炭疽毒素的细胞受体

炭疽杆菌外毒素是三组分蛋白质,构成两种毒素。水肿因子(EF)和致死因子(LF)分别是腺苷环化酶和金属蛋白酶,保护性抗原(PA)与细胞表面受体结合并将水肿因子或致死因子转移进细胞内发挥毒性作用。在哺乳动物细胞上己发现有两种受体,分别是肿瘤内皮标志8基因编码的细胞表面蛋白ATR／TEM8和毛细血管形态发生基因2编码的细胞表面蛋白CMG2。这两种受体蛋白的生理功能都不十分清楚,它们之间的氨基酸序列有很高的同源性(40％～60％)。氨基酸序列主要分信号肽、细胞外主基、跨膜区、脑浆尾四个区,细胞外主基内含von WIlle-brand因子A主基或称整合素插入主基(VWA／I主基),VWA／I主基内有金属离子依赖性粘连位点(MIDAS),是主基与PA蛋白质相互作用所必不可少的。这两种受体都有几种异构体,主要差异在于胞浆尾区的氨基酸长度不同。两种VWA／I主基都有封闭PA功能,阻止细胞中毒的作用,有望作为抗毒素治疗炭疽。     

CMG2-Fc 融合蛋白突变体筛选及中和炭疽毒素活性分析

目的:筛选能有效中和炭疽毒素和抵抗炭疽毒素损伤细胞的CMG2-Fc(炭疽毒素受体II-人免疫球蛋白Fc段融合蛋白)突变体。方法:运用FoldX等计算软件分析CMG2与PA晶体学结构,设计能提高CMG2-PA亲和力的突变体分子,并与人IgG1Fc片段构成融合基因,转染CHO-S细胞并通过亲和层析获得CMG2-Fc突变体蛋白,通过亲和力检测和细胞保护实验分析各突变体中和炭疽毒素能力。结果:筛选并表达了8个CMG2-Fc突变体分子,亲和力实验显示其中E117Q突变可明显提高CMG2-Fc与PA的亲和力(KD=1.35×10-11 mol/L),细胞保护实验提示E117Q突变能有效提高CMG2-Fc中和炭疽毒素能力(CMG2-Fc(E117Q)的IC50为15 ng/μL,而wt CMG2-Fc的IC50为50ng/μL)。结论:CMG2-Fc(E117Q)突变体分子可作为拮抗炭疽毒素损伤的炭疽治疗药物分子,进行进一步研究。     

炭疽受体CMG2-Fc 融合蛋白在CHO 细胞中的表达、纯化与鉴定

目的:构建炭疽受体CMG2和人IgG1 Fc片段融合基因载体,转染CHO细胞并通过毒素中和试验检测CMG2-Fc拮抗炭疽毒素(PA+LF)的能力。方法:将含有CMG2胞外区1-217AA片度基因和人IgG1的Fc片段基因共同连接入pcDNA3.1载体转染CHO细胞并筛选高表达CMG2-Fc的CHO细胞系,通过小鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞保护试验检测CMG2-Fc拮抗炭疽毒素的能力。结果:获得了表达CMG2-Fc的细胞株,毒素中和实验显示该蛋白可以有效抑制炭疽毒素引起的细胞损伤。结论:CMG2-Fc能够保护小鼠巨噬细胞免受炭疽毒素攻击,提示其可以作为抗毒素治疗炭疽感染。     

炭疽受体CMG2-Fc融合蛋白在CHO细胞中的表达、纯化与鉴定

目的：构建炭疽受体CMG2和人IgGl Fc片段融合基因载体,转染CHO细胞并通过毒素中和试验检测CMG2-Fc拮抗炭疽毒素（PA＋LF）的能力。方法-将含有CMG2胞外区1-217AA片度基因和人IgGl的Fc片段基因共同连接入pcDNA3．1载体转染CHO细胞并筛选高表达CMG2-Fc的CHO细胞系,通过小鼠RAW264．7巨噬细胞保护试验检测CMG2-Fc拮抗炭疽毒素的能力。结果：获得了表达CMG2-Fc的细胞株,毒素中和实验显示该蛋白可以有效抑制炭疽毒素引起的细胞损伤。结论：CMG2-Fc能够保护小鼠巨噬细胞免受炭疽毒素攻击,提示其可以作为抗毒素治疗炭疽感染。     

炭疽毒素受体胞外区在毕赤酵母中分泌表达、纯化与活性鉴定

使用分泌型表达载体,实现了重组炭疽毒素受体胞外区 (rATR(CMG2)-EXCELL) 在毕赤酵母 KM71H 培养物上清中的分泌表达 . 表达量约占培养物上清总蛋白质的 20%. 经过螯合柱初步纯化,每升诱导培养物可获得约 1 mg 电泳纯的 rATR(CMG2)-EXCELL. 体外与配基 PA 结合试验和细胞保护试验显示, rATR(CMG2)-EXCELL 具有很好的生物活性 . rATR(CMG2)-EXCELL 的成功表达为今后研究炭疽毒素受体的作用机理、发展新型炭疽治疗药物打下基础 .     

沙利度胺通过诱导G1阻滞和凋亡抑制血管内皮细胞增殖

沙利度胺是一种抗血管生成药物,临床上用于治疗多种肿瘤,但其抗肿瘤血管生成机制尚不十分清楚. 本文采用MTT法观察沙利度胺对体外培养的血管内皮细胞增殖的影响. 结果发现,沙利度胺能够抑制血管内皮细胞的增殖,其IC50为16.47 μg/mL;然后采用Hoechst染色和流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期,发现沙利度胺能够诱导内皮细胞凋亡,并干扰细胞的周期,出现G0/G1期阻滞. 最后,通过Western印迹方法分析沙利度胺对血管内皮细胞Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响,发现抗凋亡的Bcl-2蛋白表达水平随沙利度胺浓度增大而降低. 初步结果提示,沙利度胺可能通过阻遏抗凋亡分子Bcl-2表达,激活诱导G1期阻滞的信号通路而抑制内皮细胞新生,从而抑制肿瘤生长. 诱导内皮细胞凋亡及G1期阻滞的具体分子机制正在研究中.     

中和炭疽毒素的化合物

人吸入炭疽菌Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓａｎｔｈｒａｃｉｓ的孢子时 ,炭疽菌便释放 3种蛋白质 ,这 3种蛋白质结合起来形成炭疽毒素 .这 3种蛋白质的组合使血压骤降 ,引起出血 ,并导致昏迷与死亡 .其中 1个蛋白质称为保护性抗原(ＰＡ) ,它与细胞表面的 1个受体相结合 ,并由酶将它粘着在结合处 .ＰＡ与受体的粘着部分称为ＰＡ6 3,它为其他 2个炭疽毒素蛋白提供停靠于细胞的位置 .这 2个炭疽毒素称为致死因子和水肿因子 .炭疽毒素一旦装配好 ,致死因子便得以进入细胞 .在致死因子进入细胞的入口处 ,其割断蛋白质而引起一连串事件的起动 ,这导致产生炭疽…     

低分子量透明质酸寡糖片段介导内皮细胞增殖的信号通路

为研究低分子量透明质酸寡糖片段(hyaluronan oligosaccharides, o-HA)对血管内皮细胞生长与迁移的影响,及透明质酸（hyaluronan,HA）受体（CD44与RHAMM）在此过程中的作用,首先通过细胞计数、MTT实验、细胞周期分布及单层细胞损伤模型修复实验,观察o-HA对血管内皮细胞（猪髂总动脉内皮细胞,porcine vascular endothelial cell line,PIEC）增殖及创伤愈合的影响．结果显示,o-HA明显促进血管内皮细胞生长,并且能够促进内皮细胞向创伤区迁移.蛋白质免疫印迹分析证明,o-HA作用于PIECs后,细胞Src激酶、ERK-1/2的磷酸化程度增强,c-Myc蛋白、周期蛋白D1表达水平增高.Src 激酶特异性的化学抑制剂PP2可轻度抑制ERK-1/2磷酸化;进而通过抗-CD44与抗-RHAMM抗体分别预先封闭细胞表面相应的特异性受体位点后,再用o-HA刺激细胞,探讨HA受体在o-HA介导PIECs信号传导过程中的作用．结果显示,抗CD44抗体不能抑制o-HA介导的ERK-1/2磷酸化;而抗RHAMM抗体可轻度抑制o-HA介导的ERK-1/2磷酸化．结果提示,o-HA具有促进血管内皮细胞增殖及创伤愈合的作用,其机制可能是通过血管内皮细胞表面受体RHAMM实现的.该作用可能通过激活Src激酶及细胞内MAPK（ERK-1/2）信号通路,启动早期反应基因转录,诱使c-Myc蛋白高表达,从而促进血管内皮细胞生长．该作用也可能与上调细胞周期蛋白 D1的表达有关．     

血管内皮生长因子受体信号转导通路与肿瘤血管生成

血管内皮生长因子是促进血管生成的重要调节因子.它能促进内皮细胞增殖、迁移,阻止内皮细胞凋亡、管腔网状结构退化,增加血管渗透性.所有这些作用都是通过血管内皮生长因子受体信号转导通路实现的.它们在肿瘤血管生成、肿瘤生长中起着重要的作用.以血管内皮生长因子受体信号转导通路为靶点是开发肿瘤血管生成抑制剂的理想策略.     

炭疽毒素及其细胞受体的研究进展

炭疽毒素由 3种蛋白组成 :保护性抗原 (protectiveantigen ,PA)、致死因子 (lethalfactor,LF)和水肿因子 (edemafactor ,EF) .综述炭疽毒素研究的最新进展 .主要介绍炭疽毒素的关键致病因子———LF的结构与功能 ,炭疽毒素膜转运成分PA的结构及其受体 (anthraxtoxinreceptor ,ATR)和其cDNA克隆的结构 ,并讨论了在炭疽的治疗、预防和毒素在肿瘤治疗中的可能应用 .     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.