真黏菌湿室培养研究进展

为丰富真黏菌物种多样性研究,综述了国内外不同时期真黏菌湿室培养的研究进展,通过梳理分类,对湿室培养获得的真黏菌物种进行统计分析。根据文献资料,1961年至今,在世界范围内通过湿室培养获得的黏菌新种有23种,隶属于6科10属,其中刺轴菌属Echinostelium 7种,其次为绒泡菌属Physarum 4种,盖碗菌属Perichaena 3种。湿室培养获得中国及其他国家的新记录种黏菌为147种,隶属于6目10科30属,其中绒泡菌属Physarum物种最多为20种,其次为无丝菌属Licea 17种。湿室培养主要用于真黏菌物种多样性、生态学和发育学的研究。在物种多样性研究中,湿室培养可以弥补野外采集标本的不足,获得因部分子实体微小、物候条件特殊、采集时间不适宜等情况下不易获得的物种,丰富所考察地区的黏菌物种种类,获得更多的黏菌资源。     

鼎湖山自然保护区黏菌的物种组成和多样性

为了揭示鼎湖山自然保护区黏菌的物种组成及物种多样性在不同生境的异同,该研究选择6个不同海拔高度的样地,从中收集地面基物和树皮基物进行湿室培养,通过物种鉴定和发生数量统计分析物种的组成和多样性。结果表明:共计获得6目8科18属49种黏菌,其中绒泡菌目(Physarales)最多(17种),其次为团毛菌目15种、发网菌目(Stemonitales)11种、无丝菌目(Lieeales)4种、鹅绒菌目(Ceratiomyxales)和刺轴菌目(Eehinosteliales)分别各1种。主要优势种为灰团网菌(Arcyria cinerea)(RA=27.03%)和垫形双皮菌(Diderma effusum)(RA=21.14%)。随着海拔的升高,黏菌物种多样性逐渐降低,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最低值出现在海拔300 m处,为1.66±0.12;而其优势集中性指数最高,为0.25±0.05。两个样地的海拔高度相距越大,共有的物种数越少相似性指数越低。雨季共获得黏菌33种,旱季共获得黏菌40种,共有种为22种,相似性系数为60.27%,旱季基物上发生的黏菌Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于雨季。地面基物上的黏菌物种数为39种,高于树皮基物的26种,且两者的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数具有显著性差异,表明黏菌对地面基物的偏好性大于树皮基物。     

河南宝天曼自然保护区黏菌初报

为了丰富对河南省黏菌资源多样性和物种区系的认识,2015—2016年对河南省宝天曼国家自然保护区进行了黏菌的野外标本采集、室内湿室培养和鉴定分类研究。共获得黏菌标本1 037份,根据形态特征鉴定为6目12科31属88种,研究标本现保存于南京师范大学微生物菌种中心(MCCNNU)。刺轴菌Echinostelium minutum,碎皮菌Clastoderma debaryanum,纵裂无丝菌Licea biforis,铜盖无丝菌Licea kleistobolus,极小无丝菌Licea minima,柄罐无丝菌Licea operculata等83种为河南省新记录种。     

甘肃省祁连山国家级自然保护区的黏菌物种多样性

黏菌是森林生态系统中不可或缺的生物资源, 在生态系统中发挥重要的作用。为了探讨黏菌在西北地区森林中的物种多样性及影响物种组成和多样性的因素, 本文对甘肃省祁连山国家级自然保护区进行为期2年的多点调查采样, 获得黏菌标本826份, 经形态学鉴定属于4目5科22属71种, 其中甘肃省新记录种30种。发现鹅绒菌(Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa)等9个物种是祁连山保护区广泛分布的物种, 针叶林中的黏菌总物种数(58种)和特有物种数(38种)均高于阔叶林(33种; 13种), 海拔高度对黏菌多样性无明显影响。主成分分析结果表明, 腐木型基质上的黏菌物种多样性最丰富, 木本基物与草本基物上的黏菌物种组成具有明显差异。研究结果表明, 甘肃省祁连山自然保护区的山地森林带的植被类型与基物类型是影响黏菌物种组成和多样性的重要因素。     

大别山黏菌的物种多样性调查

为揭示大别山黏菌的物种组成和分布特征,在2020年8月至2022年9月期间,作者先后对大别山21个自然保护区和国家森林公园进行了黏菌物种调查。通过野外采集和基物湿室培养,获得黏菌标本984份。按照形态分类学鉴定为6目13科32属93种,其中, 11种为丰富种(相对多度RA> 3%), 8种为常见种(RA=1.5%–3%), 30种为偶见种(RA=0.5%–1.5%), 44种为稀有种(RA<0.5%)。苔生高杯菌(Crateriummuscorum)和易碎双皮菌(Didermafragile)在我国现仅知分布于大别山,掌状夹被菌(Ophiothecapedata)、草生发网菌(Stemonitisherbatica)、环壁团毛菌(Trichiavaria)等48种首次在大别山报道。丰富度分析表明,大别山不同调查地点、林型和基物类型的黏菌物种数量和种属比存在差异,大别山区域的河南董寨自然保护区黏菌物种数量高于其他地点,发现黏菌41种,种属比为1.95,特有种为3种;针阔混交林中的黏菌物种数量高于针叶林和阔叶林两种单一林型,生长黏菌81种,种属比为2.89,独有种有28种;生长...     

陕南秦巴山区黏菌的物种组成和分布格局

为揭示陕西省南部秦巴山区腹地黏菌物种多样性与分布特征,对陕南地区的42个地点开展了黏菌资源调查,共获得1 021份标本,根据形态特征鉴定为5目9科26属119种。分析黏菌物种组成与多样性指数表明,陕南地区的优势种为蛇形半网菌Hemitrichia serpula,相对多度为6.37%,该地具有较高黏菌物种多样性(H?=6.24),同时秦岭黏菌物种多样性指数(H?=6.19)高于大巴山(H?=5.28)。黏菌物种多样性在不同植被类型下差异显著,针阔叶混交林最高,针叶林最低,群落分布相似性较低,表明植被类型的变化会影响该地区黏菌的物种组成。     

红松林和针阔叶混交林下黏菌物种多样性研究

为探讨不同林型下黏菌物种多样性的差异,本文在凉水国家级自然保护区内红松林和针阔叶混交林两种林分中开展调查研究,共采集黏菌样本242份,基于形态特征鉴定为4目7科17属50种黏菌,其中鲜红团网菌Arcyria insignis、网格筛菌Cribraria paucidictyon和玫瑰绒泡菌Physarum roseum等9种是黑龙江省新记录种,相对多度达16.67%。多样性分析显示,绿绒泡菌Physarum viride是凉水国家级自然保护区内的优势种,针阔叶混交林的黏菌物种多样性（H′=2.06）高于红松林（H′=1.71）;在物种组成上,两种植被类型内共有的黏菌物种为17种,物种组成的相似性（C_S）为50.75%,表明植被类型对黏菌的物种组成和多样性有着重要的影响。     

后河保护区柳杉林中黏菌群落组成

柳杉是中国特有树种,对于广泛分布于森林生态系统的黏菌而言,单纯的柳杉林是一种特殊的生境。为探索柳杉林中黏菌的物种多样性,本研究在武陵山区东北部的湖北省后河国家级自然保护区柳杉林样地中采集柳杉树皮和凋落物,在120个培养湿室中,发生黏菌的湿室68个,占56.67%。从两种基物上获得黏菌6目7科12属24种,优势种为混淆筛菌Cribraria confusa,相对丰度达到19.01%。柳杉林凋落物上发生的黏菌种类和数量高于柳杉树皮,凋落物和柳杉树皮上发生的黏菌共有种为4种,种群间的Sørensen相似性系数为Cs=0.333。在不同季节间,黏菌物种的群落组成与多样性也表现出差异,春季Shannon-Wiener多样性指数Hʹ=0.2987±0.1564,夏季Hʹ=0.1105±0.0949,秋季Hʹ=0.1968±0.0589,冬季Hʹ=0.2726±0.0875。黏菌物种数量发生最多的是春季和冬季,均有15种,仅在春季发生的黏菌物种为粗壮发菌Comatricha suksdorfii、鲜黄绒泡菌Physarum luteolum、暗红团网菌Arcyria denudata和极小无丝菌Licea minima,仅在冬季发生的黏菌物种为钙丝绒泡菌Physarum decipiens、小筛菌Cribraria microcarpa和暗褐无丝菌Licea belmontiana。典型对应分析（canonical correspondence analyses,CCA）表明,影响柳杉林中黏菌物种群落组成与多样性的主要环境因素是基物类型。     

吉林省不同地区基物黏菌湿室培养的初步研究

对采自吉林省不同地区的基物进行了黏菌的湿室培养,共获得5目7科17属42种黏菌,其中柄罐无丝菌（Licea operculata）、钉形钙皮菌（Didymium davus）和长轴绒泡菌（Physarum puniceum）为吉林省新记录种。     

小兴安岭两种林地的黏菌物种多样性

黏菌广泛分布于森林生态系统中, 并在生态系统的物质循环过程中发挥重要的功能。为了探讨黏菌在小兴安岭森林中的物种多样性及其分布, 本文对该地区的汤旺河兴安石林森林公园和胜山国家级自然保护区系统开展黏菌多样性调查研究。在2个地区共采集黏菌标本248份, 基于形态学特征共鉴定出4目8科17属44种黏菌, 其中Craterium dictyosporum、垂头绒泡菌(Physarum album)和Reticularia splendens var. jurana等10个种为黑龙江省首次报道。多样性分析结果显示, 汤旺河兴安石林森林公园针阔混交林的黏菌物种多样性(36种)高于胜山国家级自然保护区红松(Pinus koraiensis)林内的黏菌物种多样性(25种), 其中两地间共有的黏菌有17种, 黏菌物种组成的相似性(C_S)为55.7%。绿绒泡菌(Physarum viride)是针阔混交林内的优势种, 蛇形半网菌(Hemitrichia serpula)是红松林内的优势种。研究结果表明植被类型对黏菌的物种组成和多样性有着重要的影响。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.