苗药果上叶立地环境调查研究

对苗药果上叶生长立地环境、气候状况、土壤理化特性及蕴藏量进行研究,研究结果表明:果上叶垂直分布在海拔400～1 800 m范围内,生长在陡坡石灰岩地带,所匍匐生长的岩石坡度基本在70°以上,在阴坡或半阴坡,喜温暖、湿润的环境,果上叶生长地土壤有机质含量高,残土比达0.42,土壤的排水性和保水性较好,呈弱酸性至中性;果上叶生长在盐肤木、青杠树、马尾松、荚蒾等乔木及部分缠绕的藤本植物下面,与蕨类和苔藓伴生;果上叶资源蕴藏量很少,处于濒危的程度。     

The correct name for Bulbophyllum uniflorum Griff., nom. illeg. (Orchidaceae)

An attempt is made to find the correct name for Bulbophyllum uniflorum Griff., nom. illeg., and as valid name Bulbophyllum monanthum (Kze.) J. J. Smith is proposed.     

中国兰科石豆兰属（Bulbophyllum）二新种

对兰科（Orchidaceae）石豆兰属（Bulbophyllum）二新种,副萼石豆兰（B.malipoense Z.J.Liu,L.J.Chen＆W.H.Rao）和小副萼石豆兰（B.minor Z.J.Liu,L.J.Chen＆W.H.Rao）作了描述和绘图。该二新种属于石豆兰属副萼组（Bulbophyllumsection BisetaJ.J.Verm.ex N.Pearce,P.J.Cribb＆J.Renz）,与该组的刺萼石豆兰（B.bisetum Lindl.）相似,区别在于两新种的叶片先端二裂和唇瓣无毛。小副萼石豆兰与副萼石豆兰的区别在于假鳞茎椭圆球形;叶片卵状椭圆形,长1.2～2 cm;侧副萼片较短,长约1 mm;中副萼片几乎与两侧萼片边缘合生。     

Über die Epidermis von Latimeria chalumnae J. L. B. Smith 1939 (Crossopterygii,Pisces)

The skin of Latimeria chalumnae J. L. B. Smith 1939 (Crossopterygii, Pisces) was studied by light microscopy. The epidermis contains only epithelium cells, mucus cells, and pigment cells. It differs from the epidermis of the Actinopterygii, Brachiopterygii, and Dipnoi.

---

---

Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Floral fragrances in two closely related fruit fly orchids,Bulbophyllum hortorum and B. macranthoides (Orchidaceae): assortments of phenylbutanoids to attract tephritid fruit fly males

Floral chemical components are important cues used by plants to attract pollinators. One outstanding case is “fruit fly orchids” in the genus of Bulbophyllum to attract their pollinators by releasing characteristic fragrances. Dacini fruit flies are main or exclusive pollinators which are strongly attracted to certain natural chemicals, either methyl eugenol (ME: a phenylpropanoid) or raspberry ketone (RK: a phenylbutanoid). Furthermore, zingerone (ZN: a phenylbutanoid) has been characterized as the attractant for both ME- and RK-sensitive fruit fly species. In the present study, we examined chemical profiles of two closely related Bulbophyllum orchids—B. hortorum, and B. macranthoides subsp. tollenoniferum—distributed in Papua New Guinea and the Southeast Asian countries, respectively. We first observed that RK-sensitive flies were attracted to these orchids by ex situ cultivation in Penang, Malaysia. These Bulbophyllum orchids contained RK and/or ZN as their main floral components. Other than these attractants, multiple phenylbutanoids including potential attractants for RK-sensitive species were identified from these orchids. Therefore, we examined attractiveness of potential phenylbutanoid attractants to an RK-sensitive melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, using laboratory-reared flies. Furthermore, we analyzed molecular phylogenetic relationships among phenylpropanoid- or phenylbutanoid-producing orchids to see a relation between chemical profiles and phylogenetic classification in the related species.     

Plasmid patterns of efficient and inefficient strains of Bacillus thuringiensis against Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Bacillus thuringiensis harbors genes encoding Cry proteins found in chromosomes or plasmids of different sizes (4-150 Mb). Although the smaller plasmids are more abundant in B. thuringiensis, their specific function is unknown. As for the megaplasmids, their main recognized function is to harbor cry genes, although the sequencing of some of these plasmids indicates the occurrence of other important genes. This work used a new protocol for practical and rapid extraction of plasmid DNA in order to characterize the plasmid patterns of Brazilian strains belonging to Embrapa Milho e Sorgo research center B. thuringiensis bank. We tried to further assess the relationship of plasmid patterns with strains belonging to the same serovars and strains causing 100% and no mortality to Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) larvae. It was possible to characterize 59 strains based on the migration of bands in agarose gel. Strains belonging to the same serovars showed different plasmid sizes (from 1,636 bp to 23,200 bp), with the exception of two strains belonging to serovar galleriae. The strain T09 Bt tolworthi showed a plasmid migration pattern identical to strains belonging to serovar galleriae. Plasmid patterns differed for 46 strains, confirming that this is a useful tool to discriminate specific strains. However, it was not possible to associate the plasmid pattern or the occurrence of particular plasmids with the pathogenicity of a given species towards S. frugiperda larvae.     

海南兰科植物新资料（Ⅲ）

报道了海南兰科植物6个新记录种：密花石豆兰Bulbophyllum odoratissimum（J．E．Smith）Lindl．、金唇兰Chrysoglossum ornatum B1．、勐海隔距兰Cleisostoma menghaiense Z．H．Tsi、无叶美冠兰Eulophia zollingeri（Rchb．f）J．J．Smith、心叶球柄兰Mischobulbum cordifolium（Hook．f）Schltr．及台湾白点兰Thrixspermum formosanum（Hayata）Schltr．。凭证标本保存于中国科学院植物研究所国家植物标本馆（PE）。     

Influence of parasitism by Chelonus insularis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on the susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to insecticides

The egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus insularis Cresson is a key parasitoid of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) during the second field generation in the upper Magdalena River Basin, Colombia. In spite of selection pressure, the higher susceptibility of the second generation fall armyworm larvae to insecticides, compared with that of the first generation, suggests that the parasitism may be responsible for the apparent difference in susceptibility. Parasitized and non-parasitized 2nd-instar larvae of the fall armyworm were tested for susceptibility to chlorpyriphos, methomyl, cypermethrin, and Bacillus thuringiensis in the laboratory, using the leaf dip test. Parasitized larvae were up to 3.93 times more susceptible to chlorpyriphos, 3.71 times to methomyl, and 14.11 times to cypermethrin than non-parasitized larvae. The least effect of parasitism on susceptibility was found for B. thuringiensis. We discuss the negative influence of synthetic insecticide on the parasitoid population dynamics and its impact on insecticide resistance.     

Bulbophyllum nujiangense (Bulbophyllinae,Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae), a New Species from Yunnan,China

Based on field observation and specimen examination, a new species of Orchidaceae, Bulbophyllum nujiangense, is described and illustrated. Bulbophyllum nujiangense is closely related to B. cylindraceum in sect. Brachystachya in having tufted plants, large leaf, long inflorescence, small flowers in raceme, and fleshy lip, but can be easily distinguished from the latter in having flowers deep purplish red and whorl well spaced along the rachis, lateral sepals adhere to each other slightly at base, elliptic petals with obtuse and mucronate apex, lip deep purplish red.     

中国兰科植物新资料

本文报道了２个新种（元阳石豆兰ＢｕｌｂｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍｙｕａｎｙａｎｇｅｎｓｅＴｓｕｉ,长帽隔距兰ＣｌｅｉｓｏｓｔｏｍａｌｏｎｇｉｏｐｅｒｃｕｌａｔｕｍＴｓｉ）、２个新组合（翼萼卷瓣兰ＢｕｌｂｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍｒｅｔｕｓｉｕｓｃｕｌｕｍＲｃｈｂ．ｆ．ｖａｒ．ｏｒｅｏｇｅｎｅｓ（Ｗ．Ｗ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ）Ｔｓｉ,角萼卷瓣兰Ｂ．ｒｅｔｕｓｉｕｓｃｕｌｕｍＲｃｈｂ．ｆ．ｖａｒ．ｔｉｇｒｉｄｕｍ（Ｈａｎｃｅ）Ｔｓｉ）和１个新命名（细茎毛兰ＥｒｉａｔｅｎｕｉｃａｕｌｉｓＳ．Ｃ．ＣｈｅｎｅｔＴｓｉ）。     

怒江石豆兰，中国兰科一新种

在野外和标本研究的基础上, 描述了中国兰科石豆兰属的一新种,怒江石豆兰, 并提供彩色图片和线条图。 怒江石豆兰与大苞石豆兰很近,但这两个种在花的颜色、侧萼片合生程度、花瓣形状等性状上区别明显。     

西藏兰科植物分布新记录

报道了西藏兰科植物6种分布新记录种,分别为石斛属( Dendrobium Sw.)的单葶草石斛( D. porphyrochilum Lindl.)、曲唇兰属[ Panisea (Lindl.) Steud.]的云南曲唇兰( P. yunnanensis S. C. Chen et Z. H. Tsi)、苹兰属( Pinalia Lindley)的长苞苹兰[ Pi. obvia (W. W. Smith) S. C. Chen & J. J. Wood]、白点兰属( Thrixspermum Lour.)的长轴白点兰[ T. saruwatarii (Hayata) Schltr.]和石豆兰属( Bulbophyllum Thou.)的柄叶石豆兰( B. apodum J. D. Hooker)、细柄石豆兰[ B. striatum (Griff.) Rchb. f.],并附有新记录种的描述及特征照片。凭证标本保存于西藏高原生态研究所标本室(XZE)。     

Spatial distribution of plants infested with Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on corn crop

The importance of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is not only due to the damage it can cause, but also to its difficult control. It is essential to know the pest population parameters, such as its standard scattering in the crop, because depending on the space arrangement of the insects in the area, different sampling methods are required. For the present work, three experimental fields were installed in different areas: the first one had 66 plots with seven plants each; the second one had 55 plots with four plants each; and the third field had 55 plots with six plants each. The presence or absence of the pest in the plant was evaluated in the samples. According to the data observed, either to the scattering index or to the theoretical scattering models, S. frugiperda dispersion is scattered at random and strongly depends on the infestation level.     

Oviposition, development, and reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on different hosts of economic importance

The host selection for oviposition by Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) among corn, millet, cotton and soybean, and its relationship with the biological characteristics were investigated. Free and non-choice tests for oviposition using plots containing five plants each, from each host in plastic greenhouse, resulted in similar oviposition preference among the host plants. In addition, selected biological characteristics of S. frugiperda were determined in the laboratory with larvae feeding on host leaves, and the combination of leaf and cotton boll. Neonate larvae exhibited low success of colonization on cotton boll compared to the leaves of all other hosts. Spodoptera frugiperda fed only on cotton bolls exhibited longer larval and pupal development, and longer adult life span; however with similar egg production. Larvae fed cotton leaves during six days and then transferred to cotton bolls, however, exhibited development and reproduction similar to those reared on corn or only on cotton leaves. Therefore, the variations on immature stages of S. frugiperda were not related with host selection for oviposition which was similar among the studied hosts. Based on our data, the millet as a winter, rotational, and cover crop is a potential host for S. frugiperda, while leaves and cotton bolls were diets of intermediate suitability as compared to corn and soybean leaves.     

Bulbophyllum huangshanense sp. nov. (Orchidaceae) from Anhui,China

Bulbophyllum huangshanense, a new species of orchid from Anhui, China, is described and illustrated. This new species is close to B. taeniophyllum with pseudo‐bulbs closely spaced along the rhizome, leathery leaf, entire dorsal sepal, toothed petals, the lateral edges of lateral sepals connate and fleshy lip, but differs from the latter in having roots arising from the node with the pseudo‐bulb, inflorescence much shorter than leaf, flowers pure yellow, lip mobile, and stelidia broadly triangular.     

Association of bioassays and molecular characterization to select new Bacillus thuringiensis isolates effective against Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is one of the main corn pests and Bacillus thuringiensis is important in its control because of its entomopathogenic property. The objective of this study was the molecular characterization of B. thuringiensis isolates for cry1 locus presence and the assessment of the efficiency of these isolates in controlling S. frugiperda caterpillars. Gral-cry1 was used in the PCR analyses to confirm the presence of the cry1 locus in 15 isolates. A 3 x 10(8) spore/ml suspension bathed the diet used to feed 30 caterpillars per isolate, with three replications. The cry1 locus type genes of the different isolates were identified for five gene subclasses; linear regression analyses were carried out to ascertain possible associations between the presence of an individual cry1 locus gene and high levels of toxicity. All the DNAs amplified with Gral-cry1 presented an amplification product with the expected size. Regarding the levels of insecticide efficiency against the cob worm, 41 isolates presented 100% mortality and 16 presented an index between 70% and 90%. The cry1Ab gene was present in 80 isolates, cryb in 69 isolates, cry1Ac in all the isolates and cryv and cry1E in 93 and 27 isolates, respectively. The values regarding the individual effect of each gene on caterpillar mortality were significant at 1% probability for the cry1Ac and cry1E genes.     

Behavior of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner and T. pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) egg masses.

In this study we analyzed the impact of physical barriers of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) egg-masses on the behavior of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. The duration of drumming, drilling, oviposition, period spent over the egg-mass, and interval between parasitized eggs were timed, and the number of parasitized eggs were recorded. The presence of scales on the egg-masses caused a significant increase in the time spent by both parasitoids on each process and a decrease in the residence time over the egg-mass and in the number of parasitized eggs, with an increase in the number of egg layers. There was a significant decrease in the number of parasitized eggs in relation to egg-masses with one layer and no scales. We observed that the physical barriers in fall armyworm egg-masses changed the behavior of T. atopovirilia and T. pretiosum, affecting their parasitization capacity.     

The questionable affinities of Corsia (Corsiaceae): evidence from floral anatomy and pollen morphology

The floral anatomy and pollen morphology of Corsia are described in the context of its systematic relationships. Flowers of Corsia are epigynous, lack septal nectaries and possess a large labellum formed from the outer median tepal (sepal). The labellum is highly vascularized and has a prominent outgrowth (callus) that is apparently nectiiferous in some species of section Sessilis , although not in section Unguiculatis . The six fertile stamens are proximally fused to the style, forming a gynostemium. This combination of labellum and gynostemium is otherwise found only in Orchidaceae (Asparagales), but the orchid labellum is formed from the opposite median inner tepal, and is therefore not homologous with that of Corsia . The three genera of Corsiaceae ( Corsia , Arachnitis and Corsiopsis ) are markedly different in some respects; e.g. only Corsia has a gynostemium. However, they share a unique synapomorphy in the presence of a labellum formed from the outer median tepal (sepal). Corsia and Arachnitis are also similar in pollen sexine sculpturing. Among other putative relatives, the range of morphological similarities between Corsia and Campynemataceae (Liliales) tends to support recent preliminary inferences from molecular data that they are closely related, but a relationship with Thismia (Dioscoreales) cannot be discounted. Both Campynemataceae and Thismia share similarities with Corsia , including epigyny, absence of septal nectaries, presence of tepal nectaries, and pollen morphology. © 2002 Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 138 , 315–324.