生物多样性与林木育种

保护生物多样性在林木育种中必须予以重视。传统的林木育种主要考虑遗传增益。长期育种则以维持育种群体的变异性为主要目的。具有丰富生物多样性的天然森林群体是长期育种的基础。长期育种研究应以物种生物学、群体遗传学和居群生态学等为理论基础。主要研究森林群体的性质及群体的动态变化规律。传统林木育种的研究方向、研究内容及林木育种学的教学内容等都应予以适当的调整和补充。     

Congruence between selection on breeding values and farmers' selection criteria in sheep breeding under conventional nucleus breeding schemes

Designing breeding schemes suitable for smallholder livestock production systems in developing regions has hitherto been a challenge. The suggested schemes either do not address farmers' breeding goals (centralized station-based nucleus schemes) or yield slow genetic progress (village-based schemes). A new breeding scheme that integrates the merits of previously suggested schemes has been designed for Menz sheep improvement in Ethiopia. It involves selection based on breeding values in nucleus flocks to produce elite rams, a one-time only provision of improved rams to villagers and a follow-up village-based selection to sustain genetic progress in village flocks. Here, we assessed whether conventional selection of breeding rams based on breeding values for production traits, which is the practice in station-based nucleus flocks, meets farmers' breeding objectives. We also elicited determinants of farmers' ram choice. Low but significant correlations were found between rankings of rams based on farmers' selection criteria, estimated breeding values (EBV) and body weight (BW). Appearance traits (such as color and horn) and meat production traits (BW and linear size traits) significantly determined farmers' breeding ram choice. The results imply that conventional selection criteria based solely on EBV for production traits do not address farmers' trait preferences fully, but only partially. Thus, a two-stage selection procedure involving selection on breeding values in nucleus centers followed by farmers' selection among top- ranking candidate rams is recommended. This approach accommodates farmers' preferences and speeds up genetic progress in village-based selection. The Menz sheep scheme could be applied elsewhere with similar situations to transform conventional station-based nucleus breeding activities into participatory breeding programs.     

Reverse breeding: a novel breeding approach based on engineered meiosis

Reverse breeding (RB) is a novel plant breeding technique designed to directly produce parental lines for any heterozygous plant, one of the most sought after goals in plant breeding. RB generates perfectly complementing homozygous parental lines through engineered meiosis. The method is based on reducing genetic recombination in the selected heterozygote by eliminating meiotic crossing over. Male or female spores obtained from such plants contain combinations of non-recombinant parental chromosomes which can be cultured in vitro to generate homozygous doubled haploid plants (DHs). From these DHs, complementary parents can be selected and used to reconstitute the heterozygote in perpetuity . Since the fixation of unknown heterozygous genotypes is impossible in traditional plant breeding, RB could fundamentally change future plant breeding. In this review, we discuss various other applications of RB, including breeding per chromosome.     

花卉育种技术研究进展(综述)

本文综述近年来国内外花卉育种技术及成果。常规育种仍是花卉育种的主要方法,但日益成熟的生物技术为花卉育种提供了新的途径,尤其是基因工程在改良花卉的色、香、形及延缓衰老等方面将发挥重要作用。     

Implications of non-linear economic weights for breeding

Summary Relationships were studied theoretically between phenotypic values of selection candidates (parents) and economic worth of the offspring that would belong to production populations. The candidates could include individuals, crosses or clones, and the offspring could be produced either sexually or vegetatively. Cases considered included: three systems for generating production populations [clonal propagation, pair(full-sib)crosses and half-sib crosses]; three economic-worth (profit) functions for individual offspring (linear, intermediate optimum, acceptable versus cull); and independently varying heritabilities for both parents and offspring. The heritabilities were varied in the model against a background of fixed genetic variance. Parental values were considered in terms of phenotypic standard deviations from the population mean, assuming normality. Lower heritabilities and, to a lesser extent, genetic segregation severely damped down the non-linearities of economic worth in relation to measured parental values, such that the linear weightings for traits in a selection index should usually be a good approximation, provided the profit function for individual offspring is monotonic. The economic advantages of corrective mating within a select population may be minimal if both heritabilities are low and the profit functions apply to individual offspring. The economic advantages accruing from genetic uniformity of clones (or crosses between inbreds) in conjunction with non-linear profit functions are strongly dependent on achieving high broad-sense heritabilites, particularly in the offspring (production population).     

辽宁双台河口自然保护区丹顶鹤繁殖生境变化及其繁殖容量分析

运用面积转换矩阵和景观指数对双台河口自然保护区丹顶鹤繁殖生境的变化进行分析。结果表明 ,该地区丹顶鹤繁殖生境的面积不断减小 ,景观异质性和破碎化程度不断增强 ,生境质量不断下降。生境质量的变化将直接引起在该地区丹顶鹤繁殖数量的变化 ,从 1989～1998年 ,在双台河口自然保护区繁殖的丹顶鹤数量逐年下降 ,丹顶鹤的繁殖容量日益减小 ,原因是道路和油井开发强度的不断增大等人类活动的影响。     

Retrospective and perspective of rice breeding in China

Breeding is the art and science of selecting and changing crop traits for the benefit of human beings. For several decades, tremendous efforts have been made by Chinese scientists in rice breeding in improving grain yield, nutrition quality, and environmental performance, achieving substantial progress for global food security. Several generations of crop breeding technologies have been developed, for example, selection of better performance in the field among variants (conventional breeding), application of molecular markers for precise selection (molecular marker assisted breeding), and development of molecular design (molecular breeding by rational design). In this review, we briefly summarize the advances in conventional breeding, functional genomics for genes and networks in rice that regulate important agronomic traits, and molecular breeding in China with focuses on high yield, good quality, stress tolerance, and high nutrient-use efficiency. These findings have paved a new avenue for rational design of crops to develop ideal varieties with super performance and productivity.     

Precision animal breeding

We accept that we are responsible for the quality of life of animals in our care. We accept that the activities of man affect all the living things with which we share this planet. But we are slow to realize that as a result we have a duty of care for all living things. That duty extends to the breeding of animals for which we are responsible. When animals are bred by man for a purpose, the aim should be to meet certain goals: to improve the precision with which breeding outcomes can be predicted; to avoid the introduction and advance of characteristics deleterious to well-being; and to manage genetic resources and diversity between and within populations as set out in the Convention on Biological Diversity. These goals are summed up in the phrase precision animal breeding. They should apply whether animals are bred as sources of usable products or services for medical or scientific research, for aesthetic or cultural considerations, or as pets. Modern molecular and quantitative genetics and advances in reproductive physiology provide the tools with which these goals can be met.     

地黄育种研究进展

地黄是一种玄参科药用植物,是我国著名的"四大怀药"之一,具有重要的药用价值和经济价值。该文综述了地黄的引种、选择育种、杂交育种、组织培养辅助育种、转基因育种和DNA分子标记辅助育种等育种研究的成果,以期为地黄育种工作者提供参考。     

A preference-based approach to deriving breeding objectives: applied to sheep breeding

Using internet-based software known as 1000Minds, choice-experiment surveys were administered to experts and farmers from the Irish sheep industry to capture their preferences with respect to the relative importance - represented by part-worth utilities - of target traits in the definition of a breeding objective for sheep in Ireland. Sheep production in Ireland can be broadly separated into lowland and hill farming systems; therefore, each expert was asked to answer the survey first as if he or she were a lowland farmer and second as a hill farmer. In addition to the experts, a group of lowland and a group of hill farmers were surveyed to assess whether, and to what extent, the groups' preferences differ from the experts' preferences. The part-worth utilities obtained from the surveys were converted into relative economic value terms per unit change in each trait. These measures - referred to as 'preference economic values' (pEVs) - were compared with economic values for the traits obtained from bio-economic models. The traits 'value per lamb at the meat processor' and 'lamb survival to slaughter' were revealed as being the two most important traits for the surveyed experts responding as lowland and hill farmers, respectively. In contrast, 'number of foot baths per year for ewes' and 'number of anthelmintic treatments per year for ewes' were the two least important traits. With the exception of 'carcase fat class' (P < 0.05), there were no statistically significant differences in the mean pEVs obtained from the surveyed experts under both the lowland and hill farming scenarios. Compared with the economic values obtained from bio-economic models, the pEVs for 'lambing difficulty' when the experts responded as lowland farmers were higher (P < 0.001); and they were lower (P < 0.001) for 'carcase conformation class', 'carcase fat class' (less negative) and 'ewe mature weight' (less negative) under both scenarios. Compared with surveyed experts, pEVs from lowland farmers differed significantly for 'lambing difficulty', 'lamb survival to slaughter', 'average days to slaughter of lambs', 'number of foot baths per year for ewes', 'number of anthelmintic treatments per year for ewes' and 'ewe mature weight'. Compared with surveyed experts, pEVs from hill farmers differed significantly for 'lambing difficulty', 'average days to slaughter of lambs' and 'number of foot baths per year for ewes'. This study indicates that preference-based tools have the potential to contribute to the definition of breeding objectives where production and price data are not available.     

Monsoon-dependent breeding in the field crab Paratelphusa hydrodromous (Herbst)

The reproductive cycle of the field crab Paratelphusa hydrodromous (Herbst) was determined by direct field observations as well as by calculating the percentage of ovigerous females in a Madras population for a period of three years. The females breed annually in a single spawning. These observations, corroborated by histological studies on the nature of the ovary, indicate that gametogenic activity starts in December and vitellogenesis is completed during January-May. Spawning commences in the last week of June or first week of July with the release of brood in the month of September (1979), October (1978) or November (1980) during northeast monsoon. The smallest female crab showing spawning had a carapace width of 3.1 cm and the largest spawning crabs measured 5.5 mm. The mean number of eggs spawned in the smallest crab was 247 and that in the largest crab was 417. Mean incubation was 41 ± 12.388 days. Vitellogenesis and spawning occurred at peak temperature conditions. Though the time taken for vitellogenesis and commencement of spawning were constant for the study period, the duration of retention of the juveniles in the brood varied with the onset of monsoon.     

近年来国内外橡胶树育种研究新进展

从常规育种、高产育种和抗性育种方面综述近年来国外橡胶树育种研究的新进展,并结合我国橡胶树育种现状,提出我国橡胶树育种的方向,以期为我国橡胶树产量性状、遗传改良和抗逆性育种等提供借鉴.     

A computational approach to animal breeding

We propose a computational model of mating strategies for controlled animal breeding programs. A mating strategy in a controlled breeding program is a heuristic with some optimization criteria as a goal. Thus, it is appropriate to use the computational tools available for analysis of optimization heuristics. In this paper, we propose the first discrete model of the controlled animal breeding problem and analyse heuristics for two possible objectives: (1) breeding for maximum diversity and (2) breeding a target individual. These two goals are representative of conservation biology and agricultural livestock management, respectively. We evaluate several mating strategies and provide upper and lower bounds for the expected number of matings. While the population parameters may vary and can change the actual number of matings for a particular strategy, the order of magnitude of the number of expected matings and the relative competitiveness of the mating heuristics remains the same. Thus, our simple discrete model of the animal breeding problem provides a novel viable and robust approach to designing and comparing breeding strategies in captive populations.     

中国水稻遗传育种历程与展望

我国的水稻育种经历了矮化育种、杂种优势利用和绿色超级稻培育3次飞跃,其间伴随矮化育种(第一次绿色革命)、三系杂交稻培育、二系杂交稻培育、亚种间杂种优势利用、理想株型育种和绿色超级稻培育等6个重要历程。育种目标从唯产量是举到高抗、优质和高产并重,育种理念从高产优质逐步提升为“少投入,多产出,保护环境”。水稻功能基因组研究为第二次绿色革命准备了大量的有重要利用价值的基因,水稻育种正迈向设计育种的新时代。基因组选择技术和转基因技术将为培育“少打农药,少施化肥,节水抗旱,优质高产” 绿色超级稻保驾护航。本文对我国水稻遗传育种的发展历程进行了概括,指出了各种育种方法和育种技术的优缺点,系统介绍了水稻细胞质雄性不育和光温敏雄性核不育以及籼粳杂种不育的分子机制的研究进展,综述了水稻株型、穗型、粒形和养分高效利用相关的重要功能基因,阐明了产量与开花期联动的关系,凸显了我国水稻基础研究在国际上的重要地位。特别指出,近年来,我国水稻生产方式发生了或正在发生巨大变革,育种理念也要与时俱进。未来,杂交育种技术要与现代育种技术紧密结合,选育水稻品种不仅要满足市场需求,而且更要具备绿色健康的特点,同时还要适应新耕作制度和新耕作方法。     

基因人工进化的分子育种技术

分子育种技术(molecular breeding technology)利用人工手段模拟生物杂交优势的分子进化模式,在体外构建含有感兴趣基因的大量突变文库,并根据基因表达产物的特性,以合适的筛选方法选择具有最佳功能的改良基因。经过近几年的快速发展,分子育种技术在创造高效随机基因突变库的方法上日臻完善,已在医学、工业和环境保护酶类研究等方面收到了很好的成效。预计未来该技术将广泛地应用于重要传染性疾病(如疟疾、艾滋病病毒等)的预防和治疗,尤其可通过DNA疫苗手段的应用而获得强大的生命力。作者全面地综述了分子育种技术的产生、发展和应用现状。     

家畜转基因育种研究进展

转基因技术可以将外源基因导入家畜基因组,使其获得新的可遗传性状,为培育优良家畜品种提供了革命性途径。DNA显微注射法和体细胞克隆法是制备转基因家畜最常用的方法。应用转基因技术可以进行家畜抗病育种(抗病毒、抗菌和抗寄生虫),改良家畜的生产性状(胴体组成、奶品质、产毛、繁殖力和生长速度),培育环保型家畜新品种。文章从动物转基因技术入手,阐明其在家畜品种改良方面的研究现状和策略,并探讨家畜转基因育种面临的问题和应用前景。     

黄鳝的繁殖生态学研究

以洞庭湖稻区黄鳝为调查研究对象 ,通过野外调查和室内实验系统研究了黄鳝的繁殖生态。对黄鳝的性腺发育周年变化、繁殖行为、自然产卵过程、产卵条件及繁殖洞穴的构造进行了观察和记录 ,产卵室是黄鳝繁殖洞穴特有的构造 ,繁殖洞穴泥土p H平均值为 6 .73± 1.0 12。亲鳝有护卵习性 ,通过对 30尾守洞亲鳝的性腺观察和切片验证 ,守洞鳝多为雄鳝 (占 6 1.3% ) ,少数为兼性偏雄性 (占 38.7% ) ,守洞鳝 1:0 0～ 2 :0 0全在外面活动 ,守洞鳝体长 L (cm)与体重 W (g)回归方程为 :W=1.2 5×10 - 2 L1 .4 2 (r=0 .76 )。人工模拟条件下 ,泡沫组受精卵的平均孵化率 (85 .2 % )极显著地高于对照组 (2 5 .4 % ) (t=8.18,t0 .0 5=2 .4 5 ) ,仔鱼平均成活率 (6 4 .0 % )显著高于对照组 (14 .0 % ) (t=3.73) ,同时对繁殖季节黄鳝为孵卵而所吐的泡沫的作用进行了分析。另外 ,证实了黄鳝产卵的最适放养密度为 2～ 3尾 / m2。为黄鳝的全人工繁殖和半人工繁殖提供了合理化的建议