintenance of plant tissues, delay of senescence, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. This review focuses on the roles of melatonin and serotonin as a novel class of plant growth regulators. Their roles in reproductive and vegetative plant growth will be examined including an overview of current hypotheses and knowledge regarding their mechanisms of action in specific responses.     

Integration and scaling of UV‐B radiation effects on plants: from molecular interactions to whole plant responses

A process based model integrating the effects of UV‐B radiation to molecular level processes and their consequences to whole plant growth and development was developed from key parameters in the published literature. Model simulations showed that UV‐B radiation induced changes in plant metabolic and/or photosynthesis rates can result in plant growth inhibitions. The costs of effective epidermal UV‐B radiation absorptive compounds did not result in any significant changes in plant growth, but any associated metabolic costs effectively reduced the potential plant biomass. The model showed significant interactions between UV‐B radiation effects and temperature and any factor leading to inhibition of photosynthetic production or plant growth during the midday, but the effects were not cumulative for all factors. Vegetative growth were significantly delayed in species that do not exhibit reproductive cycles during a growing season, but vegetative growth and reproductive yield in species completing their life cycle in one growing season did not appear to be delayed more than 2–5 days, probably within the natural variability of the life cycles for many species. This is the first model to integrate the effects of increased UV‐B radiation through molecular level processes and their consequences to whole plant growth and development.     

Mammalian sex hormones in plants

The occurrence of mammalian sex hormones and their physiological role in plants is reviewed. These hormones, such as 17beta-estradiol, androsterone, testosterone or progesterone, were present in 60-80% of the plant species investigated. Enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis and conversion were also found in plants. Treatment of the plants with sex hormones or their precursors influenced plant development: cell divisions, root and shoot growth, embryo growth, flowering, pollen tube growth and callus proliferation. The regulatory abilities of mammalian sex hormones in plants makes possible their use in practice, especially in plant in vitro culture.     

The Effect of Soil Inoculation with Microbial Pesticide Destructors on Plant Growth and Development

Soil inoculation with liquid cultures of Bacillus megaterium501 and Exophiala nigrumA-29 capable of degrading several organophosphorus pesticides accelerated the growth and development of experimental plants, the formation of their generative organs, and improved their productivity. This was particularly observed under stress plant growth conditions on phytotoxic peach substrates. The microorganisms inoculated can probably degrade the phytotoxins present in soils, thereby favoring plant development.     

类受体激酶调控根生长发育的研究进展

类受体激酶是一类具有激酶活性的单次跨膜受体,通过接收和传递胞外信号调控细胞的生理反应,参与植物生长发育过程。植物根在生长发育过程中受到大量的外部刺激和内源性发育信号的影响,植物必须通过整合这些信号并转化为细胞反应,才能适应不断变化的环境条件;植物类受体激酶作为细胞膜上的信息监测者,通过与外源和内源信号的通讯调控根的生长发育。该文对近年来国内外有关类受体激酶的结构、分类及其作用机制,特别是植物类受体激酶在根发育信号转导途径中的功能和作用等方面的研究进展进行综述,为进一步揭示植物类受体激酶在根生长发育中的功能及其作用机制提供参考。     

Strigolactones are regulators of root development

Strigolactones (SLs) have been defined as a new group of plant hormones or their derivatives that suppress lateral shoot branching. Recently, a new role for SLs was discovered, in the regulation of root development. Strigolactones were shown to alter root architecture and affect root-hair elongation. Here, I review the recent findings regarding the effects of SLs on root growth and development, and their association with changes in auxin flux. The networking between SLs and other plant hormones that regulate root development is also presented. Strigolactone regulation of plant development suggests that they are coordinators of shoot and root development and mediators of plant responses to environmental conditions.     

Biosynthesis and beneficial effects of microbial gibberellins on crops for sustainable agriculture

Soil microbes promote plant growth through several mechanisms such as secretion of chemical compounds including plant growth hormones. Among the phytohormones, auxins, ethylene, cytokinins, abscisic acid and gibberellins are the best understood compounds. Gibberellins were first isolated in 1935 from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi and are synthesized by several soil microbes. The effect of gibberellins on plant growth and development has been studied, as has the biosynthesis pathways, enzymes, genes and their regulation. This review revisits the history of gibberellin research highlighting microbial gibberellins and their effects on plant health with an emphasis on the early discoveries and current advances that can find vital applications in agricultural practices.     

Cell division and endoreduplication: doubtful engines of vegetative growth

Currently, there is little information to indicate whether plant cell division and development is the collective effect of individual cell programming (cell-based) or is determined by organ-wide growth (organismal). Modulation of cell division does not confirm cell autonomous programming of cell expansion; instead, final cell size seems to be determined by the balance between cells formed and subsequent tissue growth. Control of growth in regions of the plant therefore has great importance in determining cell, organ and plant development. Here, we question the view that formation of new cells and their programmed expansion is the driving force of growth. We believe there is evidence that division does not drive, but requires, cell growth and a similar requirement for growth is detected in the modified cycle termed endoreduplication.     

A critical review on natural compounds interacting with the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase and their potential as biologicals in agriculture

The plant plasma membrane (PM) H⁺-ATPase is an essential enzyme controlling plant growth and development. It is an important factor in response to abiotic and biotic stresses and is subject to tight regulation. We are in demand for new sustainable natural growth regulators and as a key enzyme for regulation of transport into the plant cell the PM H⁺-ATPase is a potential target for these. In this review, we have evaluated the known non-protein natural compounds with regulatory effects on the PM H⁺-ATPase, focusing on their mechanism of action and their potential as biologicals/growth regulators in plant production of future sustainable agriculture.     

Exploring the potentialities of beneficial endophytes for improved plant growth

Pathogen affects plant growth, host health and productivity. Endophytes, presumed to live inside the plant tissues, might be helpful in sustaining the future of agriculture. Although recent studies have proven that endophytes can be pathogenic, commensal, non-pathogenic, and/or beneficial, this review will focus on the beneficial category only. Beneficial endophytes produce a number of compounds which are useful for protecting plants from environmental conditions, enhancing plant growth and sustainability, while living conveniently inside the hosts. The population of endophytes is majorly controlled by location, and climatic conditions where the host plant grows. Often the most frequently isolated endophytes from the tissues of the plant are fungi, but sometimes greater numbers of bacteria are isolated. Beneficial endophytes stand a chance to replace the synthetic chemicals currently being used for plant growth promotion if carefully explored by researchers and embraced by policymakers. However, the roles of endophytes in plant growth improvement and their behavior in the host plant have not been fully understood. This review presents the current development of research into beneficial endophytes and their effect in improving plant growth.     

肌醇磷脂信号组分调节花粉发育和花粉管生长的研究进展

肌醇磷脂信号系统以肌醇磷脂代谢循环为基础, 由多种磷酸磷脂酰肌醇分子和多磷酸肌醇分子及催化代谢的磷脂酶、激酶组成。该信号系统参与调节动、植物细胞生长发育及应答环境刺激等多种生理过程。花粉发育和花粉管的生长是植物有性生殖的基础, 肌醇磷脂信号系统中多种组分参与其生理过程的调节。该文综述了植物肌醇磷脂信号系统中各组分的相互关系, 以及相关组分调节花粉发育和花粉管生长生理过程的研究进展。     

Infection by powdery mildew Erysiphe cruciferarum (Erysiphaceae) strongly affects growth and fitness of Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae)

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is an invasive biennial that negatively impacts plant and animal communities throughout North America and lacks significant herbivory in its invasive range. Throughout Ohio, many garlic mustard populations support the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum, although disease incidence varies among populations and environments. Effects of infection on plant growth, as well as both plant and fungal responses to drought and light conditions, were examined on greenhouse-grown, first-year garlic mustard plants. Also, the effects of the fungus on plant growth and fitness were studied in a naturally growing population of second-year plants in the field. Powdery mildew significantly reduced growth of first-year plants in the greenhouse, eventually causing complete mortality. Simulated drought slowed both plant growth and disease development, independent of light conditions. In the field, plants with little incidence of disease after their first year grew taller during their second year, producing significantly more siliques and twice as many seeds as heavily diseased plants did. Seed germination rates did not differ between plants with different levels of disease severity. Consistent reductions in survival, growth, and fitness caused by fungal infection may reduce populations of garlic mustard. These effects may be more evident in moist sites that favor fungal development.     

植物内生放线菌及其生理活性物质研究进展

植物内生放线菌是一类具有巨大开发潜力的新微生物资源。目前从许多活体植物组织内已分离到种类众多的植物内生放线菌,已有的研究表明植物内生放线菌能产生许多重要的生理活性物质,如抗生素类物质、植物生长促进剂、植物生长抑制剂以及具有新特性的酶类。植物内生放线菌在农业生产、医药新药的筛选上显示出广阔的应用前景。     

The Role of Salicylic Acid Signal in Plant Growth,Development and Abiotic Stress

In nature, plants are constantly affected by adverse conditions. Unlike animals, plants can resist these adverse stresses only by insisting on their original positions. Stress can be divided into biological stress and abiotic stress, abiotic stress directly affects the growth, development and yield of plants, it spans all developmental stages from seed germination to senescence. In order to adapt to changing environment, plants have evolved well-developed mechanisms that help to perceive the stress signals and enable optimal growth response. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important endogenous signal molecule in plants, which not only regulate some plant growth and development processes, but also plays an important part in plant stress resistance. Much work about salicylic acid has been done on the immunity of plants to pathogens, and the synthesis and signal transduction of SA are clearly understood, its function in plant growth, development and abiotic stress is also well learned, we systemically summarized the multiple function of SA signal in non-pathogen-related response, such review should help us understand the common but essential function of SA signal in modulating plant growth, development and abiotic stress.     

Molecular interactions between light and hormone signaling to control plant growth

As sessile organisms, plants modulate their growth rate and development according to the continuous variation in the conditions of their surrounding environment, an ability referred to as plasticity. This ability relies on a web of interactions between signaling pathways triggered by endogenous and environmental cues. How changes in environmental factors are interpreted by the plant in terms of developmental or growth cues or, in other words, how they contribute to plant plasticity is a current, major question in plant biology. Light stands out among the environmental factors that shape plant development. Plants have evolved systems that allow them to monitor both quantitative and qualitative differences in the light that they perceive, that render important changes in their growth habit. In this review we focus on recent findings about how information from this environmental cue is integrated during de-etiolation and in the shade-avoidance syndrome, and modulated by several hormone pathways—the endogenous cues. In some cases the interaction between a hormone and the light signaling pathways is reciprocal, as is the case of the gibberellin pathway, whereas in other cases hormone pathways act downstream of the environmental cue to regulate growth. Moreover, the circadian clock adds an additional layer of regulation, which has been proposed to integrate the information provided by light with that provided by hormone pathways, to regulate daily growth.     

植物生长素反应因子研究进展

生长素反应因子（ARFs）是植物生长和发育的重要调节因子,在生长素早期反应蛋白（Aux／IAAs）的参与下,通过和生长素反应基因启动子区AuxRE元件的JTGTCTC序列结合,共同调控这些基因的表达。近年来关于生长素反应因子的分子结构和ARF与Aux／IAA的相互作用及其对植物生长和发育的影响、作用的靶基因以及分子机制受到人们的重视,并在这些方面做了大量的研究。     

植物抗逆相关蛋白激酶的结构与功能

植物在遭受外界逆境胁迫时,体内的信号传导系统能够感知、传递逆境胁迫信号,并引起各种生理生化反应以适应环境。植物蛋白激酶在信号感知、传导以及基因的表达调控中起重要的作用。蛋白激酶在信号传导过程的功能是磷酸化修饰目的蛋白,而磷酸化的实现需要蛋白质之间相互作用。本文从植物蛋白激酶的结构、分类、与激素信号传导之间的关系等方面进行了系统的阐述,对蛋白激酶介导的植物抗性与发育的最新研究进展进行了系统的总结,为解析蛋白激酶在植物生长发育中的抗逆机理提供依据。