银杏叶提取物对巨噬细胞呼吸爆发、炎性细胞因子和COX-2 mRNAs及蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨银杏叶提取物(EGb761)对小鼠巨噬细胞呼吸爆发及IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2mRNAs和蛋白表达的影响。方法以佛波酯刺激巨噬细胞产生呼吸爆发,用化学发光分析和电子顺磁共振检测呼吸爆发产生的活性氧;以脂多糖(LPS)诱导巨噬细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2表达,用RT-PCR检测IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2mRNAs表达,ELISA法检测IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2蛋白表达。结果银杏叶提取物能清除巨噬细胞呼吸爆发产生的超氧阴离子自由基、下调LPS诱导巨噬细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2 mRNAs和蛋白表达。结论银杏叶提取物对巨噬细胞产生呼吸爆发和LPS诱导巨噬细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2 mRNAs和蛋白表达有明显的抑制作用。     

甘氨酸偶联皮质醇抗Compound 48/80刺激大鼠急性过敏反应的作用研究

目的:观察甘氨酸偶联皮质醇(HG)对Compound 48/80(C48/80)刺激大鼠急性过敏反应的影响,以期为后期深入探讨糖皮质激素非基因组机制建立有效研究工具。方法:将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:急性过敏模型组(腹腔注射C48/80+对照溶剂,n=15)、皮质醇(GC)干预组(腹腔注射C48/80+GC,n=15)、HG干预组(腹腔注射C48/80+HG,n=15)、空白对照组(腹腔注射等量生理盐水,n=15)。造模组及各干预组分别在腹腔注射C48/80 5 min后分别给予腹腔注射对照溶剂(等量无水乙醇,为GC及HG的稀释溶剂)、GC或HG,之后每5 min监测大鼠肛温及平均动脉压(MAP),腹腔注射C48/80后30 min时处死大鼠,取大鼠咽喉组织及肺组织,多聚甲醛固定切片后观察组织形态;同时摘眼球取血,分离血清,采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)测定血清中组胺含量。结果:与空白对照组相比,造模组大鼠肛温及平均动脉压呈持续降低趋势,C48/80刺激可诱发大鼠咽喉及肺组织水肿、肺泡损坏及炎性细胞浸润,大鼠血清中组胺水平较对照组显著升高(P0.05);较造模组各干预组均可减轻造模诱发的上述过敏反应(P0.05),但HG干预组较GC干预组促进大鼠肛温降低恢复起效时间快、复温效率高(P0.05),HG干预组减弱大鼠平均动脉压持续性降低趋势较GC干预组效果明显(P0.05);HG干预组显著减轻C48/80刺激导致的咽喉及肺组织水肿、肺泡损坏及炎性细胞浸润;HG干预组能显著抑制C48/80刺激导致的血清组胺升高水平(P0.05),但HG干预组与GC干预组抑制效果无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:HG能够快速抑制C48/80刺激诱导的大鼠急性过敏反应;能够显著抑制肥大细胞组胺的释放;HG可能通过非基因组作用快速抑制肥大细胞的脱颗粒,抑制炎性介质组胺的释放,从而抑制免疫炎症反应,发挥抗过敏及抗炎症效应,从而为研究糖皮质激素非基因组机制提供了有效的研究工具。     

线粒体稳定高钙信号诱发超氧炫

线粒体对于细胞钙信号和活性氧信号转导有重要的调控作用．超氧炫是新近发现的单个线粒体超氧阴离子短时程爆发现象,反映了活性氧生成动力学的一种新形式．线粒体钙信号作为重要的细胞功能调控信号,能否及如何调控超氧炫尚待深入研究．本研究对HeLa细胞进行高胞外钙和离子霉素刺激,或用皂苷穿孔细胞质膜后置于高钙细胞内液中,两种方法均显著增加了超氧炫发生的频率．其中,穿孔细胞胞浆高钙诱导的超氧炫依赖于线粒体钙单向转运体,表明超氧炫由线粒体基质内高钙信号所诱发．重要的是,离子霉素诱导的超氧炫发生频率与线粒体稳态钙水平线性相关,而与瞬态线粒体钙无相关性,提示钙离子对超氧炫的调控是一个多步骤、相对缓慢的过程．综上,线粒体基质的稳态高钙是超氧炫的重要调控因子．     

κ-卡拉胶琥珀酰基化衍生物的抗氧化活性研究

对κ-卡拉胶进行酸降解得到三种卡拉胶低聚糖,并进一步琥珀酰基化得到分子量分别为2720、4000和5960的κ-卡拉胶琥珀酰衍生物(A、B和C)。对产物进行FT-IR表征,并测得其琥珀酰基取代度(DS)分别为0.61、0.29和0.83。检测了三种κ-卡拉胶琥珀酰衍生物对超氧阴离子自由基O2.-、DPPH自由基、羟基自由基.OH以及过氧化氢的清除活性。结果表明:随着取代度的增加,其清除超氧阴离子自由基O2.-和DPPH自由基的能力增强;随着分子量的增加,其清除羟基自由基.OH和过氧化氢的能力增强。这可能与衍生物的羟基含量、取代基团的性质以及取代度等因素有关。     

烟曲霉及其渗出物对人中性粒细胞呼吸爆发的影响

目的:探讨烟曲霉及其渗出物(AfD)对肝移植患者和正常人中性粒细胞(PMN)O-2爆发水平的影响,为进一步研究肝移植后患者易感烟曲霉的发生机制奠定基础.方法:用烟曲霉孢子悬液、烟曲霉孢子悬液 烟曲霉渗出物的混合液分别刺激正常人和肝移植后患者的PMN,1.5小时后流式细胞术测定其O-2(超氧阴离子)水平.结果:分离纯化获得的中性粒细胞纯度较高,其比例＞98%,台盼蓝排斥法测活细胞＞98%.相同条件下,孢子悬液、孢子与AfD混合液刺激正常人PMN产生的O-2呼吸爆发水平差异无统计学意义,但二者刺激肝移植患者PMN时,O-2爆发水平有显著差异(P＜0.01)、正常人与患者的PMN所爆发O-2水平有显著差异(P＜0.01).结论:肝移植患者的PMN与混合液所爆发的O-2水平较正常人明显降低,提示这可能与肝移植患者易感烟曲霉菌有一定关系.     

细胞内、外源活性氧致人多形核白细胞膜理化特性改变的研究

DPH和N-(3芘)马来酰亚胺标记光敏氧化反应及黄嘌呤/黄嘌呤氧化酶反应生成外源性单线态氧(O_2)和超氧阴离子自由基(O_2)作用人多形核白细胞膜脂及膜蛋白质、荧光激发发射光谱形状、峰位未发生改变,荧光强度减小,其中以N-(3芘)马来酰亚胺标记O_2作用的膜蛋白质更为明显.荧光偏振度增大,相应清除剂L-组氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶有抑制效应.调理的酵母多糖刺激中性粒细胞呼吸爆发产生膜、胞内活性氧损伤膜脂、膜蛋白质,测定荧光参数变化与前者不尽相同,DPH荧先强度显著增加,L-组氨酸,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶似无抑制效果.     

内毒素血症对大鼠肝细胞线粒体的损伤及其机制

目的:观察内毒素血症大鼠肠粘膜与肝细胞线粒体氧化磷酸化功能的损伤及其机制.方法:测定血PaO2和肠黏膜Phi,提取肝细胞线粒体测定其超氧阴离子O-2生成量,同时测定线粒体呼吸链功能:ADP/O、呼吸控制率(RCR).结果:在内毒素血症大鼠动脉血氧分压尚正常时,其肝细胞线粒体O-2生成量显著增加.结论:在内毒素血症的发病机制中存在由于肝细胞线粒体内源性氧自由基生成增加对线粒体呼吸功能所造成的氧化损伤.肠粘膜酸中毒的发生提示细胞利用氧的功能障碍.     

聚苹果酸合成新方法及其聚苹果酸苄基酯用作药物载体的研究

目的:优化β-聚苹果酸(PMLA)的合成路线,制备部分氢化的聚苹果酸苄基酯(PMLABz),为构建载药纳米胶束提供两亲性聚合物载体。方法:分别以L-天冬氨酸和L-苹果酸为原料,合成单体β-苄氧羰基-β-丙内酯,再通过阴离子开环聚合制备PMLABz,最终氢化制备PMLA。X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热仪等对材料的性质进行表征,L929成纤维细胞测定聚合物的细胞毒性,透析法制备部分氢化的聚苹果酸苄基酯空白胶束。结果:通过优化反应条件,以L-苹果酸为原料合成关键中间体β-苄氧羰基-β-丙内酯的终产率为31.5%,对比文献报道的L-天冬氨酸合成路线,产率提高近7倍。X-RD结果表明以L-苹果酸为原料制备的PMLABz有明显的衍射峰,结晶度高,熔点随之升高,MTT实验证实PMLABz无毒性。部分氢化的PMLABz可在水中自组装成一定粒径的胶束,氢化77%的PMLABz可得到粒径均匀、形态良好的纳米胶束。结论:分别以L-天冬氨酸和L-苹果酸为原料合成聚苹果酸,优化合成路线,提高终产率,得到了新晶型PMLABz,并通过部分氢化PMLABz制备两亲性聚合物进而得到纳米胶束,为后期纳米释药体系研究提供优良载体。     

大黄鱼头肾巨噬细胞体外模型的构建

通过优化Percoll密度梯度离心技术,从大黄鱼 (Larmichthys crocea) 头肾组织中分离纯化巨噬细胞,并优化细胞培养条件。对所分离细胞进行形态学分析、普通光镜和电镜超微结构观察以及细胞功能验证实验。实验结果表明:细胞单层置于22℃无CO2恒温培养箱中,于L15培养基中培养5d后仍保持较高的活力。普通光镜和电镜观察到大黄鱼头肾巨噬细胞具有伪足发生和较强的吞噬能力、胞浆中富含线粒体以及吞噬小泡。巨噬细胞与不同浓度(0、0.1、1、20 μg/mL)的脂多糖(LPS,Escherichia coli 055:B5)分别孵育3h和24h。施加LPS刺激后,细胞呼吸暴发活性随LPS浓度以及孵育时间变化而变化。孵育3h后,0.1 μg/mL LPS协同PMA可显著诱导巨噬细胞活性氧中间体(ROI)的产生。孵育24h后,所有处理组LPS协同PMA显著抑制细胞ROI的生成(P 0.05)。未添加PMA时, 经1 μg/mL LPS孵育3h和24h后的巨噬细胞细胞ROI的生成量显著降低(P 0.05), 其他LPS处理组间细胞ROI的生成量无显著差异。       

低分子量κ-卡拉胶马来酰基化衍生物的制备及抗氧化活性的研究

对κ-卡拉胶进行氧化降解,得到分子量不同的两种卡拉胶低聚糖,并分别制成四丁基铵盐,进而与马来酸酐进行酰化,制得两种不同分子量的卡拉胶马来酰基化衍生物.对产物进行IR表征,并对产物的抗氧化性能进行测试.结果表明:κ-卡拉胶在马来酰基化以后对超氧阴离子自由基O_2以及过氧化氢的清除能力都大大增强了.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.