浅谈胸腔闭式引流术的护理体会

胸腔闭式引流术是利用重力学的原理引出胸膜腔内的积液、积气,恢复、重建胸膜腔内负压,平衡压力,促进肺部复张,恢复肺脏有效的呼吸功能,改善缺氧状态。胸腔闭式引流术广泛应用于临床,是胸外科重要的治疗手段之一,是治疗胸外伤血气胸、脓胸、自发性气胸的有效治疗方法[1]。     

内镜下套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的护理体会

目的探讨内镜下多连发套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者围术期的护理方法。方法对36例食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者行内镜下多连发套扎术。术前做好患者的心理护理、患者准备、物品准备和术前准备,术中的密切配合,术后的生活指导、病情观察、饮食护理、皮肤护理、睡眠护理,以及出院健康指导。结果36例食管静脉曲张破裂出血行套扎术急诊止血成功率100％,术中无并发症发生。近期无复发32例,为88.89％。结论内镜下套扎术治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血,具有操作简便、安全、并发症少、疗效显著等优点。护士掌握内镜套扎治疗配合和护理的各种技能的熟练程度,对治疗效果有重要影响。     

大剂量垂体后叶素治疗食管静脉曲张破裂的护理

食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门脉高压患者最常见的并发症和致死原因［１］。我院于１９９５年开始使用大剂量垂体后叶素持续缓慢静脉滴注法,治疗食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血２６例,效果满意。现将临床观察及护理报告如下。１临床资料本组２６例,其中男１８例,...     

成人先天性食管与支气管瘘治疗体会( 附4 例报告)

食管先天性畸形，多伴有食管与气管瘘，这是因为食管与气管在胎生时共同生自原始前肠，以后自两侧向内生嵴，至5—6周时二者完全分开，各自发育成食管和气管。倘若分化不全，则发生食管闭锁或食管与气管支气管畸形，所以先天性食管气管畸形多数是并存的。     

饮食护理干预在食管静脉曲张套扎术后患者的应用

食管静脉曲张破裂（EVL）出血是肝硬化门静脉高压最严重的并发症之一,首次出血死亡率高达50％～70％,仅复出出血发生率为80％,因此有效控制出血是抢救成功的关键。我院采取内镜下曲张静脉套扎联合硬化治疗出血,取得了良好的治疗效果,而术后护理是确保手术成功的关键。     

食管静脉曲张硬化治疗的配合及护理

内镜下食管静脉硬化剂注射术(EIS)是目前治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的一种有效方法。该术急诊止血率为94·6%[1],反复治疗食管静脉曲张消失率为73%[2]。我院于2002~2004年,对30例慢性乙型肝炎后肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者进行治疗,现将操作配合及护理报告如下。1临床     

持续负压吸引治疗难治性气胸的观察及护理

难治性气胸是呼吸科的常见病症,其多发生在慢性阻塞性肺病、硅沉着病、肺结核等慢性肺部疾病基础上,病情重,治疗难度大,临床处理较为棘手[1]。我科对24例难治性气胸应用带针胸管进行胸腔闭式引流术并行持续负压吸引治疗及护理,取得满意效果。现将治疗护理体会报告如下。     

肝癌破裂出血行肝动脉栓塞治疗的护理

目的:探讨肝癌自发性破裂出血行急诊肝动脉栓塞治疗手术前后的护理方法。方法:回顾性分析17例原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血患者的急救及护理措施的临床资料。结果:17例患者入院后均有失血性休克表现,经肝动脉栓塞治疗后,治愈出院14例,死亡1例,放弃治疗2例,治疗总有效率为82.4%,死亡率为5.9%。结论:急诊肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌破裂出血简单、有效,手术前后的护理非常重要,术前应密切注意患者病情变化,做好术前准备,术后常规止血、止吐,加强支持护理,及时观察手术并发症及疗效,积极预防和治疗各种并发症,是降低患者死亡率的关键。     

阴茎折断诊断治疗体会(附11例报道)

目的:探讨阴茎折断伤的诊断和治疗方法的经验.方法:2003年4月-2008年11月我院共诊治阴茎折断患者11例.结果:10例采用急诊手术治疗,1例患者,拒绝手术治疗,予以采取保守治疗.11例患者住院时间为4-9天,平均6天.随访3个月～2年,行手术治疗患者10例和保守治疗的患者1例,均恢复良好,没有出现勃起功能障碍、排尿困难及疼痛等并发症.结论:阴茎折断的诊断主要依据是典型痛史及临床表现,急诊行手术探查是可靠和有效的治疗方法.     

PPH术治疗痔疮的护理体会

痔上黏膜环切术（PPH）与传统的痔疮手术不同,它并不直接处理痔本身,而是用一种称“PPH吻合器”的特殊器械将痔上方的直肠黏膜垂脱带行环形切除,阻断了直肠末端动静脉的终末吻合枝,从而消除痔疮发生的根源。PPH手术保留了肛垫及齿状线的完整性,故术后疼痛轻、恢复快,对排便功能影响小。现就我科2008年1月～2010年2月施行PPH手术33例患者的护理体会报告如下。     

食管癌患者在放射治疗中不同营养途径的护理管理效应

目的:探讨不同营养途径包括直接经食管与间接经鼻饲、胃造瘘进食的食管癌患者在放射治疗过程中的护理措施和方法对患者的临床效应。方法:回顾性分析我科一年来放射治疗的63例食管鳞状细胞癌患者的临床资料,其中46例患者直接经食管进食,其余17例治疗前行鼻饲或胃造瘘进食,在治疗过程中注重对患者的心理护理、饮食及放疗并发症护理。结果:放疗前行鼻饲或食管造瘘患者在放疗过程中依从性好,放射性食管炎能更好的控制,未发生食管穿孔及食管气管瘘等重大放疗并发症。结论:放疗前行鼻饲或胃造瘘的食管癌患者,周密的观察与细致的护理,主动的护患沟通,会导致积极的临床效应,可减轻放射损伤,降低食管穿孔及食管气管瘘的几率,延长患者生命,提高其生活质量。     

Adrenal Myelolipomas in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Review of the Literature and A Case Report

ObjectiveTo review the association between congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and adrenal myelolipomas and report a case of bilateral, giant adrenal myelolipomas in a patient with untreated CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.MethodsWe describe the patient’s clinical presentation, imaging findings, and laboratory test results and review the relevant English-language literature concerning patients with both CAH and myelolipomas.ResultsA 45-year-old man with untreated CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency presented with increasing abdominal girth and abdominal pain. Computed tomography of the abdomen demonstrated very low-density adrenal masses (22 × 11 cm on the left side and 6 × 5.5-cm on the right side) consistent with adrenal myelolipomas. The left adrenal myelolipoma was resected (24.4 × 19.0 × 9.5 cm; 2557 g). The mass was composed of mature adipose tissue with areas of hematopoietic cells of myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocytic cell lines. Islands of adrenal cortical cells were scattered between the adipose and hematopoietic tissue. Including the present case, we identified 31 patients with both CAH and myelolipomas who have been described in the English-language literature. The details of these cases were reviewed.ConclusionsPersons with CAH may be at increased risk of developing adrenal myelolipomas, particularly if their CAH is poorly controlled. How and whether chronic exposure of the adrenal glands to high corticotropin levels increases the risk of developing myelolipomas remains a matter of speculation. (Endocr Pract. 2011;17:441-447)     

低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸术前胆红素异常的处理策略探讨(附134例报告)

目的:探讨低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸患者术前胆红素异常的处理策略,以提高该类患者的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析西京医院肝胆外科2008年1月1日-2017年12月31日收治的符合研究条件的134例低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸(术前总胆红素≥171μmol/L)患者,按胆红素水平分为中、重度黄疸组,分析和比较两组术前黄疸的处理方法、术后肝功能、并发症情况等。结果:两组患者胆道引流后总胆红素水平均明显低于引流前,而肝功能Child-Pugh分级比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);两组行术前胆道引流患者与未行胆道引流患者的围手术期情况比较均无统计学差异(P0.05);两组行术前胆道引流患者与未行胆道引流患者的手术并发症的发生情况比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:对于低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,无论中度黄疸还是重度黄疸,原则上术前不必行胆道引流。对于伴有脏器功能不全、急性炎症或其他暂不宜手术的患者,可先行胆道引流处理,限期手术。若行术前胆道引流,采用PTCD方式,更为简单安全有效。     

Low-Vision Rehabilitation by Means of MP-1 Biofeedback Examination in Patients with Different Macular Diseases: A Pilot Study

Macular disease is one of the main causes of visual impairment. We studied the efficacy of low-vision rehabilitation by means of MP-1 biofeedback examination in patients with different macular disease. Five patients were enrolled (3 female and 2 male, mean age 53.8 years) and a total of 9 eyes was examined: 2 eyes with vitelliform dystrophy, 1 with a post-traumatic macular scar, 2 with Stargardt disease, 2 with myopic macular degeneration, 2 with cone dystrophy. All the patients underwent the following tests: visual acuity, reading speed, fixation test, MP-1 microperimetry. Low-vision rehabilitation, which lasted 10 weeks, consisted of 10 training sessions of 10 min for each eye, performed once a week using the MP-1 biofeedback examination. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. After training all patients displayed an improvement in visual acuity, fixation behaviour, retinal sensitivity and reading speed. Fixation behaviour within the 2° diameter circle improved and was statistically significant for reading speed (p = 0.01). Reading speed improved from a mean value of 64.3 to 92 words/min. Our results show that audio feedback can, by increasing attentional modulation, help the brain to fix the final preferred retinal locus. Audio feedback facilitates stimuli transmission between intraretinal neurons as well as between the retina and brain, which is where the highest level of stimuli processing occurs, thereby probably supporting a “remapping phenomenon”.     

蛇伤胶囊治疗黄蜂蜇伤临床疗效观察

目的观察蛇伤胶囊治疗黄蜂蜇伤的临床疗效。方法将321例黄蜂蜇伤患者随机分为两组,对照组158例采用局部处理、抗感染、注射破伤风抗毒素、应用糖皮质激素、保护胃黏膜、改善细胞代谢及对症处理等治疗;治疗组163例在对照组治疗的基础上加用蛇伤胶囊治疗。比较两组患者治疗前、后的中医证候积分,并进行临床疗效评价。结果治疗前两组患者的中医证候积分无显著差异（P〉0．05）,治疗后两组患者中医证候积分差值比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）;两组的临床疗效比较差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论蛇伤胶囊可以改善黄蜂蜇伤患者的临床症状,提高临床疗效。     

中国人免疫球蛋白同种异型的研究:中华民族起源的一个假说

调查了我国24个民族、74个群体的免疫球蛋白同种异型Gm、Km分布。测定了9560例个体的Gm(1,2,3,5,21)因子和9611例个体的Km(1)因子。根据Gm单体型频率计算了遗传距离并绘制了系统树。结果支持作者早前提出的有关中华民族起源于古代两个不同群体的假说。这两个群体大致以北纬30度为界,分别居栖在黄河和长江流域。本文数据和其他主要人种的Gm分布资料相比较,作者认为在人类进化中,尼格鲁人种首先和高加索-蒙古人种分离;然后高加索人种和蒙古人种分离。不同人种间的差异,大于同一人种内不同群体间的差异。蒙古人种明显地被分为南、北两大类型,分别以具有高频率的Gm~(1;21)和Gm~(1,3;5)单体型作为种族的标记。与高加索人种关联的Gm~(3;5)单体型存在于中国西北地区的少数民族中,提示混有高加索人种血缘。很可能来源于中亚地区的高加索人,通过“丝绸之路”进入中国。Km因子在所调查的74个群体中呈随机分布。     

The Obligation to Negotiate in the Philippines v. China Case: A Critique of the Award on Jurisdiction

The two states in the Philippines v. China Case have continually reaffirmed in multiple documents and the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea that they agreed to resolve their disputes in the South China Sea through consultations and negotiations. However, the Arbitral Tribunal in its Award on Jurisdiction held that no obligation of negotiation was provided for in these instruments because they were not legally binding agreements. Moreover, the Tribunal found that the Philippines had satisfied the “obligation to seek a solution through pacific means, including negotiation.” There are problems and deficiencies in the reasoning of the Tribunal respecting these findings.     

沙质荒漠化土地景观分类与制图—以毛乌素沙地为例

对景观分类理论和方法进行了探索,并以毛乌素沙地为研究对象,提出了一套适用于农牧交错区沙质荒漠化土地景观分类与制图的方法。由于沙丘分布广泛,与地带性植被和土壤的分布相迭加,增加了地表景观的破碎程度,使农牧交错区沙地的主要景观要素类型在结构上具有复合性。为了更好地描述沙地景观的复合性特征,作者提出景观基本结构组分的概念。首先确定景观基本结构组分,根据景观基本结构组分的不同组合确定景观要素类型;然后在野外调查的基础上,通过对遥感数据的解译和判读进行景观要素类型的划分;最后在GIS支持下成图。该方法对我国北方农牧交错区沙质荒漠化土地具有普遍意义。