过表达CDK11~(p58)促进人胰腺导管腺癌MIAPaCa-2细胞增殖

CDK11p58属于CDK11/PITSLRE蛋白激酶家族成员,由Cdc2L2编码,是一种重要的细胞周期调控蛋白.为了研究CDK11p58与胰腺癌细胞增殖的关系,我们通过采用脂质体转染真核表达载体及G418筛选的方式,获得了稳定过表达CDK11p58的MIAPaCa-2(人胰腺导管腺癌细胞)单克隆细胞,并通过流式细胞分析、MTT检测及real-time PCR的方法检测了细胞周期、细胞增殖能力及G1/S期相关调控基因的转录水平.结果显示,该单克隆细胞(实验组)与空载体组细胞和空白对照组细胞相比G1期细胞比例明显下降(P0.01),S期细胞比例明显上升(P0.01);细胞增殖能力明显提高(P0.01);cyclin D1、cyclin D3、p21基因mRNA水平较两组对照细胞明显升高(P0.01).提示过表达的CDK11p58通过上调cyclin D1、cyclin D3和p21基因的mRNA水平促进MIAPaCa-2细胞通过细胞增殖的关键限速点G1/S期,加快细胞增殖.     

CyclinD1、CDK4、P16和结核菌L型感染在前列腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨CyclinD1、CDK4和P16在前列腺癌中的表达以及结核菌L型感染率及临床意义。方法应用免疫组化和抗酸染色等方法检测了65例前列腺癌（carcinoma of prostate,PCa）和30例良性前列腺增生（benignprostatic hyperplasia,BPH）中的CyclinD1、CDK4和P16的表达,以及结核菌L型的检出率。并对前列腺肿瘤主要临床资料和病理分级参数进行比较,用χ^2检验进行统计学处理。结果 CyclinD1、CDK4阳性表达前列腺癌明显高于前列腺增生（P〈0.01）;并与前列腺癌的临床分期、病理分级及淋巴结转移差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01-0.05）呈正相关。P16阳性表达前列腺增生明显高于前列腺癌（P〈0.01）;与前列腺癌的临床分期、病理分级及淋巴结转移差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01-0.05）呈负正相关。结核菌L型检出率前列腺癌明显高于前列腺增生;与前列腺癌的临床分期、病理分级及淋巴结转移差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 CyclinD1、CDK4和P16在前列腺肿瘤中不同程度异常表达以及结核菌L型检出率与肿瘤的临床分期、病理分级和转移相关,因此研究CyclinD1、CDK4和P16的阳性表达和结核菌L型感染与前列腺癌发生发展中可能有协同作用,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

游仆虫重组核糖体蛋白L11与肽链释放因子的体外相互作用分析

核糖体蛋白L11(ribosome protein L11)是一种高度保守的蛋白质．为研究真核生物的核糖体蛋白L11的功能,从八肋游仆虫（Euplotes octocarinatus）大核基因组中克隆到核糖体蛋白L11基因,构建了重组表达质粒pGEX-6p1-L11,通过谷胱甘肽-Sepharose 4B亲和层析,纯化了重组融合蛋白GST-L11．Pull down 分析显示,八肋游仆虫的核糖体蛋白L11与第一类肽链释放因子eRF1a可以在体外相互作用．这一结果提示,与原核生物一样,低等真核生物的核糖体蛋白L11在肽链终止过程中可能起一定的作用．     

金葡菌L型感染致小鼠肿瘤中CyclinD1、CDK4和P16的表达及意义

目的探讨金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)L型感染C57小鼠致瘤后,CyclinD1、CDK4和P16在小鼠肿瘤及癌前病变中的表达及相关性研究。方法动物实验观察发现金葡菌L型感染90只C57小鼠后11.1%(10/90)发生肿瘤;14.4%(13/90)引起癌前病变。革兰染色、免疫组化染色,检测小鼠肿瘤和癌前病变中金葡菌L型感染率和CyclinD1、CDK4和P16蛋白的阳性表达。结果 10只小鼠肿瘤及13只小鼠癌前病变中金葡菌L型检出率与正常对照组比较差异有明显统计学意义(P0.01)。CyclinD1、CDK4和P16蛋白的阳性表达与正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01～0.05),呈正相关。结论金葡菌L型感染可能与CyclinD1、CDK4和P16蛋白在小鼠肿瘤发生和发展中有协同作用。     

多态性蛋白Mad2与其配体Cdc20121-138的相互作用研究

多态性蛋白Mad2是有丝分裂纺锤体检测点(SAC)的关键蛋白,也是多态性蛋白质家族中研究最广泛的成员之一.Mad2有两种不同的天然构象:O-Mad2和C-Mad2.Mad2构象间的转变及其与配体Cdc20间的相互作用对SAC发挥其生物学功能至关重要.本文利用荧光各向异性技术对O-Mad2和C-Mad2与配体TAMRA-Cdc20~(121-138)间相互作用的热力学及动力学过程进行了系统表征.结果表明:在无盐和低盐溶液(100 mmol/L NaCl)中,Mad2两种构象与Cdc20~(121-138)的平衡解离常数(K_D)均在10~(-6) mol/L,但C-Mad2与Cdc20~(121-138)结合的K_D值约为O-Mad2的1/5;在高盐(300 mmol/L NaCl)溶液中,Mad2两种构象与TAMRA-Cdc20~(121-138)结合的K_D值无明显差别.动力学实验结果显示,在同一种缓冲液中Mad2两种构象与Cdc20~(121-138)相互作用的解离速率常数k_d没有显著差别,而C-Mad2与Cdc20~(121-138)的结合速率常数k_a却比O-Mad2高一个数量级,这表明C-Mad2与Cdc20~(121-138)不仅结合力更强,且结合速率要快很多.Mad2与Cdc20~(121-138)突变体间的相互作用以及离子强度对二者相互作用的影响结果提示,Mad2和Cdc20间的相互作用不是通过静电相互作用,而可能是通过疏水相互作用来实现的.本研究为揭示多态性蛋白Mad2的构象转变机理及其在有丝分裂过程中的作用机制提供了重要的实验基础.     

P53调节蛋白ASPPs的分子生物学特性及其与肿瘤的关系

ASPPs（含有富含脯氨酸结构域、锚蛋白重复区及SH3结构域的蛋白）是一类新发现的凋亡调节蛋白,它们能够特异性地调节P53蛋白家族的凋亡活性。ASPPs由ASPP1、ASPP2和iASPP3个同源性很高的成员组成,其中ASPP1、ASPP2可正向调节P53活性,而iASPP的功能恰好与之相反;越来越多的研究表明,此类蛋白功能多样,可参与多条细胞信号通路。ASPPs的异常调控与肿瘤发生、发展密切相关,有望成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点。     

P16蛋白和生精细胞凋亡对热压和11酸睾酮诱导的恒河猴无精子症和少精子症中的作用

探讨了P16蛋白和生精细胞凋亡在热压和11酸睾酮诱导恒河猴无精子症和少精子症中作用间的关系。3′末端标记分析（TUNEL）结果显示热应激和超生理剂量睾酮能够诱导生精细胞出现凋亡信号,它分别于处理后第5天和第30天达到最强,免疫组化结果显示,热压或TU主要诱导精原细胞和其它生精细胞以及Sertoli细胞P16的表达。P16蛋白的表达在生精细胞凋亡晚期,即隐睾手术第10天或注射TU第60天后迅速升高并维持在热压或11酸睾酮诱导的早期精母细胞和精子细胞的凋亡和在晚期对精原细胞有丝分裂的抑制,二者共同作用导致热压或TU诱导的恒河猴无精子症和少精子症。     

八肋游仆虫核糖体蛋白L11的基因克隆与序列分析

以单细胞真核生物八肋游仆虫Euplotes octocarinatus为实验材料,采用PCR、RT-PCR方法克隆了核糖体蛋白L11基因(EoRPL11).将该序列与GenBank中其他物种的RPL11基因序列进行同源性比对,采用DNAStar软件进行聚类分析.结果显示,成功克隆到游仆虫RPL11基因,大核中该基因全长709 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为531 bp,编码176个氨基酸;cDNA序列与大核中ORF序列一致,表明该基因具有转录活性;所推导的氨基酸序列与嗜热四膜虫Tetrahymena thermophila的RPL11同源性最高,为66%.     

PIG11与热休克蛋白60的相互作用介导肝癌HepG2细胞凋亡

为了探讨候选肝癌抑癌蛋白PIG11(p53-induced gene 11,PIG11)诱导细胞凋亡的机制,首次在HepG2细胞株中鉴定了11个PIG11结合蛋白,热休克蛋白60(heat shock protein 60,Hsp60)为其中之一．采用免疫共沉淀联合Western blot 技术对Hsp60进行了验证．用Western blot检测其蛋白质表达,结果显示：pLXSN-PIG11-HepG2细胞中Hsp60蛋白表达较pLXSN-HepG2、HepG2细胞组下调(n=3,P < 0.01)．选取与Hsp60关系密切的Bax蛋白进行研究,Western blot结果显示PIG11高表达可引起胞浆Bax向线粒体转位．以上结果表明,PIG11蛋白能与HepG2细胞中的Hsp60结合,促进Hsp60-Bax的分离,引起Bax从胞液到线粒体转位,激活线粒体凋亡途径,这可能是其诱导HepG2细胞凋亡的主要机制之一．     

Hsa_circ_0087354通过hsa-miR-199-3p/SLC7A11调节MG-63细胞增殖及氧化还原状态

环状RNA(circular RNAs, circRNAs)是一类新型非编码RNA。已有研究表明,其在细胞氧化还原反应中发挥重要作用。在本文前期研究中,发现通过real-time PCR检测,hsa_circ_0087354与细胞的氧化还原状态密切相关。过表达hsa_circ_0087354后,活性氧1(reactive oxygen species1,ROS1)基因表达显著下降(P＜0.01),超氧化物歧化酶1(surperoxide dismutase1,SOD1)表达显著升高(P＜0.05);细胞内SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)活性以及谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)浓度显著升高(P＜0.01),细胞增殖能力增强(P＜0.05)。生物信息学分析预测,hsa-miR-199-3p与hsa_circ_0087354和溶质载体家族7成员11(solute carrier family 7 member 11,SLC7A11)存在结合位点,可能存在靶向调控关系。双荧光素酶报告基因结果证实了hsa-miR-199-3p与hsa_circ_0087354和SLC7A11之间的靶向调控关系。构建过表达hsa_circ_0087354质粒和ctrl质粒,合成hsa-miR-199a-3p、hsa-miR-199b-3p 和hsa-miR-NC mimics。通过Real-time PCR分析发现,转染hsa_circ_0087354后,hsa-miR-199-3p表达显著降低(P＜0.01),SLC7A11表达显著升高(P＜0.05)。转染hsa-miR-199-3p后,SLC7A11基因表达显著下降(P＜0.001),细胞内SOD和GPx活性以及GSH浓度显著降低(P＜0.01),细胞增殖能力下降(P＜0.05)。研究结果表明,hsa_circ_0087354通过吸附hsa-miR-199-3p,增强SLC7A11表达,促进氧化应激MG-63细胞增殖,降低氧化应激水平。     

CDK11p58 protein kinase activity is associated with Bcl-2 down-regulation in pro-apoptosis pathway

CDK11^p58, a G2/M-specific protein kinase, has been shown to be associated with apoptosis in many cell lines, with largely unknown mechanisms. Our previous study proved that CDK11^p58-enhanced cycloheximide (CHX)-induced apoptosis in SMMC-7721 hepatocarcinoma cells. Here we report for the first time that ectopic expression of CDK11^p58 down-regulates Bcl-2 expression and its Ser70, Ser87 phosphorylation in CHX-induced apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells. Overexpression of Bcl-2 counteracts the pro-apoptotic activity of CDK11^p58. Furthermore, we confirm that the kinase activity of CDK11^p58 is essential to the down-regulation of Bcl-2 as well as apoptosis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CDK11^p58 down-regulates Bcl-2 in pro-apoptosis pathway depending on its kinase activity, which elicits survival signal in hepatocarcinoma cells.     

Increased expression of CDK11p58 and cyclin D3 following spinal cord injury in rats

Protein kinases are critical signalling molecules for normal cell growth and development. CDK11^p58 is a p34^cdc2-related protein kinase, and plays an important role in normal cell cycle progression. However its distribution and function in the central nervous system (CNS) lesion remain unclear. In this study, we mainly investigated the protein expression and cellular localization of CDK11 during spinal cord injury (SCI). Western blot analysis revealed that CDK11^p58 was not detected in normal spinal cord. It gradually increased, reached a peak at 3 day after SCI, and then decreased. The protein expression of CDK11^p58 was further analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The variable immunostaining patterns of CDK11^p58 were visualized at different periods of injury. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that CDK11 was co-expressed with NeuN, CNPase and GFAP. Co-localization of CDK11/active caspase-3 and CDK11/proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were detected in some cells. Cyclin D3, which was associated with CDK11^p58 and could enhance kinase activity, was detected in the normal and injured spinal cord. The cyclin D3 protein underwent a similar pattern with CDK11^p58 during SCI. Double immunofluorescence staining indicated that CDK11 co-expressed with cyclin D3 in neurons and glial cells. Coimmunoprecipitation further showed that CDK11^p58 and cyclin D3 interacted with each other in the damaged spinal cord. Thus, it is likely CDK11^p58 and cyclin D3 could interact with each other after acute SCI. Another partner of CDK11^p58 was β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (β-1,4-GT 1). The co-localization of CDK11/β-1,4-GT 1 in the damaged spinal cord was revealed by immunofluorescence analysis. The cyclin D3-CDK4 complexes were also present by coimmunoprecipitation analysis. Taken together, these data suggested that both CDK11 and cyclin D3 may play important roles in spinal cord pathophysiology. The authors Yuhong Ji and Feng Xiao contributed equally to this work.     

Thr-370 is responsible for CDK11(p58) autophosphorylation, dimerization, and kinase activity

CDK11(p58), a member of the p34(cdc2)-related kinase family, is associated with cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis, and proapoptotic signaling. It is also required for the maintenance of chromosome cohesion, the maturation of centrosome, the formation of bipolar spindle, and the completion of mitosis. Here we identified that CDK11(p58) interacted with itself to form homodimers in cells, whereas D224N, the kinase-dead mutant, failed to form homodimers. CDK11(p58) was autophosphorylated, and the main functions of CDK11(p58), such as kinase activity, transactivation of nuclear receptors, and proapoptotic signal transduction, were dependent on its autophosphorylation. Furthermore, the in vitro kinase assay indicated that CDK11(p58) was autophosphorylated at Thr-370. By mutagenesis, we created CDK11(p58) T370A and CDK11(p58) T370D, which mimic the dephosphorylated and phosphorylated forms of CDK11(p58), respectively. The T370A mutant could not form dimers and be phosphorylated by the wild type CDK11(p58) and finally lost the kinase activity. Further functional research revealed that T370A failed to repress the transactivation of androgen receptor and enhance the cell apoptosis. Overall, our data indicated that Thr-370 is responsible for the autophosphorylation, dimerization, and kinase activity of CDK11(p58). Moreover, Thr-370 mutants might affect CDK11(p58)-mediated signaling pathways.     

Downregulation of beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 inhibits CDK11(p58)-mediated apoptosis induced by cycloheximide

Cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11; also named PITSLRE) is part of the large family of p34(cdc2)-related kinases whose functions appear to be linked with cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis, and apoptotic signaling. The mechanism that CDK11(p58) induces apoptosis is not clear. Some evidences suggested beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (beta1,4-GT 1) might participate in apoptosis induced by CDK11(p58). In this study, we demonstrated that ectopically expressed beta1,4-GT 1 increased CDK11(p58)-mediated apoptosis induced by cycloheximide (CHX). In contrast, RNAi-mediated knockdown of beta1,4-GT 1 effectively inhibited apoptosis induced by CHX in CDK11(p58)-overexpressing cells. For example, the cell morphological and nuclear changes were reduced; the loss of cell viability was prevented and the number of cells in sub-G1 phase was decreased. Knock down of beta1,4-GT 1 also inhibited the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and caspase-3 processing. Therefore, the cleavage of CDK11(p58) by caspase-3 was reduced. We proposed that beta1,4-GT 1 might contribute to the pro-apoptotic effect of CDK11(p58). This may represent a new mechanism of beta1,4-GT 1 in CHX-induced apoptosis of CDK11(p58)-overexpressing cells.     

The localization of human cyclins B1 and B2 determines CDK1 substrate specificity and neither enzyme requires MEK to disassemble the Golgi apparatus

In this paper, we show that substrate specificity is primarily conferred on human mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) by their subcellular localization. The difference in localization of the B-type cyclin-CDKs underlies the ability of cyclin B1-CDK1 to cause chromosome condensation, reorganization of the microtubules, and disassembly of the nuclear lamina and of the Golgi apparatus, while it restricts cyclin B2-CDK1 to disassembly of the Golgi apparatus. We identify the region of cyclin B2 responsible for its localization and show that this will direct cyclin B1 to the Golgi apparatus and confer upon it the more limited properties of cyclin B2. Equally, directing cyclin B2 to the cytoplasm with the NH(2) terminus of cyclin B1 confers the broader properties of cyclin B1. Furthermore, we show that the disassembly of the Golgi apparatus initiated by either mitotic cyclin-CDK complex does not require mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) activity.     

Crystal Structure of P58(IPK) TPR Fragment Reveals the Mechanism for its Molecular Chaperone Activity in UPR

P58(IPK) might function as an endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone to maintain protein folding homeostasis during unfolded protein responses. P58(IPK) contains nine tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs and a C-terminal J-domain within its primary sequence. To investigate the mechanism by which P58(IPK) functions to promote protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum, we have determined the crystal structure of P58(IPK) TPR fragment to 2.5 Å resolution by the SAD method. The crystal structure of P58(IPK) revealed three domains (I-III) with similar folds and each domain contains three TPR motifs. An ELISA assay indicated that P58(IPK) acts as a molecular chaperone by interacting with misfolded proteins such as luciferase and rhodanese. The P58(IPK) structure reveals a conserved hydrophobic patch located in domain I that might be involved in binding the misfolded polypeptides. Structure-based mutagenesis for the conserved hydrophobic residues located in domain I significantly reduced the molecular chaperone activity of P58(IPK).