Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional organization of the Escherichia coli enterobactin biosynthesis cistrons entB and entA

The nucleotide sequence of a 2,137-base-pair DNA fragment expressing enterobactin biosynthesis functions defined the molecular boundaries and translational products of the entB and entA genes and identified a closely linked downstream open reading frame encoding an uncharacterized protein of approximately 15,000 daltons (P15). The sequence revealed that an independent protein-coding sequence corresponding to an EntG polypeptide was not situated in the genetic region between the entB and entA cistrons, to which the EntG- phonotype had been genetically localized. As a result, the biochemical nature of the EntG function in the biosynthetic pathway requires reevaluation. The EntA polypeptide displayed significant similarities at the amino acid level to the pyridine nucleotide-binding domains of several members of a family of alcohol-polyol-sugar dehydrogenase enzymes, consistent with its function as the enzyme catalyzing the final step of dihydroxybenzoate biosynthesis. An additional role for EntA in the isochorismate synthetase activity of EntC was strongly implicated by genetic evidence. Evidence from the nucleotide sequence of this region and newly constructed ent-lacZ fusion plasmids argues strongly that these genes are linked in an iron-regulated entCEBA (P15) polycistronic operon.     

Analysis of transposable elements inserted in the genomes of bacteriophages Mu and P1.

We have examined the genomes of the temperate bacteriophages Mu and P1 and some of their insertion mutants for hybridization with the prokaryotic transposable elements IS1 and IS2. We used the DNA blotting-hybridization technique in which denatured DNA fragments are transferred to nitrocellulose paper directly from agarose gels and hybridized to 32P-labeled probe DNA. The 800 base pair insertion in an X mutant of Mu was found to hybridize with IS1. The chloramphenicol resistance transposon, Tn9, in Mu X cam mutants was found to be located at or close to the sites of IS1 insertion in X mutants; Tn9 also hybridized with IS1. The restriction endonuclease BalI cleaved IS1 once; it cleaved Tn9 in all Mu X cam mutants twice to release a fragment of about 1700 base pairs. These results support the conclusion that Tn9 contains one copy of IS1 at each end. In the P1cam isolate, from which Tn9 was transposed to Mu, BalI made a third cut in Tn9 giving rise to fragments of about 850 base pairs. The data further suggested that Tn9 is present in tandem copies in the P1cam isolate we examined. P1 itself was found to harbor IS1. The two P1 strains tested had a common fragment containing IS1; one strain had an additional copy of IS1. The IS1 element common to the P1 strains was shown to be the site of the Tn9 insertion in the P1cam isolate examined. No hybridization between IS2 and any of the Mu and P1 strains could be detected.     

Analysis of a Het- mutation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 implicates a secondary metabolite in the regulation of heterocyst spacing.

Transposon-generated mutant N10 of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 has a Het- phenotype (A. Ernst, T. Black, Y. Cai, J.-M. Panoff, D. N. Tiwari, and C. P. Wolk, J. Bacteriol. 174:6025-6032, 1992). Reconstruction of the transposon mutation reproduced a Het- phenotype, but reconstructions with other insertions at the position of the transposon produced strains that form multiple contiguous heterocysts. Sequence analysis around the site of insertion of the transposon showed that the insertion lies within the 5' end of an 861-bp open reading frame (ORF) (hetN). The product of translation of hetN (HetN) shows extensive similarity to NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases that are involved in biosyntheses of fatty acids, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate, nod factor, and polyketides. A second, 1,518-bp ORF (hetM) that ends 556 bp 5' from the start of hetN appears to encode a protein that has at least two functional domains: its amino terminus is similar to an acyl carrier protein, while its central portion is similar to domains of proteins that perform reductive reactions. A third, 711-bp ORF (hetI) encoded on the opposite strand ends 42 bp away from the 3' end of hetN. The protein encoded by hetI, HetI, is similar to Sfp from Bacillus subtilis and EntD from Escherichia coli, proteins that are required for the biosynthesis or export of cyclic peptides. Clones from a lambda-EMBL3 library that contain the wild-type DNA for hetN do not complement the hetN::Tn5-1063 mutation in N10. The presence of hetN, as the only ORF, on a replicating plasmid suppresses heterocyst formation in wild-type cells, whereas the additional presence of hetI alleviates this effect.     

Single-site chromosomal Tn5 insertions affect the export of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes in Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16.

Exponentially growing cells of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 usually export about 98% of their pectate lyase (PL) and protease, about 40% of their polygalacturonase (PG), and about 60% of their cellulase (endoglucanase or carboxymethyl cellulase; CL). By using the R plasmid, pJB4JI (pPH1JI::Mu::Tn5), three independent Tn5 insertion mutants were obtained that exported normal levels of protease but 10% or less of PL, PG, and CL. Physical analysis revealed that single copies of Tn5 had inserted into the E. chrysanthemi chromosome, producing a similar export-defective (Out-) phenotype. The synthesis of PL, PG, and CL was not affected by the Tn5 insertions. These enzymes were released from the mutants on spheroplast formation, indicating that they were located in the periplasmic space. Tn5 insertions caused the loss of a 35-kilodalton periplasmic protein, but did not alter the outer membrane protein composition. The findings are discussed with respect to the current knowledge on protein export in gram-negative bacteria.     

Characterization of the staphylococcal beta-lactamase transposon Tn552.

The staphylococcal beta-lactamase transposon Tn552 is a member of a novel group of transposable elements. The organization of genes in Tn552 resembles that of members of the Tn21 sub-group of Tn3 family transposons, which transpose replicatively by cointegrate formation and resolution. Thus, a possible resolution site ('resL') and a resolvase gene (tnpR or 'binL') have been identified. However, consistent with the fact that Tn552 generates 6 bp (rather than 5 bp) flanking direct repeats of target DNA, neither the putative transposase protein, nor the terminal inverted repeats of Tn552 are homologous to those of Tn3 elements. Tn552, like phage Mu and retroelements, is defined by the terminal dinucleotides 5' TG .. CA 3'. A naturally occurring staphylococcal plasmid, pI9789, contains a Tn552-derived resolution system ('resR-binR') that acts as a 'hotspot' for Tn552 transposition; insertion creates a segment of DNA flanked by inversely repeated resolution sites, one (resR) on pI9789 and the other (resL) on Tn552. The putative Tn552 resolvase, the most closely related of known resolvases to the homologous DNA invertases, initially was identified as a DNA invertase ('Bin') as a result of its ability to mediate efficient inversion of this segment in vivo.     

Single-site chromosomal Tn5 insertions affect the export of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes in Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16

Exponentially growing cells of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 usually export about 98% of their pectate lyase (PL) and protease, about 40% of their polygalacturonase (PG), and about 60% of their cellulase (endoglucanase or carboxymethyl cellulase; CL). By using the R plasmid, pJB4JI (pPH1JI::Mu::Tn5), three independent Tn5 insertion mutants were obtained that exported normal levels of protease but 10% or less of PL, PG, and CL. Physical analysis revealed that single copies of Tn5 had inserted into the E. chrysanthemi chromosome, producing a similar export-defective (Out-) phenotype. The synthesis of PL, PG, and CL was not affected by the Tn5 insertions. These enzymes were released from the mutants on spheroplast formation, indicating that they were located in the periplasmic space. Tn5 insertions caused the loss of a 35-kilodalton periplasmic protein, but did not alter the outer membrane protein composition. The findings are discussed with respect to the current knowledge on protein export in gram-negative bacteria.     

Cloning and sequencing of the gerD gene of Bacillus subtilis

A Tn917 insertion in the same region of the chromosome as gerD gave rise to a mutant (ger-97) with a germination phenotype similar to that of two gerD mutants which germinate abnormally in a range of germinants. The insertion and two gerD mutations were cotransformed with ribosomal protein genes rpoB, rpsE and rpsI. DNA cloned from one side of the insertion carried the 16S end of the ribosomal RNA operon rrnI. These data were consistent with the order rpoB-rpsE-rpsI-gerD/ger-97::Tn917-rrnI. Insertion into the wild-type chromosome of a plasmid carrying DNA adjacent to the insertion permitted the recovery of a 1.8 kb fragment of DNA which complemented ger-97::Tn917 and the gerD mutations. The DNA nucleotide sequence of the region of this fragment at which Tn917 had inserted revealed a 555 bp open reading frame, preceded by a ribosome-binding site and potential sigma E and sigma A promoter regions and encoding a predicted polypeptide of 21,117 Da. This polypeptide was largely hydrophilic but contained a hydrophobic region at the N-terminus resembling a signal peptide.     

Insertion of a transposon for chloramphenicol resistance into bacteriophage Mu.

We have isolated mutants of bacteriophage Mu carrying the X mutations caused by the insertion of cam (Tn9), a transposon for chloramphenicol resistance. The Mu X cam mutants were obtained by selecting for heat-resistant survivors of a Mucts62, P1cam dilysogen. Like the previously described X mutants, Mu X cam mutants are defective prophages which can be excised from the host DNA at a frequency of 10(-5) to 10(-7) per cell. Tn9 insertions in Mu X cam mutants are located within 5000 base pairs of the left end of Mu DNA in a region that controls early replication functions of Mu. There is one EcoRI cleavage site in Tn9. The Tn9 transposon itself can be excised precisely from the Mu X cam mutants to generate wild type Mu. In most Mu X cam mutants, precise excision of Tn9 occurs at a low frequency (10(-6) per cell), whereas in some, the frequency is higher (10(-4) per cell). Mu X cam prophages can replicate after induction with the help of wild type Mu. The lysates containing Mu X cam particles, however, fail to transduce chloramphenicol resistance at a high frequency; Mu X cam mutants apparently have a cis dominant defect in integration.     

Mutagenesis by insertion of drug resistance transposon Tn7 into a vibrio species

A halotolerant, collagenolytic strain of Vibrio sp. was conjugated with an Escherichia coli strain carrying plasmid RP4. The plasmid was transferred to and maintained in the Vibrio and could be subsequently transferred in matings to suitably marked stains of the same species. After conjugation with an E. coli carrying the cointegrate plasmid RP4::Mu cts61::Tn7, Vibrio transconjugants were selected that carried Tn7 inserted into the bacterial chromosome. A large proportion of these transconjugants were auxotrophic, showing that plasmid suicide by Mu can be used to isolate Tn7-derived mutants in Vibrio. Approximately half of the auxotrophs isolate Tn7-derived mutants in Vibrio. Approximately half of the auxotrophs isolated were ilv mutants, all of which exhibited the same phenotype. Thus, although Tn7 insertion can induce auxotrophy, including trp, thy, his and ura, in Vibrio, there does appear to be a hot spot for integration in the ilv operon.     

The bacteriophage Mu transposase protein can form high-affinity protein-DNA complexes with the ends of transposable elements of the Tn 3 family

The 37 kb transposable bacteriophage Mu genome encodes a transposase protein which can recognize and bind to a consensus sequence repeated three times at each extremity of its genome. A subset of this consensus sequence (5'-PuCGAAA(A)-3') is found in the ends of many class II prokaryotic transposable elements. These elements, like phage Mu, cause 5 bp duplications at the site of element insertion, and transpose by a cointegrate mechanism. Using the band retardation assay, we have found that crude protein extracts containing overexpressed Mu transposase can form high-affinity protein-DNA complexes with Mu att R and the ends of the class II elements Tn 3 (right) and IS101. No significant protein-DNA complex formation was observed with DNA fragments containing the right end of the element IS102, or a non-specific pBR322 fragment of similar size. These results suggest that the Mu transposase protein can specifically recognize the ends of other class II transposable elements and that these elements may be evolutionarily related.     

Transposon mutagenesis in Caulobacter crescentus

Transposons Tn5 (Km) and Tn7 (Tp and Sm) were transferred to Caulobacter crescentus via P-type antibiotic resistance factors. Transposition was demonstrated by the isolation of chromosomal insertions of each transposon. With C. crescentus strains harboring RP4 aphA::Tn7, the introduction of a wild-type RP4 resulted in the loss of the resident plasmid. Simultaneous selection for Kmr and Smr yielded colonies with chromosomal insertions of Tn7. Examination of over 10,000 chromosomal insertions of Tn7 indicated no auxotrophic or motility mutants. Thus, Tn7 appears to have a high specificity of insertion in C. crescentus. The Mu-containing plasmid pJB4JI transferred Tn5 to C. crescentus, but the plasmid was not maintained. Control experiments showed that recovery of Mu-containing plasmids occurred at very low frequencies in C. crescentus and that the plasmids which were recovered had undergone extensive deletion of plasmid DNA. Presumably, some part of the Mu genome was not tolerated by C. crescentus. The instability of the Mu-containing plasmids makes them excellent vectors for the introduction of transposons, and we have used pJB4JI to isolated chromosomal insertions of Tn5. When several thousand of these insertion mutants were examined, we found auxotrophic and motility mutants at frequencies of 1 and 2%, respectively. These results indicate that Tn5 had a low specificity of insertion in C. crescentus and therefore would be a useful mutagen for obtaining a variety of mutant phenotypes.     

New class of mutations in Escherichia coli (uup) that affect precise excision of insertion elements and bacteriophage Mu growth

We have used a papillation screening technique to isolate mutations that increase the precise excision of insertion elements. The three mutations isolated stimulated precise excision of Tn5, Tn10, and the IS elements. They had a large, 20- to 600-fold, effect on excision of Tn5 at various chromosomal sites. The varied stimulation for different Tn5 insertions showed that the mutations altered the relationship between a precise excision activity and the chromosomal sequence flanking an inserted Tn5. A much smaller stimulation was observed for insertions on the plasmid F'128. The stimulation was recA independent. The mutations also reduced the rate of production of bacteriophage Mu progeny. The mutations were mapped by two- and three-factor crosses with closely linked Tn10 insertions. They defined the uup locus, located at 21.3 min on the Escherichia coli map, next to pyrD.     

High incidence of transposon Tn3 insertions into a replication control gene of the chimeric R/Ent plasmid pCG86 of Escherichia coli.

Insertion of transposon Tn3 into the chimeric R/Ent plasmid pCG86 occurred preferentially into a replication control gene, generating mutants with increased plasmid copy number. In two mutants, the nucleotide sequence of the region of the gene containing the Tn3 insertion was determined.