nC22矿物油及其与吡虫啉混用对柑橘木虱的室内毒力评价

【目的】室内评价nC22矿物油单独使用,以及与吡虫啉混用对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri的毒力,并筛选nC22矿物油对吡虫啉防治柑橘木虱具有增效作用的混配比例,为矿物油防治柑橘木虱的应用提供科学依据。【方法】使用nC22矿物油以及阳性对照nC23和nC28矿物油,采用浸渍法和喷雾法分别检测矿物油对柑橘木虱卵和低龄若虫、高龄若虫、成虫的致死作用,以处理后第7天(卵)和第1天(若虫和成虫)的LC₅₀值评估毒力。将nC22矿物油与吡虫啉以不同配比混配,测定混配液对低龄若虫的毒力,使用交互测定法、共毒因子(co-toxicity factor, CTF)法和共毒系数(co-toxicity coefficient, CTC)法评价矿物油对吡虫啉的增效作用。【结果】单独使用时,nC22矿物油对卵的LC₅₀值低于nC23和nC28矿物油;对低龄若虫和高龄若虫的LC₅₀值与nC23矿物油相当,都低于nC28矿物油;对成虫的LC₅₀值与nC28矿物油相当,都低于nC23矿物油。与吡虫啉混用时,nC22矿物...     

Impact of physical characteristics of some mineral and plant oils on efficacy against selected pests

Mineral oils have been historically favoured over plant oils for insect pest control in horticultural crops because of their greater efficacy. Recently the increased pressure for environmentally sustainable pest management strategies has renewed interest in the use of plant oils and also in the reasons for differences in efficacy between plant and mineral oils. Efficacy of canola and mineral oils were compared for two modes of action: asphyxia in control of Saissetia oleae on olives and as an oviposition deterrent in control of Phyllocnistis citrella on lemons. On olives both canola and mineral oil treatments significantly reduced the number of black scale in comparison to the control but mineral oil reduced the number of black scale significantly more than canola oil. When oils were applied to lemons as a preventative spray, concentrations of canola oil above 0.5% significantly reduced the number of P. citrella mines per leaf compared to the control and there were no significant differences between any concentration above 0.5% canola oil and 0.5% mineral oil. Canola oil applied at a concentration of 0.5% was significantly less effective than mineral oil applied at the same concentration. Efficacy of canola oil was found to be lower than that of mineral oil in all experiments, but the higher efficacy of mineral oil was more pronounced in suffocation of S. oleae than in deterrence of P. citrella oviposition. Our results indicate that even though canola oil has very different molecular structures than mineral oils the resulting physical characteristics of canola oil, primarily high boiling point and viscosity, may contribute to their lower efficacy against arthropod pests. However, low phytotoxicity of canola oil indicates that the chemical structure of molecules contained in canola oil had much more influence on processes on the plant surface than the physical characteristics of the oil.     

Effect of mineral oil on Potato virus Y acquisition by Rhopalosiphum padi

Seed potato crops are currently sprayed weekly with mineral oil to prevent transmission of the Potato virus Y (PVY; Potyviridae: Potyvirus), one of the most prevalent and important non‐persistent viruses affecting potato production. In spite of its wide usage as inhibitor of virus transmission, the mode of action for mineral oil is poorly known. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of dosage and time from application of mineral oil on the inhibition of PVY acquisition. The bird cherry‐oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), known as vector of PVY, was used in all the experiments. The results indicated that mineral oil efficiently decreased PVY acquisition by 75 and 70% 1 day after application of 5 and 10 l ha^?1, respectively. The inhibition effect decreased with time from application; mineral oil inhibits acquisition for less than 4 days at 5 l ha^?1 and between 8 and 12 days at 10 l ha^?1. As mineral oil was detected in the body of fewer aphids when they fed on plants 1 day after oil application, a change in the aphid probing behaviour on mineral oil‐treated plants was deduced. These results support the hypothesis that mineral oil physically inhibits the binding of the virus at the tip of the stylets.     

Life-Cycle Assessment of Mineral and Rapeseed Oil in Mobile Hydraulic Systems

The use of rapeseed oil in mobile hydraulic systems has become more widespread over recent years. This is because of concern about the environment in which the systems work and the perceived benefit of using such fluids. This article examines the major segments of the life cycle of mineral and rapeseed oil as used in mobile hydraulic systems, with case studies of a forestry harvester and a road sweeper. It shows that the systems running on rapeseed oil are not necessarily better for the environment. Many of the environmental issues examined in the study were affected more negatively by the use of rapeseed oil than mineral oil. The main exception to this was greenhouse gas emissions, which are consistently higher for systems using mineral oil because of the use of fossil resources.
This study examines the production of the machinery, the oils, and their use throughout the machines' lives. The poor environmental performance of the rapeseed oil is due mainly to its poor performance in the field. This is because it does not respond as well to high pressure and temperature as mineral oil, causing it to need more frequent replacement during use. This, in turn, influences the definition of the functional unit used in the life-cycle assessment that was conducted. Also, the rapeseed oil has more corrosive qualities than the mineral oil, and more hydraulic components need replacing during the life of a machine running on rapeseed oil than one running on mineral oil.     

Evaluation of the performance of two commercial starters on the bioremediation of soils contaminated with mineral oil and HCH (Hexachlorocyclohexane)

Summary The effect of the addition of two commercial bacterial starters on mineral oil degradation in two soils was studied: CS-O soil (10% mineral oil) and CS-OH soil (10% mineral oil + 45 mg/Kg HCH). Respiratory activity as well as degradation was determined. The two starters enhanced biodegradation in both soils without any significant difference due to HCH (Hexachlorocyclohexane) presence in CS-OH soil.     

Localization and movement of mineral oil in plants by fluorescence and confocal microscopy

Fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy were explored to investigate the movement and localization of mineral oils in citrus. In a laboratory experiment, fluorescence microscopy observation indicated that when a 'narrow' distillation fraction of an nC23 horticultural mineral oil was applied to adaxial and opposing abaxial leaf surfaces of potted orange [Citrus x aurantium L. (Sapindales: Rutaceae)] trees, oil penetrated steadily into treated leaves and, subsequently, moved to untreated petioles of the leaves and adjacent untreated stems. In another experiment, confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to visualize the penetration into, and the subsequent cellular distribution of, an nC24 agricultural mineral oil in C. trifoliata L. seedlings. Oil droplets penetrated or diffused into plants via both stomata and the cuticle of leaves and stems, and then moved within intercellular spaces and into various cells including phloem and xylem. Oil accumulated in droplets in intercellular spaces and within cells near the cell membrane. Oil entered cells without visibly damaging membranes or causing cell death. In a field experiment with mature orange trees, droplets of an nC23 horticultural mineral oil were observed, by fluorescence microscopy, in phloem sieve elements in spring flush growth produced 4-5 months and 16-17 months after the trees were sprayed with oil. These results suggest that movement of mineral oil in plants is both apoplastic via intercellular spaces and symplastic via plasmodesmata. The putative pattern of the translocation of mineral oil in plants and its relevance to oil-induced chronic phytotoxicity are discussed.     

Effect of various amendments on heavy mineral oil bioremediation and soil microbial activity

To examine the effects of amendments on the degradation of heavy mineral oil, we conducted a pilot-scale experiment in the field for 105 days. During the experiment, soil samples were collected and analyzed periodically to determine the amount of residual hydrocarbons and evaluate the effects of the amendments on microbial activity. After 105 days, the initial level of contamination (7490+/-480 mg hydrocarbon kg(-1) soil) was reduced by 18-40% in amended soils, whereas it was only reduced by 9% in nonamended soil. Heavy mineral oil degradation was much faster and more complete in compost-amended soil than in hay-, sawdust-, and mineral nutrient-amended soils. The enhanced degradation of heavy mineral oil in compost-amended soil may be a result of the significantly higher microbial activity in this soil. Among the studied microbial parameters, soil dehydrogenase, lipase, and urease activities were strongly and negatively correlated with heavy mineral oil biodegradation (P<0.01) in compost-amended soil.     

Degradation of mineral oil by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain

The Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain TM-31 has been isolated from a microbial assemblage of a pilot plant purifying waste water polluted with mineral oil. This strain is capable of efficient degradation of components of mineral oil (alkanes, isoalkanes, and alkyl residues of the naphthene and arene fraction. The strain bears stably inherited plasmids of sizes 120, 9, and 8 kb, which can be transferred into plasmid-free cells of the parental strain and into bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and ensure the degradation of hexadecane and mineral oil.     

农药助剂对茚虫威防治番茄潜叶蛾的减量增效作用

为评价农药助剂对15%茚虫威悬浮剂防治番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)的减量增效作用,分别向减量10%、20%、30%的15%茚虫威悬浮剂药液中添加500 ppm的有机硅silwet 408、矿物油、芦荟精油助剂,测定其对番茄潜叶蛾的田间防效。结果显示：相同浓度下,添加农药助剂后的防效均显著高于15%茚虫威悬浮剂的防效,相对常规用量通过添加有机硅Silwet 408、矿物油或芦荟精油可使农药减量10%～20%。田间应用将15%茚虫威悬浮剂按照常规用量减量10%～20%,通过添加有机硅Silwet 408、矿物油或芦荟精油可有效防治番茄潜叶蛾。     

Degradation of Mineral Oil with a Strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

The Acinetobacter calcoaceticusstrain TM-31 has been isolated from a microbial assemblage of a pilot plant that purifies waste water polluted with mineral oil. This strain is capable of efficient degradation of components of mineral oil (alkanes, isoalkanes, and alkyl residues of the naphthene and arene fraction). The strain bears stably inherited plasmids of sizes 120, 9, and 8 kb, which can be transferred into plasmid-free cells of the parental strain and into bacteria of the genusPseudomonasand ensure the degradation of hexadecane and mineral oil.     

Chemical Dehydration for Rapid Paraffin Embedding

We describe chemical dehydration with 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) for rapid paraffin embedding using a mixture of DMP and mineral oil followed by mineral oil as clearing intermediates. This method is useful for classical histological techniques as well as for histochemistry and immunocytochemistry.     

Removal of oil by walnut shell media

Studies were conducted to evaluate the oil sorption capacities of walnut shell media. Sorption capacity is the weight of oil picked up by unit weight of a sorbent. Initial oil pick-up by walnut shell media on pure oil and oil on aqueous medium was evaluated. Batch kinetic studies were conducted to evaluate the equilibrium time required by walnut shell media for sorbing oil. For pure oil medium, sorption capacities of 0.30g/g, 0.51g/g and 0.58g/g were obtained for standard mineral oil, vegetable oil and DoALL Bright-Edge oil, respectively. The results showed sorption capacities of 0.56g/g, 0.58g/g and 0.74g/g for standard mineral oil, vegetable oil and DoALL Bright-Edge oil, respectively, for oil on aqueous medium. It was found that sorbed oil could be recovered from walnut shell media by applying pressure. The study showed that walnut shell media can be used as a sorbent for oil removal.     

In vitro pathogenicity of different Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. isolates in oil formulations against Rhipicephalus microplus

The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro pathogenicity of the Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. CG 112, CG 347, CG 32, CG 148 and CG 629 isolates formulated in vegetable or mineral oil against Rhipicephalus microplus. The bioassays were performed with R. microplus engorged females. The ticks were immersed for three minutes in oil-based formulations containing 10% oil (mineral or vegetable). The effects of the different fungal isolates were evaluated analyzing the females’ reproductive parameters (the total weight of the egg mass, hatching percentage, egg production index and nutritional index). The present study showed that all of the tested isolates and both oil formulations (vegetable or mineral oil) changed the biological parameters of the R. microplus females. However, the mineral oil formulation was more effective than the vegetable oil formulation, as the former showed a higher tick control percentage. It was concluded that there was variation in the virulence among the different M. anisopliae s.l. isolates and between the different types of oil. Moreover, that either of the isolates GC 148 and GC 629 formulated in oil confers the good potential for controlling R. microplus engorged females.     

Immunoadjuvant activities of synthetic 6-O-acyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine with special reference to the effect of its administration with liposomes

Addition of a lauroyl, stearoyl or docosanoyl group to the primary hydroxy group at the C-6 position of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine gave lipophilic derivatives that had definite adjuvancies in induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity and enhancement of antibody production against a test protein antigen, ovalbumin, when administered to guinea pigs as liposomes, that is without mineral oil. When administered as mineral oil-in-water emulsion, including Ribitype emulsions, rather than as water-in-mineral oil emulsions, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and its 6-O-acyl derivatives showed only weak immunoadjuvancies.     

植物法生物修复PAHs和矿物油污染土壤的调控研究

选择苜蓿草为供试植物,以污染物含量水平、专性细菌和真菌及有机肥为调控因子,进行了植物法生物修复多环芳烃(PAHs)和矿物油污染土壤的调控研究。结果表明,PAHs和矿物油的降解率与有机肥含量呈正相关,增加有机肥5%,可提高矿物油降解率17.6%～25.6%,PAHs降解率9%.在植物存在条件下,土壤微生物降解功能增强。多环芳烃总量的平均降解率比无植物对照土壤提高2.0%～4.7%.投加特性降解真菌可不同程度地提高土壤PAHs总量和矿物油的降解率。真菌对萤蒽、芘和苯(a)蒽/(艹屈)的降解有明显促进作用。而细菌能明显提高苊稀/芴、蒽和苯(a)萤蒽/苯(k)萤蒽的降解率。     

Viability and sporulating capability of Coelomycetes preserved under a range of different storage regimes

The viability and sporulating capability of 45 Coelomycetes strains were evaluated. Strain subcultures were maintained under mineral oil, in soil and on agar slant for different periods of time lasting as long as 50 years, 39 years and 2 years, respectively. Of the 34 strains preserved under mineral oil, 20 maintained their viability but lost the sporulating capability with exception of one strain of Pestalotiopsis guepinii. Of the 16 strains also preserved in soil only one was viable and it was not able to sporulate. All 12 endophytic strains, 11 preserved on agar slant and one under mineral oil remained viable; however, the strain preserved under mineral oil lost its sporulating capability, while the strains on agar slant were only able to sporulate after culturing on sterilized alfalfa twigs. The results demonstrate that routine monitoring, and the use of different preservation methods, specially with the addition of sterilized plant tissue on the culture media for promoting conidiomata formation, is necessary for the success of the Coelomycetes long-term preservation.     

矿物油处理对马铃薯长管蚜定向和取食行为的影响（英文）

大田和实验室研究均表明矿物油的施用可有效降低蚜虫对非持久性病毒的传播。我们分别于矿物油喷施马铃薯植株24 h和7 d后,调查其对马铃薯长管蚜Macrosiphum euphorbiae行为的影响;采用暗室生测法调查了蚜虫对处理的植物挥发性化合物的反应;采用刺探电位技术（EPG）评价了矿物油处理对蚜虫取食行为的影响。结果表明：矿物油处理导致植物对寄主的引诱作用失效,这种效果至少持续24 h。矿物油处理马铃薯植株24 h和7 d后,蚜虫对处理植株的取食行为发生改变。开始记录至第1次刺探所需时间降低,但只在处理7 d后显著降低,提示矿物油处理有助于蚜虫口针的穿刺。然而,流涎阶段以及韧皮部汁液吸食阶段（摄食阶段）显著缩短。本研究中观察到的蚜虫行为的改变不能充分解释施用矿物油的大田中为什么出现7 d 的保护作用,因此可能还存在其他的机制。     

Intensification of microbial degradation of crude oil and oil products in the presence of perfluorodecalin

The possibility of using perfluorinated organic compounds for growing microorganisms and degrading xenobiotics has been demonstrated for the first time with perfluorodecalin (PFD), a gas-transporting component of the blood substitute Perftoran. In particular, this is promising for intensifying microbial degradation of oil and oil products and production of biodegrader biomass in synthetic mineral media. Addition of PFD to a mineral medium with crude oil and masut increased 4.5-10.2 times maximum concentrations and growth rates of all bacterial strains under study (Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, and Bacillus genera). The degree of oil product consumption was increased 8.7-12.7 times.     

黑水虻幼虫及预蛹抗逆性的初步研究

本文初步研究了老熟和预蛹阶段的黑水虻Hermetiaillucens对于酒精毒性、氧胁迫和高渗透压条件下的耐受特性,结果显示黑水虻幼虫和预蛹在三种胁迫因子处于20%～60%(浓度)的较低水平时,其平均死亡率低于20%,表现出良好的抗逆性。高浓度的酒精、矿物油和氯化钠溶液对于黑水虻的生存都会产生负面影响,但是幼虫与预蛹由于其生理形态上的变化,致使其在抗逆性方面表现出显著差异,预蛹阶段的黑水虻对矿物油较为敏感,而幼虫则对高盐环境的耐受性表现较弱。     

Characteristics of bioemulsifier V2-7 synthesized in culture media added of hydrocarbons: chemical composition, emulsifying activity and rheological properties

The bioemulsifier V2-7 is an exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesized by strain F2-7 of Halomonas eurihalina and it has the property of emulsifying a wide range of hydrocarbons i.e. n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, n-octane, xylene mineral light and heavy oils, petrol and crude oil. Characteristics of exopolysaccharide V2-7 produced in media supplemented with various hydrocarbons (n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, n-octane, xylene, mineral light oil, mineral heavy oil, petrol or crude oil) were studied. Yield production varied from 0.54 to 1.45 g L(-1) according to the hydrocarbon added, in the same way chemical composition, viscosity and emulsifying activity of EPS varied with the culture conditions. Respect to chemical composition, percentage of uronic acids found in exopolymers produced in hydrocarbon media was always higher than that described for V2-7 EPS (1.32%) obtained with glucose. This large amount of uronic acid present could be useful in biodetoxification and waste water treatment. On the other hand, the highest amount of biopolymer was synthesized with mineral light oil, while the most active emulsifiers were those obtained from media added with petrol and n-octane. Furthermore, all EPS were capable of emulsifying crude oil more efficiently than the three chemical surfactants tested as control (Tween 20, Tween 80 and Triton X-100). The capacity of strain F2-7 to grow and produce bioemulsifier in presence of oil hydrocarbons together with the high emulsifying activity and low viscosity power of the biopolymers synthesized in hydrocarbons media could be considered highly beneficial for application of both bioemulsifier and producing strain in bioremediation of oil pollutants.