Masking in motor systems was defined as the omission of one act in a sequence due to an earlier or later act in the sequence. A study of phoneme omission in natural speech showed that:
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Masked phonemes were usually preceded or followed by an identical phoneme (referred to as the masking phoneme).
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Backward masking, where the masked phoneme preceded the masking phoneme was as frequent as forward masking.
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The phonemes immediately adjacent to the masked and masking phonemes were usually similar in distinctive features, but rarely identical.
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The masking phoneme usually occurred in a stressed syllable and the masked phoneme in an unstressed one, suggesting that motor intensity may be a factor in masking.
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The components for an adequate model of motor masking were shown to be similar to those in models of other types of errors in speech.
Achieving insulin independence is emerging as a realistic therapeutic goal in the management of feline diabetes mellitus.
Case presentationThe management of an 11-year-old spayed female Burmese cat presenting with diabetes mellitus after corticosteroid administration is described. Remission was achieved after the frequency of insulin administration was increased to four times a day, and supported by intensive home blood glucose monitoring and a high protein, low carbohydrate diet.
ConclusionOwners are important collaborators in feline diabetes care and, with intensive home monitoring, more frequent insulin treatment may lead to remission without hypoglycemia. More frequent insulin injections than recommended in the literature may be necessary to achieve glycemic control and used as an alternative to a longer-acting insulin.
相似文献Following a continuous white light photoperiod of 6 hours or less, the points of maximum inhibition of flowering were constant in real time. Following a continuous photoperiod of more than 6 hours, maximum inhibition occurred at 9 and 32.5 hours after the end of the light period. The amplitude of the rhythm during the second circadian cycle was much reduced following prolonged photoperiods.
Following a skeleton photoperiod, the time of maximum sensitivity to a R interruption was always related to the second pulse of the skeleton, R2, with the first point of maximum inhibition of flowering occurring after 12 to 18 hours and the second after 39 hours. Without a second R pulse, the time of maximum sensitivity to a R interruption was related to the initial R1 pulse. A `light-off' or dusk signal was not mimicked by a R pulse ending a skeleton photoperiod; such a pulse only generated a `light-on' signal and initiated a new rhythm.
It is concluded that the timing of sensitivity to a R interruption of an inductive dark period in Pharbitis nil is controlled by a single circadian rhythm initiated by a light-on signal. After 6 hours in continuous white light, the phase of this rhythm is determined by the transition to darkness. Following an extended photoperiod, the timing characteristics were those of an hourglass; this seemed to be due to an effect on the coupling or expression of a single circadian timer during the second and subsequent cycles, rather than to the operation of a different timing mechanism.
In addition to the effects on timing, the photoperiod affected the magnitude of the flowering response.
相似文献Fermented soybean products have been used in various ways, and more research is being conducted on them to reveal their benefit.
ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative activity of fermented soybean meal extract by Lactobacillus plantarum in vitro and in vivo tests.
Materials and methodsA Lactobacillus plantarum strain RM10 was selected through plate and fermentation experiment, which increased the degree of protein hydrolysis (1.015 μg/mL) and antioxidant activity in soybean meal fermented by selected bacteria (FSBM). In vivo study was done on septic rats as an inflammation/infection model, and then the trial groups were treated with different concentrations of fermented soybean meal extracts (FSBM, 5, 10, and 20%).
ResultsDPPH radical-scavenging and ferrozine ion-chelating activity enhanced (P < 0.05) after fermentation of soybean meal compared to control group. Reduced (P < 0.05) expression of inflammatory genes and enzymes was detected in the lungs of rats treated with fermented soybean meal extract.
Discussion and conclusionsThese results demonstrated that a diet containing fermented soybean meal extract improved extreme inflammatory response in an infectious disease like sepsis by reducing inflammatory factors.
相似文献Untargeted metabolomics intends to objectively analyze a wide variety of compounds. Their diverse physicochemical properties make it difficult to choose an appropriate reconstitution solvent after sample evaporation without influencing the chromatography or hamper column sorbent integrity.
ObjectivesThe study aimed to identify the most appropriate reconstitution solvent for blood plasma samples in terms of feature recovery, four endogenous compounds, and one selected internal standard.
MethodsWe investigated several reconstitution solvent mixtures containing acetonitrile and methanol to resolve human plasma extract and evaluated them concerning the peak areas of tryptophan-d5, glucose, creatinine, palmitic acid, and the phophatidylcholine PC(P-16:0/P-16:0), as well as the total feature count
ResultsResults indicated that acetonitrile containing 30% methanol was best suited to match all tested criteria at least for human blood plasma samples.
ConclusionDespite identifying the mixture of acetonitrile and methanol being suitable as solvent for human blood plasma extracts, we recommend to systematically test for an appropriate reconstitution solvent for each analyzed biomatrix.
相似文献Develop a Cell Surface Display system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, based on the construction of an expression cassette for pYES2 plasmid.
ResultsThe construction of an expression cassette containing the α-factor signal peptide and the C-terminal portion of the α-agglutinin protein was made and its sequence inserted into a plasmid named pYES2/gDαAgglutinin. The construction allows surface display of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) glycoprotein D (gD) on S. cerevisiae BY4741 strain. Recombinant protein expression was confirmed by dot blot, and indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal anti-histidine antibodies and polyclonal antibodies from mice experimentally vaccinated with a recombinant gD.
ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that the approach and plasmid used represent not only an effective system for immobilizing proteins on the yeast cell surface, as well as a platform for immunobiologicals development.
相似文献The rate of apparent photosynthesis was inhibited by O2 while the steady rate of respiration after a few minutes in the dark was not affected. Part of the inhibition of apparent photosynthesis was shown to be a result of increased photorespiration. This stimulation of photorespiration by O2 was manifested by an increase in the CO2 compensation point.
The differential effects of O2 on dark respiration (no effect) and photorespiration (stimulation) indicated that these were 2 different processes.
Moreover the extrapolation of the CO2 compensation point to zero at zero O2 indicated that dark respiration was suppressed in the light at least at zero O2 concentration.
相似文献Higher alcohol is a by-product of the fermentation of wine, and its content is one of the most important parameters that affect and are used to appraise the final quality of Chinese rice wine. Ammonium compensation is an efficient and convenient method to reduce the content of higher alcohols, but the molecule mechanism is poorly understood. Therefore, an iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis was designed to reveal the proteomic changes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to elucidate the molecular mechanism of ammonium compensation in reducing the content of higher alcohols.
MethodsThe iTRAQ proteomic analysis method was used to analyze a blank group and an experimental group with an exogenous addition of 200 mg/L (NH4)2HPO4 during inoculation. The extracted intracellular proteins were processed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and identified using bioinformatics tools. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to verify the gene expression of differentially expressed proteins.
ResultsAbout 4062 proteins, including 123 upregulated and 88 downregulated proteins, were identified by iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. GO and KEGG analysis uncovered that significant proteins were concentrated during carbohydrate metabolism, such as carbon metabolism, glyoxylate, and dicarboxylate metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and the nitrogen metabolism, such as amino acid synthesis and catabolism pathway. In accordance with the trend of differential protein regulation in the central carbon metabolism pathway and the analysis of carbon metabolic flux, a possible regulatory model was proposed and verified, in which ammonium compensation facilitated glucose consumption, regulated metabolic flow direction into tricarboxylic acid, and further led to a decrease in higher alcohols. The results of RT-qPCR confirmed the authenticity of the proteomic analysis results at the level of gene.
ConclusionAmmonium assimilation promoted by ammonium compensation regulated the intracellular carbon metabolism of S. cerevisiae and affected the distribution of metabolic flux. The carbon flow that should have gone to the synthesis pathway of higher alcohols was reversed to the TCA cycle, thereby decreasing the content of higher alcohols. These findings may contribute to an improved understanding of the molecular mechanism for the decrease in higher alcohol content through ammonium compensation.
相似文献Although improvement has been made in therapeutic strategies against pancreatic carcinoma, overall survival has not significantly enhanced over the past decade. Thus, the establishment of better therapeutic regimens remains a high priority.
MethodsPancreatic cancer cell lines were incubated with romidepsin, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, and tamoxifen, and their effects on cell growth, signaling and gene expression were analyzed. Xenografts of human pancreatic cancer CFPAC1 cells were medicated with romidepsin and tamoxifen to evaluate their effects on tumor growth.
ResultsThe inhibition of the growth of pancreatic cancer cells induced by romidepsin and tamoxifen was effectively reduced by N-acetyl cysteine and α-tocopherol, respectively. The combined treatment greatly induced reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, and these effects were prevented by N-acetyl cysteine and α-tocopherol. Tamoxifen enhanced romidepsin-induced cell senescence. FOXM1 expression was markedly downregulated in pancreatic cancer cells treated with romidepsin, and tamoxifen further reduced FOXM1 expression in cells treated with romidepsin. Siomycin A, an inhibitor of FOXM1, induced senescence in pancreatic cancer cells. Similar results were obtained in knockdown of FOXM1 expression by siRNA.
ConclusionSince FOXM1 is used as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer, a combination of the clinically available drugs romidepsin and tamoxifen might be considered for the treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer.
相似文献Two life cycle assessment (LCA) studies comparing a new low-particulate-matter-emission disc brake and a reference disc brake were presented. The purpose was to identify the difference in potential environmental impacts due to a material change in the new disc brake parts. Additionally, the validity was investigated for the simplification method of omitting identical parts in comparative LCA. This was done by comparing the results between the simplified and the full LCA model.
MethodsThe two disc brakes, new disc brake and reference disc brake, were assessed according to the LCA ISO standards. The ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (hierarchist) impact assessment method was chosen. Simplifying a comparative LCA is possible, all identical parts can be omitted, and only the ones that differ need to be assessed. In this paper, this simplification was called comparative LCA with an omission of identical parts.
Results and discussionThe comparative impacts were analysed over seventeen impact categories. The new disc brake alternative used more resources during the manufacture of one disc compared to the reference disc brake alternative. The shorter life length of the reference disc demanded a higher number of spare part discs to fulfil the same functional unit, but this impact was reduced due to material recycling. The new disc brake impacts were connected primarily to the coating and secondly to the pad manufacture and materials. The validity of the simplification method was investigated by comparing the results of the two LCA models. The impact differences were identical independent of the LCA model, and the same significant impact categories could be identified. Hence, the purpose of the study could be fulfilled, and the simplification was valid.
ConclusionsBoth LCA models, simplified and full, revealed that the new disc brake had limited environmental advantages. The omission of identical parts made it more challenging to determine if an impact was significant or insignificant. The simplification seemed to be reasonable.
相似文献To establish an efficient expression system for a fusion protein GST-pgLTP (Lipid Transfer Protein) and to test its antifungal activity.
ResultsThe nucleotide sequence of LTP gene was obtained from Panax ginseng using RT-PCR. The ORF of the cDNA is 363 bp, codING for a protein OF 120 amino acids with a calculated MW of 12.09 kDa. The pgLTP gene with a His6-tag at the C-terminus was cloned into the pGEX-6p1 vector to generate a GST-fusion pgLTP protein construct that was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta. Following purification by Ni–NTA, the fusion protein exhibited antifungal activity against five fungi found in ginseng.
ConclusionThe fusion protein GST-pgLTP has activity against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi, and can potentially be adapted for production to combat fungal diseases that affect P. ginseng.
相似文献An aqueous solution of Wescodyne G containing 75 ppm available iodine was used both as a wiping solution and for subsequent disinfection of rectal catheters contaminated in vivo. Total bacterial destruction was found to follow a 60-min soak preceded by the wiping procedure.
Rectal catheters subjected to prolonged immersion in each of the test disinfectants were found to be essentially unaffected, retaining their initial calibrations within a permissible tolerance. Neither Roccal nor Wescodyne G solutions were found to measurably attack bare thermocouples. Alcoholic iodine 0.5% did, however, exert a deteriorating effect on bare thermocouples in a short time, as measured by change in resistance characteristics.
The results of this study have led to the recommendation that Wescodyne G containing 75 ppm available iodine be used in standing operating procedures for the initial cleaning and subsequent disinfection of rectal thermocouple catheters.
相似文献White light intensities below the compensation point of the alga maintained heterotrophic growth. The saturation value for this response was 0.8 μw/cm2. White light also initiated growth in nongrowing cultures transferred from darkness to light.
The action spectrum for heterotrophic growth indicated a porphyrin as the active pigment. Light in the 425 mμ region was 4 times as effective as white light in stimulating heterotrophic growth. A secondary peak of growth stimulation occurred in the 575 mμ region.
The respiration of glucose by the alga was stimulated by low intensities of white light. This response was not immediate, but was clearly present after the third day of incubation.
Malonate and cyanide were inhibitory to growth of C. vulgaris on inorganic medium or glucose medium under 300 ft-c of white light. These data suggested that succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase systems were present.
Substances inhibitory to growth were excreted into the medium under dark-growth conditions, and 2 of these substances were indentified as formic and acetic acids.
The evidence suggested that respiration of glucose cannot proceed for an extended period of time in darkness. The reason for this is postulated to be the lack of a cytochrome or a cytochrome precursor.
相似文献Oxygen evolution and swelling studies indicated that the chloroplast envelope is relatively impermeable to NADP and to ferredoxin.
A method is described whereby the percent of whole chloroplasts present in a chloroplast preparation may be rapidly estimated.
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