秦岭细鳞鲑栖息地环境特征研究

为研究秦岭细鳞鲑（Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis）的栖息地环境选择偏好,对陕西陇县秦岭细鳞鲑国家级自然保护区和甘肃秦州珍稀水生野生动物国家级自然保护区内25个样点进行了鱼类采样和生境测量。共采集到130尾秦岭细鳞鲑样本,样点的平均分布密度为（0.10±0.07）尾/m,两个保护区内秦岭细鳞鲑的密度存在显著性差异（P < 0.05）。与秦岭细鳞鲑密度分布呈正相关的因子依次为坡度、跌水区密度、海拔、粗糙度、遮蔽度、底栖动物生物量和流速,与密度呈负相关的环境因子依次为河宽、水深和溶氧。冗余性分析（RDA）筛选了坡度、粗糙度、遮蔽度、海拔和跌水区5个关键环境因子。基于关键环境因子的实测值建立了栖息地适合度曲线,秦岭细鳞鲑分布的最适坡度范围为5%-10%,海拔分布范围为1500-2000 m,粗糙度范围0.3-0.4;跌水区密度范围12-18个/100 m,遮蔽度在0.5以上。     

基于形态学差异探讨秦岭细鳞鲑亚种有效性问题

秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis Li)的亚种分类地位自命名以来一直饱受争议。研究运用单因素方差分析、主成分分析、判别分析、聚类分析及差异系数检验法, 对秦岭细鳞鲑和黑龙江流域的尖吻细鳞鲑(B. lenok lenok)和钝吻细鳞鲑(B. tumensis)的5项可数性状和34项标准化后的比例性状进行统计分析。单因素方差分析结果表明, 尖吻细鳞鲑、钝吻细鳞鲑和秦岭细鳞鲑在32项比例性状和5项可数性状上存在极显著差异(P<0.01); 主成分分析结果显示, 贡献率较大的前3个主成分的累计贡献率为92.779%; 以逐步判别分析方法选用14个判别效果较好的比例性状构建了3个细鳞鲑类群的判别函数, 综合判别率为99.4%。基于欧式距离矩阵法构建的形态学聚类图显示, 秦岭细鳞鲑和尖吻细鳞鲑距离较近, 而与钝吻细鳞鲑距离较远。据Mayr 75%亚种识别和划分规则, 34项比例性状和5项可数性状中, 尖吻细鳞鲑和秦岭细鳞鲑第一鳃弓外鳃耙数目的差异系数大于1.28, 而钝吻细鳞鲑和秦岭细鳞鲑有31项比例性状和2项可数性状的差异系数高于1.28。据分析结果, 结合秦岭细鳞鲑地理隔离的事实及其与尖吻细鳞鲑和钝吻细鳞鲑的形态差异, 推断秦岭细鳞鲑与黑龙江流域内的尖吻细鳞鲑的形态差异程度至少已达亚种水平。     

基于线粒体控制区和微卫星标记探讨秦岭细鳞鲑物种有效性

文章基于线粒体控制区基因序列和微卫星标记比较秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax tsinlingensis Li)、黑龙江流域的尖吻细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok Pallas)和钝吻细鳞鲑(Brachymystax tumensis Mori)的分子遗传差异,为澄清其分类地位争议提供分子证据。结果表明:(1)扩增217个样本的mtDNA D-loop区序列,共获得45个单倍型,类群间无共享单倍型;基于单倍型构建的系统进化树显示三个细鳞鲑类群呈独立的支系;(2)基于14个呈多态性位点的遗传分化结果表明,秦岭细鳞鲑与尖吻或钝吻细鳞鲑之间的遗传距离均大于尖吻细鳞鲑和钝吻细鳞鲑之间的遗传距离;(3)基于线粒体D-loop和多态性微卫星位点计算出的遗传分化系数(F_ST)都远高于0.25表明三个类群间的遗传分化程度极高。这些结果表明,秦岭细鳞鲑与黑龙江流域细鳞鲑之间遗传分化程度高,结合前期发现秦岭细鳞鲑与黑龙江细鳞鲑类群有明显形态分化的研究结果及它们之间地理隔离已久的现状,研究初步判定秦岭细鳞鲑为独立物种,并建议以Brachymystax tsinlinge...     

鱼类三代虫研究进展

三代虫是一类常见的鱼类体表寄生虫,广泛寄生于各种鱼类,其危害近年有加剧之势,对鱼类养殖业造成较大威胁。本文从三代虫的分类方法、种群动态和引起寄主免疫反应等方面综述了鱼类三代虫研究现状及发展趋势。     

武陵山地区鱼类寄生三代虫三新种

作者于 1988-1991年在我国西南部的武陵山地区各水系收集到一批淡水鱼类寄生单殖吸虫标本, 经鉴定三代虫有三新种, 现报道如下。量度均以毫米为单位。模式标本保存在中国科学院水生生物研究所鱼病学研究室。       

铜鱼寄生三代虫一新种的记述

本文报道我国长江中游铜鱼鳃部寄生的三代虫一新种,即:铜鱼三代虫(新种)Gyrodactylus coreiusisp.nov.,新种的形态特征及其与相近种之间的差别在文中进行了描述和比较。     

额尔齐斯河几种鱼类寄生三代虫种类鉴定及系统发育

对采自额尔齐斯河的银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)、东方欧鳊(Abramis brama orientalis Berg)、黏鲈(Gymnocephalus cernua Linnaeus)、金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)感染的三代虫(Gyrodactylus sp.)进行了研究, 通过几丁质结构的形态测量与比较, 初步鉴定寄生于银鲫的为细锚三代(G. sprostonae), 寄生东方欧鳊的为秀丽三代虫(G. elegans), 寄生黏鲈的为普氏三代虫(G. prostate), 寄生金鳟的为细鳞鲑三代虫(G. brachymystacis)。同时将测定的三代虫的ITS序列, 与GenBank上三代虫序列进行比对分析, 发现上述4种三代虫分别与细锚三代虫、秀丽三代虫、细鳞鲑三代虫、普氏三代虫的ITS同源性都在99.3%以上, 进一步验证了形态学的鉴定结果。系统发育分析显示细鳞鲑三代虫和细锚三代虫位于G. (Limnonephrotus)亚属的一枝, 秀丽三代虫和普氏三代虫位于G. (Gyrodactylus)亚属的一枝, 而此两亚属亲缘关系较远。     

秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax tsinlingensis)与细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)当年幼鱼几何形态学特征的比较

秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystaxtsinlingensis)和细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)为近缘种,均为国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,对二者当年幼鱼几何形态学特征的比较可为物种鉴定与保护、增殖放流等提供重要依据。为探究当年幼鱼的形态差异,运用Tps软件建立薄板样条模型,比较了24项相对几何形态学特征的差异并进行了主成分分析。结果表明：二者的整体结构框架背景网格在头部、背部、尾部和腹部均呈现不同程度的弯曲,细鳞鲑的头部稍尖;秦岭细鳞鲑的13项相对几何形态学特征与细鳞鲑存在显著差异(P<0.05),如背鳍基部长度(C4/C1)、臀鳍基部长度(C13/C1)、眼径(C20/C1)、头高(C25/C1)大于细鳞鲑(P<0.05),而胸鳍基部至吻端的相对距离(C16/C1)小于细鳞鲑(P<0.05)。主成分分析显示,秦岭细鳞鲑与细鳞鲑在PC1和PC2水平上仅个别样本出现重叠分布,两物种的样本相对集中。总之,秦岭细鳞鲑与细鳞鲑当年幼鱼的几何形态学特征具有显著种间差异,特别是头部和尾部特征。     

甘肃分布的我国特有鱼类-秦岭细鳞鲑

从形态、食性、洄游、生殖、栖息地选择方面讨论了秦岭细鳞鲑的分类地位和生物学习性．结合其在甘肃的分布范围、资源现状、利用价值、致危因素等,提出几点保护措施。     

秦岭细鳞鲑耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

对两种不同体重规格的秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)的耗氧率、耗氧量及窒息点进行了测定,结果表明,秦岭细鳞鲑的耗氧率随温度的升高而增加,随体重的增加而减小;耗氧量和窒息点随温度的升高和体重的增加而增加。温度在10~18℃范围内,平均体重25.15 g的秦岭细鳞鲑的平均耗氧率为1.113 mg/g.h,平均耗氧量为9.244 mg/尾.h;平均体重45.93 g的秦岭细鳞鲑平均耗氧率为0.856mg/g.h,平均耗氧量为13.104 mg/尾.h。在10~20℃温度范围内,体重15.30 g的秦岭细鳞鲑,窒息点为(1.487±0.04)mg/L,平均体重48.36 g的秦岭细鳞鲑窒息点为(1.830±0.03)mg/L。在同一适温(14℃)条件下,秦岭细鳞鲑耗氧率呈明显的昼夜变化规律,夜间耗氧率明显大于白天。     

Arteriosclerosis in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): a developmental analysis

Arteriosclerosis in Oncorhynchur mykiss has been examined histologically in parr, smolts, spawning adults and post-spawning adults captured during downstream migration. All stages of fish from the Clearwater River in Idaho are characterized by the presence of lesions in the main vessel on the bulbus arteriosus. The incidence is lowest in parr, increases significantly in smolts, and is present in 100% of spawning fish. Regression of lesions was not observed in either hatchery or wild fish after spawning.     

Opsonizing properties of natural antibodies of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

In order to confirm previous observations in which a protective effect of rainbow trout natural antibodies against furunculosis was suspected, phagocytosis studies wereconducted in vitro , using combinations of rainbow trout sera with high or low levels of natural antibodies and active or inactivated complement as opsonizing factors. Opsonization was observed in all the cases where complement was present, and to a lesser degree with sera containing only natural antibodies. The results confirm the prime importance of the complement system and provide additional evidence for a possible role of natural antibodies in antimicrobial defences.     

Iteroparity in complex mating systems of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

This study investigated diverse reproductive types in complex mating systems of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss . Postspawned steelhead (kelts) were sampled during attempted downstream migration over Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River, U.S.A. Multilocus microsatellite genotypes (14 loci) were used to assign unknown origin, kelt individuals to upstream populations of origin. Results indicated that iteroparity is a life-history trait that remains in several tributaries of the Snake River basin despite strong selection against downstream adult passage because of hydroelectric dams. The largest populations of steelhead in the Snake River, however, were only weakly represented (Clearwater River = 7·5% and Salmon River = 9·4%, respectively) in the kelt steelhead mixture relative to the Grande Ronde River (18·2%), Imnaha River (17·4%), Pahsimeroi Hatchery (25·2%) and Asotin Creek (22·2%). A lack of correlation between population escapement size and kelt proportions ( P > 0·05) suggests that iteroparity was not uniformly expressed across populations, but was significantly negatively correlated with body size ( P < 0·05). Iteroparity may be a valuable source of genetic variability and a conservation priority, especially in years with poor recruitment or in recently bottlenecked populations.     

Haemoglobin isomorph abundances in splenectomized rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) were rendered acutely anaemic by immersion in phenylhydrazine HC1 at 5° C. Following splenectomy or sham operation erythropoiesis was induced by gradual warming. No consistent or significant differences in red cell numbers, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean erythrocytic volume or haemoglobin or haemoglobin isomorph system organization were evident during or following recovery. It is unlikely, therefore, that reported acclimatory adjustments in haemoglobin isomorph abundances can be attributed to site-related differences in erythroid cell lineages.     

The host specificity of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea): susceptibility of Oncovhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) under experimental conditions

An experimental epidemiological approach was chosen to study the survival and infection dynamics of Gyrodactylus salaris on juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , in the laboratory. A marked heterogeneity in the host stock was apparent. The rainbow trout could be divided into three groups on the basis of parasite survival and infection pattern on individually isolated fish: (1) hosts receptive to initial parasite attachment, but unreceptive to parasite establishment and reproduction; (2) hosts moderately susceptible to parasite establishment and reproduction, but which, after a period of restricted parasite population growth, responded, recovered and eliminated the parasites; and (3) hosts very susceptible to parasite infection and reproduction, but which, after a period of significant parasite population growth, responded, recovered and eliminated the parasites. These different patterns are considered to reflect genetic differences between host individuals. Parasite aggregation was also shown to be an important factor in the outcome of the host-parasite association. The parasites were finally eliminated on the individually isolated hosts, but not on hosts maintained in batches and so host population size and immigration of fresh. previously unexposed, hosts appeared to be important for growth and maintenance of the parasite population. The parasite was not found to cause host mortality. Rainbow trout was a suitable host for G. salaris , capable of transmitting the parasite to new localities as a consequence of stocking programmes or migratory behaviour.     

Uptake of vitellogenin into oocytes during early vitellogenic development in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Uptake of ³H-vitellogenin (³H-VTG) into oocytes of various sizes was investigated during early vitellogenic development in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Females were injected with ³H-VTG and uptake into oocytes of different sizes (<0.4,0.4–0.59, 0.6–0.79, 0.8–0.99 and 1.0 1.2 mm in diameter) measured. Oocytes measuring less than 0.6 mm in diameter appeared unable to sequester VTG and were therefore considered pre-vitellogenic. Oocytes measuring 0.6 mm or more all sequestered VTG. The larger the oocyte, the more ³H-VTG it sequestered, even when uptake was expressed per unit surface area. The latter observation could be due to an increase in the number of VTG receptors per unit surface area, an increase in the rate of turnover of the VTG receptor, greater access of VTG to the receptors as oocytes grow, or a combination of any of these factors. The data suggest that the ability to sequester VTG is developmentally regulated.     

秦岭黄杨科1新分布种——板凳果

报道了秦岭黄杨科(Buxaceae)板凳果属(Pachysandra Michx.)1新分布种——板凳果(Pachysandra axil-laris Franch.)。     

The effect of feeding hierarchy on individual variability in daily feeding of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Three groups of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , (initial weight 40 g) were fed one of three rations (low, medium or high) for 73 days. Consumption by individual fish within the three ration groups was measured on four occasions (days 27, 55, 64 and 72) using radiography. Food intake by individual fish varied between days and this variability was expressed using the coefficient of variation (CV). Dominant fish within each ration group were defined as individuals with the greater share of the group meal and these fish had low CVs for food intake indicating relatively little variation in daily consumption. By contrast, the fish which had consumed a low mean proportion of the group meal displayed high CVs for food intake, indicating considerable variability in the sizes of individual meals consumed by these fish. As group ration increased, the range of meal sizes and individual CVs in daily feeding decreased, suggesting that the strength of the feeding hierarchy and the variability in individual consumption decreased as food availability increased. It is suggested that radiography can be used to assess social relationships within groups of fish allowing the assessment of feeding hierarchies in larger groups of fish than would be possible by observational techniques.     

Lysozyme activity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), stressed by handling, transport and water pollution

Blood lysozyme activity was determined in rainbow trout that were stressed by handling and transport, or suffered from acute ammonia poisoning. To optimize the lysoplate assay, the pH dependence of the lysozyme activity was studied. For serum and kidney lysozyme, the pH optimum was 5.5 to 6.0. Ventilation frequency and plasma glucoseconcentration of the fish were used as stress indicators. Less severely stressful situations, such as 30 min of handling, brought about either a stimulation or a suppression of the lysozyme activity. Strong stressors, such as transport lasting 2 h or acute water pollution, reduced the lysozyme level significantly. The decrease of lysozyme activity due to handling and transport persisted for 24 h, but the activity returned to normal within 2 weeks following confrontation with the stressor.     

Environmental influences on cardiovascular variables in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Two groups of wild (lakedwelling and anadromous), and a group of hatchery-reared Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) (rainbow trout) were sampled in order to measure cardiac morphometrics, haemoglobin concentration, and the DNA and protein concentration in cardiac muscle. A combination of these variables was used to distinguish wild fish from domestic ones.
The wild fish had significantly higher levels of haemoglobin (for male fish, 10.10 and 10.07 g 100 ml⁻¹ vs. 7.69 g d⁻¹) and larger relative ventricle mass (females, 0.091 and 0.099% ofbody mass vs. 0.073%; males, 0.108 and 0.134% vs. 0.102%; immatures, 0.086 and 0.094% vs. 0, 072%, respectively) than the domestic fish. The anadromous and domestic fish had significantly higher amounts of compact tissue when compared with lake fish (females, 43 and 47% of ventricle mass vs. 34%, respectively). Ventricle size distinguished wild fish from domestic fish, except male anadromous and male domestic fish which were distinguished only by haemoglobin and compact tissue values. Immature fishes from all groups had lower total protein levels in the ventricle, lower compact tissue levels, and less haemoglobin. Points regarding the potential environmental influences in determining these cardiovascular trends are discussed.