芸香苷对家蚕谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶部分基因的诱导表达

谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione-S-transferases, GSTs) 是对一种机体的解毒代谢起重要作用并可以被诱导的酶系。为了从分子水平上探究家蚕Bombyx mori GSTs 基因与植物次生物质芸香苷代谢的关系, 本实验采用双跟踪标定定量PCR (dual-spike-in qPCR)方法, 用 5×10^-1, 5×10^-2, 5×10^-3 ng/μL 3 个浓度芸香苷溶液处理家蚕5龄幼虫, 并对各组织中 GSTs Epsilon 家族不同基因的转录水平进行检测。结果显示, 浓度为 5×10^-2 ng/μL 的芸香苷溶液能诱导GSTs 基因的转录水平发生显著变化。在中肠中, BmGSTe1, BmGSTe2 和 BmGSTe6的诱导转录水平较高, 在诱导后24 h达到最大值; 在脂肪体中BmGSTe1, BmGSTe6和BmGSTe7的转录水平相对较高且分别在诱导后 2 h, 2 h和4 h 达到最大值; 而GSTs基因在马氏管中表达量均很低或者检测不到表达。与 5×10^-2 ng/μL 浓度相比, 5×10^-1 ng/μL 的芸香苷溶液诱导后各基因的转录水平上升的幅度较小并且达到峰值的时间不同, 而 5×10^-3 ng/μL 浓度的芸香苷溶液并不能使GSTs基因的诱导转录水平发生变化。结果提示, 家蚕 GSTs Epsilon 家族基因对芸香苷的代谢具有重要作用。     

二化螟谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶基因的鉴定与表达模式分析

【目的】鉴定二化螟Chilo suppressalis谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(Glutathione-S-transferase,GST)基因,明确GST基因在幼虫各组织中的表达谱,并分析GST应对氯虫苯甲酰胺胁迫的表达模式。【方法】从二化螟转录组数据库中鉴定GST的c DNA序列,使用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析GST在幼虫不同组织内的相对表达水平,并考察亚致死剂量氯虫苯甲酰胺处理幼虫之后GST表达水平的变化。【结果】从二化螟转录组中检索得到16个GST基因,分别被命名为Cs GSTd1-Cs GSTu1。这16个GST被划分为6个家族(Delta、Epsilon、Omega、Sigma、Zeta和Theta)和一个"未分类"亚组(Unclassified subgroup)。Cs GSTd2、Cs GSTd3、Cs GSTe1、Cs GSTo3、Cs GSTt1主要表达于脂肪体,Cs GSTe3主要表达于马氏管。未检测到特异表达于中肠的GST基因。氯虫苯甲酰胺处理6 h后,Cs GSTo2显著上调,但Cs GSTd2、Cs GSTd3、Cs GSTe3、Cs GSTo1和Cs GSTt1显著下调。药剂处理12 h后,Cs GSTd1、Cs GSTd2、Cs GSTd3、Cs GSTe1、Cs GSTe2、Cs GSTe3、Cs GSTo2、Cs GSTo3、Cs GSTo4和Cs GSTt1显著上调,而Cs GSTu1显著下调。【结论】Cs GSTd1、Cs GSTd2、Cs GSTd3、Cs GSTe1、Cs GSTe2、Cs GSTe3、Cs GSTo2、Cs GSTo3、Cs GSTo4和Cs GSTt1可能参与了对氯虫苯甲酰胺的解毒代谢。     

溴氰菊酯对飞蝗羧酸酯酶基因表达的影响

【目的】研究溴氰菊酯作用下飞蝗羧酸酯酶基因的mRNA表达特性,为溴氰菊酯的代谢解毒及飞蝗Locusta migratoria防治中抗性风险的评估提供基础资料。【方法】本文采用不同剂量溴氰菊酯处理3龄飞蝗,提取总RNA,体外反转录合成cDNA模板,采用Real-time PCR技术分析飞蝗羧酸酯酶基因在溴氰菊酯不同浓度和不同时间处理后的表达模式。【结果】飞蝗经不同浓度溴氰菊酯处理12 h后,LmCesA3和LmCesE1表现为诱导效应;除LmCesA2外,其余羧酸酯酶基因经溴氰菊酯LD30剂量处理后分别在不同的时间点表现为诱导效应。【结论】5个羧酸酯酶基因LmCesA1、LmCesA3、LmCesD1、LmCesE1和LmCesI1可以被溴氰菊酯诱导,表明其可能参与飞蝗对溴氰菊酯的代谢解毒及抗性产生。     

家蚕磷酸吡哆醇氧化酶基因的表达谱分析

【目的】了解家蚕Bombyx mori维生素B6关键代谢酶磷酸吡哆醇氧化酶（pyridoxine- 5′-phosphate oxidase, PNPO）基因在家蚕不同发育阶段及5龄幼虫不同组织中的表达差异。【方法】将家蚕PNPO基因的重组表达质粒pET-22b(+)-PNPO转化入大肠杆菌Escherichia coli Rosetta中诱导表达, 纯化蛋白制备多克隆抗体。分别采用荧光定量PCR和Western blot方法对家蚕PNPO基因进行了转录水平和翻译水平的表达分析。【结果】在家蚕发育水平上, 5龄幼虫的PNPO翻译量为最高。PNPO基因在5龄幼虫各组织中的转录水平由高到低依次为精巢、 头、 中肠、 马氏管、 卵巢、 表皮、 脂肪体、 丝腺; 翻译量也以精巢为最高, 其次是头、 中肠和马氏管。【结论】明确了PNPO在家蚕各发育阶段及5龄幼虫各组织中的表达情况。     

Sli-miR-34-5p响应植物次生物质正调控斜纹夜蛾谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因SlGSTe1的表达

【目的】昆虫解毒酶系统是昆虫适应植物次生物质的主要机制,研究调控解毒酶基因表达的mi RNA将发现可用于害虫防治的靶标分子。本研究旨在探究Sli-miR-34-5p对斜纹夜蛾Spodopteralitura中应对植物次生物质的解毒酶谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)基因的调控作用。【方法】通过实时荧光定量PCR检测Sli-miR-34-5p在斜纹夜蛾5龄第1天幼虫进食芥菜Brassica juncea后中肠中的表达;在斜纹夜蛾5龄第1天幼虫体内及细胞株中超表达Sli-miR-34-5p模拟体类似物(mimics)或抑制剂(inhibitors),采用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot分析Sli-miR-34-5p已知或推测的靶基因的表达变化;利用双荧光素酶报告系统验证Sli-miR-34-5p对靶标基因的表达调控作用;采用生物信息学方法预测Sli-miR-34-5p可能的靶基因,以了解其可能的作用机理。【结果】结果表明,Sli-mi R-34-5p在斜纹夜蛾5龄第1天幼虫进食芥菜24和48 h时的中肠中表达显著上调。在斜纹夜蛾5龄第1天幼虫血淋巴中超表达Sli-miR-34-5p mimic,进食芥菜的斜纹夜蛾中SlGSTe1转录上调;反之,超表达Sli-miR-34-5p inhibitor,SlGSTE1蛋白水平显著下调。在斜纹夜蛾Spli-221细胞株中添加芥菜次生物质吲哚-3-甲醇(I3C),Sli-miR-34-5p和SlGSTe1的表达量均呈现上调的趋势;此外,在细胞中转染Sli-miR-34-5p mimic,SlGSTe1的表达水平明显上调。然而,生物信息学预测和双荧光素酶报告系统检测结果显示,Sli-miR-34-5p并不直接作用于靶基因Sl GSTe1。【结论】研究结果提示Sli-miR-34-5p通过促进斜纹夜蛾谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因Sl GSTe1的表达而参与斜纹夜蛾应对植物次生物质的胁迫。     

脂多糖对家蚕幼虫Toll样受体基因BmToll9-2表达的影响

【目的】Toll样受体是昆虫Toll信号传导途径的一个重要组成成员,对激活昆虫机体对入侵病原微生物的先天免疫应答起着至关重要的作用。本研究旨在探究脂多糖对家蚕Bombyx mori幼虫中Toll样受体基因BmToll9-2基因表达的影响。【方法】利用RT-PCR分析BmToll9-2基因在家蚕大造品系4龄和5龄幼虫表皮、脂肪体、马氏管、中肠、神经、丝腺、胸部肌肉共7种组织中的表达特征;将脂多糖和大肠杆菌Escherichia coli注射到5龄幼虫体腔内,诱导其免疫系统响应,采用实时荧光定量PCR分析注射后不同时间BmToll9-2基因在中肠中的表达水平。【结果】RT-PCR结果表明,BmToll9-2基因在家蚕4龄幼虫的脂肪体、马氏管、神经和丝腺中高度表达,在5龄幼虫脂肪体、中肠、马氏管和神经中均有较高表达。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,注射脂多糖能诱导5龄幼虫中肠中BmToll9-2基因转录,在注射后6 h时的诱导效果最好;注射大肠杆菌也能诱导BmToll9-2基因转录,在注射后3和6 h时的诱导效果最好。【结论】家蚕幼虫BmToll9-2基因在脂多糖和大肠杆菌处理后上调表达,提示BmToll9-2受体可能参与昆虫Toll样受体对脂多糖和细菌的识别过程。     

小地老虎谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶AiGSTs1的分子特性及其对杀虫剂胁迫的响应

[目的]鉴定小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon sigma家族谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)基因,明确其编码蛋白质的催化活性,阐明该基因在小地老虎不同发育期、不同组织及在毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫下的表达模式,为深入探究小地老虎GST在杀虫剂解毒代谢中的功能提供理论基础.[方法]利用同源检索方法从小地老虎转录组中鉴定GST基因,利用原核表达系统表达重组蛋白并使用试剂盒检测其活性,使用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析基因的表达模式.[结果]从小地老虎转录组中鉴定了一个编码sigma家族GST的cDNA序列,命名为AiGSTs1.其编码的AiGSTs1蛋白含有谷胱甘肽结合位点和底物结合位点,具有GSTs的典型特征.在大肠杆菌中成功表达了重组AiGSTs1蛋白,测得此蛋白不仅具有谷胱甘肽转移酶活性,还具有过氧化物酶活性.毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯均可抑制重组AiGSTs1蛋白的活性.AiGSTs1在供试的小地老虎不同发育期和组织中均有表达,但在蛹期和幼虫脂肪体中表达量最高.使用LD5o剂量毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯处理小地老虎幼虫后,AiGSTs1的表达水平显著上升.[结论]本研究明确了小地老虎AiGSTs1的序列、所编码蛋白的活性和表达模式.毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯能够诱导AiGSTs1表达水平上调,表明该基因可能在这2种杀虫剂的解毒代谢中起重要作用.     

棉铃虫的谷胱甘肽S—转移酶(GSTs)：杀虫药剂和植物次生性物质的诱导与GSTs对杀虫药剂的代谢

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)中肠谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)对甲基对硫磷和灭多威的代谢能力明显高于对马来酸二乙酯(DEM)和两个混剂。LD₅剂量的对硫磷和灭多威对棉铃虫3龄幼虫GSTs的活性均没有诱导增加的影响,用LD₅₀的选择剂量仅对硫磷组GSTs活性增加15%。用含0.01%的芸香苷、2-十三烷酮和槲皮素的人工饲料饲养棉铃虫经1～4代后,GSTs活性提高4～18倍。3种植物次生性物质诱导组对灭多威和溴氰菊酯的敏感度均没有明显的变化,而槲皮素组对甲基对硫磷的敏感度则降低近一半,芸香苷和2-十三烷酮组对甲基对硫磷的敏感度略有降低。这种对甲基对硫磷敏感度的变化可能与上述GSTs活性的变化有关。     

棉铃虫的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs):杀虫药剂和植物次生性物质的诱导与GSTs对杀虫药剂的代谢

棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera（Hubner）中肠谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）对甲基对硫磷和灭多威的代谢能力明显高于对马来酸二乙酯（DEM）和两个混剂。LD5剂量的对硫磷和灭多威对棉铃虫3龄幼虫GSTs的活性均没有诱导增加的影响,用LD50的选择剂量仅对硫磷组GSTs活性增加15％。用含0．01％的芸香苷、2-十三烷酮和槲皮素的人工饲料饲养棉铃虫经1～4代后,GSTs活性提高4～18倍。3种植物次生性物质诱导组对灭多威和溴氰菊酯的敏感度均没有明显的变化,而槲皮素组对甲基对硫磷的敏感度则降低近一半,芸香苷和2-十三烷酮组对甲基对硫磷的敏感度略有降低。这种对甲基对硫磷敏感度的变化可能与上述GSTs活性的变化有关。     

羧酸酯酶介导的小菜蛾对氟虫腈的抗性

【目的】羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterases, CarEs）是昆虫重要的解毒代谢酶之一,可以介导靶标昆虫对多种杀虫剂的代谢抗性。本研究检测了羧酸酯酶对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella 抗药性的介导功能,旨在阐明羧酸酯酶在小菜蛾代谢解毒中的生理生化和分子机理。【方法】采用点滴法测定氟虫腈对小菜蛾敏感种群和抗氟虫腈种群的毒力,以及羧酸酯酶抑制剂磷酸三苯酯（triphenyl phosphate, TPP）对氟虫腈的增效作用;以LC₃₀和LC₅₀浓度的氟虫腈处理抗性小菜蛾,测定药剂处理后CarEs酶活性的变化;利用qRT-PCR技术分析Pxae22和Pxae31两个基因在小菜蛾不同发育阶段、组织和种群的表达模式;利用dsRNA干扰Pxae22和Pxae31后观察基因的表达变化和小菜蛾3龄幼虫对药剂敏感性的变化。【结果】TPP可以削弱小菜蛾3龄幼虫对氟虫腈的抗性,增效倍数约为6倍;使用较低剂量（LC₃₀和LC₅₀）氟虫腈处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫后,处理组CarEs比活力明显高于对照,提示氟虫腈对小菜蛾CarEs活性具有诱导作用。对羧酸酯酶基因Pxae22和Pxae31在小菜蛾不同发育阶段、4龄幼虫不同组织和不同种群3龄幼虫中的表达模式分析发现,这两个基因在小菜蛾4龄幼虫中的表达量最高;在4龄幼虫中以中肠组织中的表达量较高,头、表皮、脂肪体中的表达量很低; 抗性种群中的表达量显著高于敏感种群。通过干扰 Pxae22和 Pxae31后的qRT-PCR验证,两个基因的表达量均显著降低,进一步的氟虫腈毒力测定发现,干扰P xae22和 Pxae31后的小菜蛾3龄幼虫对氟虫腈的敏感性分别增加了1.63倍和1.73倍。【结论】羧酸酯酶在小菜蛾对氟虫腈解毒代谢中具有重要作用;Pxae22和Pxae31是小菜蛾的两个抗性相关基因,其表达水平的变化直接影响小菜蛾对氟虫腈的敏感性。     

草鱼生长阶段对赖氨酸需要量的研究

采用生长研究法来确定约草鱼的赖氨酸需要量,并对血清、肌肉和肝脏的游离赖氨酸迸行了检测.结果表明,按生长率最大值所确定的幼草鱼赖氨酸需要量为饲料中的1.611%按血清游离赖氨酸浓度最大值所确定的赖氨酸需要量为饲料的1.28%,明显低于生长研究法确定的结果.用肝脏和肌肉游离赖氨酸浓度为指标确定的赖氨酸需要量分别为饲料的1.46%和1.49%,这与生长研究法确定的赖氨酸需要量较接近.     

Increased expression of queuosine synthesizing enzyme, tRNA-guanine transglycosylase, and queuosine levels in tRNA of leukemic cells

Queuosine is a modified nucleoside located at the first position of the tRNA anticodon, which is synthesized by tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (TGT). Although the levels of queuosine in cancer cells have been reported to be lower than those in normal cells, the expression levels of TGT remain to be determined. We determined the expression levels of a subunit of TGT (TGT60KD). Contrary of our expectations, the results revealed higher levels of expression of TGT60KD than that in normal cells, and the level of queuosine in the tRNA fraction corresponded with that of TGT60KD expression. These results suggest the possibilities that the expression levels of TGT60KD regulate TGT activity and the levels of queuosine, and that TGT60KD plays significant roles in carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is a first report of increased expression levels of TGT60KD in human cancer cells.     

Control of blastema cell proliferation by possible interplay of calcium and cyclic nucleotides during newt limb regeneration

The effects of the divalent cation ionophore A23187, papaverine, and chlorpromazine on the mitotic index and cyclic nucleotide levels in newt limb regeneration blastemata (Notophthalmus viridescens) were assessed. The results of the experiments suggest that an intracellular increase in divalent cation (Ca2+) concentration results in elevated cGMP levels, suppressed cAMP levels, and a corresponding increase in blastema cell proliferation. The results also suggest that the converse conditions, namely, calcium efflux or inhibition of calmodulin activation (i.e., inhibition of Ca2+ binding), yields elevated cAMP levels, suppressed cGMP levels, and a corresponding decrease in blastema cell divisions.     

O-linked N-acetylglucosamine levels in cerebellar neurons respond reciprocally to pertubations of phosphorylation.

The novel intracellular carbohydrate O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is present on proteins ranging from those of viruses to those of humans and include cytosolic, nuclear and plasma-membrane proteins. In this report we have examined the effect of manipulation of phosphorylation on the levels of O-GlcNAc in cerebellar neurons from early postnatal mice. Our results indicate a reciprocal response of O-GlcNAc levels to phosphorylation. Activation of protein kinase A or C, for example, results in reduced levels of O-GlcNAc specifically in the fraction of cytoskeletal and cytoskeleton-associated proteins, while inhibition of the same kinases results in increased levels of O-GlcNAc. These data are in keeping with a reciprocal action of O-GlcNAc with respect to phosphorylation and suggest that this modification may have a role in signal transduction.     

Plasma and CSF levels of immunoreactive beta-endorphin in algic peaks of patients with herniated intervertebral discs

Plasma and CSF levels of beta-Endorphin (beta-End) were measured by radioimmunoassay in three groups of human subjects. The first group consisted of healthy adults, and only plasma beta-End was determined. The second group consisted of patients showing non-painful neurological diseases. The third group consisted of patients suffering from acute pain due to herniated intervertebral discs. In the last two groups, beta-End levels were measured in plasma and CSF. The results showed that plasma levels of beta-End were similar in the first two groups of patients. In contrast, patients with acute pain showed significantly increased levels of beta-End in plasma. CSF levels of beta-End did not show significant differences among the groups. The results suggest that the increase in plasma levels of beta-End was a consequence of the stress produced by acute pain.     

病毒侵染对西伯利亚百合DNA甲基化的影响

采用基于AFLP的甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)技术,用10对引物对侵染百合花叶病毒和丛簇病毒的西伯利亚百合植株和无毒植株进行DNA甲基化水平和模式分析.结果发现,西伯利亚百合无毒植株和病毒侵染植株的平均甲基化水平分别为40.1%和31.5%;平均全甲基化率分别为13.0%和9.7%;半甲基化率分别为27.1%和21.8%.研究表明,百合DNA甲基化多以半甲基化的形式存在;病毒侵染导致百合植株DNA甲基化水平降低,且对整体甲基化水平、全甲基化水平和半甲基化水平均产生了影响;说明病毒侵染百合后植株出现的症状在一定程度上与DNA甲基化存在关联.     

Effect of stress and dexamethasone treatment on circadian rhythms of melatonin and corticosterone in ring dove (Streptopelia risoria)

The possible relationship between the circadian rhythm of blood levels of melatonin and corticosterone in ring dove (Streptopelia risoria) subjected to both immobilization stress and immobilization stress plus dexamethasone treatment were studied. The results show changes in the circadian rhythm of melatonin, with increased day-time levels in situations of stress accompanied by increased corticosterone levels. The highest blood melatonin levels over the 24 h of the study were obtained when the animals were treated with dexamethasone and then subjected to stress. Given the antioxidant role of melatonin, our results support the idea of melatonin-corticosterone coupling with the possibility that melatonin released in situations of stress counteracts the adverse effects of glucocorticoids on the organism.     

Plasma cortisol and metabolite level profiles in two isogenic strains of common carp during confinement

A rapid increase in common carp Cyprinus carpio plasma cortisol levels was noted, in two experiments, after 30 mins of a 3 h net confinement, which was sustained while the fish were held in the nets. After release from the nets, cortisol levels returned to control values in 1 h. Plasma glucose and free fatty acid levels were elevated by the confinement. Glucose was increased after 30 min but returned to basal levels after 22 h of recovery while free fatty acids were not elevated until 3 h of confinement and remained high for the duration of the recovery period. After confinement for 3 h, plasma lactate levels were reduced and remained low for a further 1 h. No change in either plasma triglyceride or cholesterol levels were found during the study. Confinement had no effect on haematocrit levels but blood haemoglobin levels were reduced. In both experiments hypochloraemia occurred in response to confinement. However, values returned to pre-confinement levels 22 h after confinement. These results show that rearing isogenic carp strains, under identical conditions, results in a reproducable response to an acute stressor and that these carp respond in a similar manner to other teleost species.