基因10型Ⅰ类新城疫病毒的生物学与基因组学特征

2013年在新城疫病毒(NDV)的流行病学调查中,从白鹭泄殖腔棉拭子分离到1株Ⅰ类新城疫病毒,命名为SD18/13。为了进一步了解该毒株的生物学特性与基因组学特性,进行了全基因测序、交叉血凝中和试验及动物实验。结果发现分离株SD18/13基因组全长为15 198bp,F蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸组成为112-ERQER/L-117,具有典型的低致病性新城疫病毒的分子特征。F基因的系统进化显示该毒株与法国分离株teal/France/100011/2010同源性最高,属于基因10型Ⅰ类新城疫病毒。交叉HI试验结果显示该毒株与疫苗株Lasota的抗原同源性为61%,与基因3型Ⅰ类新城疫病毒的抗原同源性为77%～86%。致病性实验发现,该病毒可以在SPF鸡体内较好地复制,在肝脏、腺胃、肠道、脾脏等器官均检出病毒,攻毒后48h各器官的病毒含量达到高峰,以肠道的病毒载量最高,但致病性较弱,在14d观察期内攻毒鸡无明显的临床症状;病理组织学检查发现脾脏淋巴细胞轻微坏死,肾脏充血淤血,肠道粘膜上皮细胞脱落,固有层淋巴细胞浸润增生,气管粘膜固有层轻微出血。SD18/13是我国首次检出的基因10型Ⅰ类新城疫病毒,关于其来源和分布有待于进一步监测和研究。     

浙江地区呼吸道合胞病毒G基因分子特征分析

收集2004年冬季浙江省儿童医院呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽吸引物,进行呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)分离,对分离株用特异性RT-PCR鉴定;对鉴定阳性的RSV毒株进行G蛋白全基因序列测定,并与RSV国际标准株及各地参考株的G蛋白基因序列进行同源性比较并构建基因进化树。结果表明,在4株RSV浙江分离株中,3株G蛋白基因ORF全长897bp,另1株为894bp;各分离株之间的核苷酸与氨基酸同源性分别为98.05%、97.06%;与A型RSV标准株的核酸同源性为95.69%,与B型RSV标准株的同源性为78.79%;其3’端基因高变区核苷酸序列与RSVGA2亚型的同源性最高。提示2004年冬季浙江省RSV流行株属于RSVGA2亚型。     

猪丁型冠状病毒HB-BD株的分离与鉴定

猪丁型冠状病毒(Porcine deltacoronavirus,PDCoV)是一种新的引起仔猪腹泻的冠状病毒,目前国内对PDCoV分离的研究较少。为从腹泻仔猪粪便及肠道内容物中分离鉴定PDCoV,本研究将RT-PCR检测为PDCoV病原阳性的腹泻样本,接种到ST细胞,进行病毒的分离传代。通过观察其细胞病变,RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光方法检测鉴定,并对分离株的S、M、N基因进行测序鉴定及序列分析。结果成功分离得到了PDCoV HB-BD株。经序列同源性分析发现,HB-BD分离株S、M和N基因与近年来国内外的流行毒株同源性很高,核苷酸同源性分别为95.8%～99.1%、98.6%～99.4%和97.8%～99.4%。进化树分析表明HB-BD分离株与中国毒株亲缘关系比其他国家近,处于同一分支。结果证实从腹泻仔猪的肠道内容物中分离并鉴定得到了一株猪丁型冠状病毒,本研究为后续分离株的致病性及生物学特性研究奠定了基础。     

福建省2012-2020年麻疹野毒株分子流行病学分析

为了解2012-2020年福建省麻疹野毒株病毒核蛋白N基因及H基因的变化,探讨其流行规律,本研究收集2012年-2020年福建省各地市级麻疹风疹网络实验室检测麻疹病毒核酸阳性的麻疹疑似病例咽拭子标本开展病毒分离,应用RT-PCR方法扩增MV的N基因羧基末端450个核苷酸片段并进行序列测定,通过与WHO推荐24个麻疹病毒基因型参考株、中国S(Shanghai,上海)191疫苗株、H1a中国代表株（China93-2）进行对比分析,从2012-2020年共收到1217例麻疹核酸检测阳性的疑似麻疹病例的病原学标本中,共分离出83株麻疹病毒野毒株,其中76株为H1a亚型,5株B3基因型,2株D8基因型。H1a亚型可分为2个独立谱系Lineage1～2,MV H1a基因型毒株间核苷酸及氨基酸同源性为99.82%～99.98%和99.91%～100%。2018年及2019年福建省首次分离到B3基因型麻疹病毒及D8基因型麻疹病毒为输入性基因型,B3基因型毒株高度同源,D8基因型毒株同源性100%。H1a基因型为福建省本土野毒株优势基因亚型,不同地区不同年代存在同一野毒株持续循环,同一地区同一年份也具...     

浙江地区呼吸道合胞病毒G基因分子特征分析

收集2004年冬季浙江省儿童医院呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽吸引物,进行呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)分离,对分离株用特异性RT-PCR鉴定;对鉴定阳性的RSV毒株进行G蛋白全基因序列测定,并与RSV国际标准株及各地参考株的G蛋白基因序列进行同源性比较并构建基因进化树.结果表明,在4株RSV浙江分离株中,3株G蛋白基因ORF全长897bp,另1株为894bp;各分离株之间的核苷酸与氨基酸同源性分别为98.05%、97.06%;与A型RSV标准株的核酸同源性为95.69%,与B型RSV标准株的同源性为78.79%;其3'端基因高变区核苷酸序列与RSV GA2亚型的同源性最高.提示2004年冬季浙江省RSV流行株属于RSV GA2亚型.     

一株小鼠诺如病毒的分离和鉴定及全基因组序列分析

小鼠诺如病毒(Murine norovirus,MNV)属于杯状病毒科诺如病毒属成员,是2003年新发现的感染实验小鼠的病毒,也是目前已知的小鼠病毒中感染率最高的一种病毒。本研究利用RAW264.7细胞从MNV感染小鼠的盲肠内容物中进行病毒分离,采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法、病毒空斑试验、TCID50试验、电镜观察、间接免疫荧光试验和测序分析等方法对分离到的病毒进行鉴定,结果显示RAW264.7细胞接毒24~48h后出现明显的细胞病变,表现为细胞圆缩、变亮、聚集,最后大部分细胞死亡脱落。分离株在RAW264.7细胞上传代至第2~3代时可出现稳定的细胞病变。经病毒空斑试验获得一株纯化病毒,病毒滴度TCID50为105.25/0.1mL。电镜观察可见明显的病毒颗粒,颗粒呈球形,无囊膜,直径约30~35nm。分离株经鉴定后命名为MNV Guangzhou/K162/09/CHN。采用RT-PCR技术分段扩增基因组开放阅读框(ORF),同时应用3′-RACE和5′-RACE技术扩增基因组的3′-UTR和5′-UTR,分别对扩增片段进行克隆和测序,经拼接后获得分离株全基因组序列。结果显示分离株基因组序列全长7 380个核苷酸(GenBank登录号:HQ317203),将分离株全基因组序列与GenBank登录的国外参考毒株进行同源性比较,结果表明该毒株与其他MNV分离株核苷酸同源性为87.4%~89.7%。基于VP1蛋白核苷酸序列绘制MNV毒株系统发生进化树,结果表明该分离株与来自日本(S7-P2和S7-PP3)、美国(CR3和CR18)、韩国(K4)和德国(Berlin/04/06/DE和Berlin/05/06/DE)的毒株进化距离较近,同属一个进化分支。本研究是国内首次对MNV病毒进行分离鉴定和全基因组序列分析的报道。     

福建省白纹伊蚊中登革病毒的分离与鉴定

近年来福建省登革热(Dengue fever,DF)输入性病例持续存在,且登革热的主要传播媒介白纹伊蚊在全省内广泛分布,为了解福建省福州市登革热的媒介白纹伊蚊携带登革病毒(Dengue virus,DENV)状况,2017年10月7日在福州市台江区元一花园小区内开展伊蚊监测,采用双层叠帐法捕获255只白纹伊蚊蚊体研磨液上清提取核酸后用实时荧光RT-PCR法检测DENV特异性核酸,将检测阳性的蚊体研磨液上清接种C6/36细胞进行病毒分离,成功分离到1株DENV病毒株mosquito13/Fujian/2017;经实时荧光RT-PCR法鉴定所分离病毒株的血清型为I型;利用型特异性引物通过RT-PCR扩增病毒E基因并测序进行分子遗传特性分析;E基因核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分析显示,该毒株与2017年10月17日同小区本地登革热病例血清中分离得到的登革毒株E基因序列完全一致,与越南2014年分离株KT825033/Vietnam/2014核苷酸(99.7%)和氨基酸(99.8%)同源性最高;系统进化树分析表明所分离登革病毒毒株的基因型为I型,与东南亚地区的越南,泰国,柬埔寨等国家进化关系相近,可能输入来源于东南亚国家。本研究证实了登革热外潜伏期的存在以及白纹伊蚊在登革热疫情传播过程中的媒介作用,提示在登革热的防控工作中媒介登革病毒监测、检测的重要性,也提示福建省需要加强输入来源监测,特别是东南亚入境人员的监测。     

2008～2011年贵州省肠道病毒71型分子流行特征分析

为研究贵州省肠道病毒71型(EV71)的基因型和分子流行特征,监测了全省报告的手足口病病例,选择2008年以来贵州全省部分EV71阳性标本进行病毒分离及VP1全基因测序(含重症病例、死亡病例和轻症病例),与国内外近年流行毒株及各亚型代表株进行基因比对,分析同源性及基因亚型。2008年、2009年及2011年贵州省流行的主要病原为EV71,获得109株参比序列毒株的同源性为95.3%～99.7%,贵州省毒株与邻省及山东省、上海市、南京市、吉林省和宁波市代表株的同源性最高,轻症与重死病例的核苷酸及氨基酸序列无明显的特征性差异,未出现不同基因亚型病毒的输入或改变,仍属C4a亚型。同地区、同年度内的核苷酸序列差异小于跨地区、跨年度差异。     

中国狂犬病疫苗生产株CTN-1全基因序列分析

本文首次对我国现行狂犬病疫苗生产用毒株CTN-1进行全长基因组序列测定和分析,为CTN-1疫苗在我国实际应用中的优势提供理论基础。利用RT-PCR方法分段扩增CTN-1全基因组序列,随后将PCR产物克隆到T载体、测序、拼接,用MegAlign软件比较CTN-1全基因组序列与国内外狂犬病疫苗株和街毒株全基因组序列的同源性;再以糖蛋白(G)基因为模板,用ClustalX和MEGA4软件进行系统进化分析。测序结果表明CTN-1全基因组序列的长度为11925nt(GenBank登录号FJ959397),序列分析表明CTN-1为基因Ⅰ型;CTN-1株全基因组序列与国内外狂犬病疫苗株和街毒株全基因组之间的同源性是81.5%～93.4%;与美国蝙蝠分离株SHBRV18的同源性最低,仅为81.5%;与新近从中国国内分离的野毒株HN10株的同源性最高,达93.4%。系统进化分析结果表明,CTN-1与国内不同地区大多数分离的狂犬病街毒株聚类于同一组内;而我国另一疫苗株aG株与国外疫苗株如Flury、PM、PV、ERA、RC-HL和个别中国街毒株分在另一组内。G基因氨基酸对比也显示CTN-1株与国内大多数街毒株的同源性高于其他疫苗株,结果说明CTN-1株较其他疫苗株病毒更适合制备用于预防中国狂犬病的灭活疫苗。     

A型塞尼卡病毒的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

本文报道了对分离自湖北地区的A型塞尼卡病毒(Senecavirus A,SVA)CH-HB-2017毒株进行鉴定和生物学特性研究。全基因序列分析显示,该分离株与国内毒株CH-HN-2017、CH-HNSL-2017、CH-FJ-2017和美国毒株USA-IA44952-2015、USA-IA44662-2015和USA-SD41901-2015的同源性高。该SVA可在猪肾传代细胞(IBRS-2)和猪睾丸细胞(Swine testis cells,ST)中复制增殖,感染后都能产生CPE,通过病毒一步生长曲线、蚀斑试验和定量PCR等试验表明,该毒株对IBRS-2细胞更易感,病毒滴度更高。本实验成功分离到1株SVA流行毒株,并研究了该毒株的生物学特性,为深入研究该病毒奠定基础。     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Chiral Separation of G‐type Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents via Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds that contain a chiral phosphorus center. Undirected synthesis of G‐type CWNAs produces stereoisomers of tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (GA, GB, GD, and GF, respectively). Analytical‐scale methods were developed using a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system in tandem with a mass spectrometer for the separation, quantitation, and isolation of individual stereoisomers of GA, GB, GD, and GF. Screening various chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the capacity to provide full baseline separation of the CWNAs revealed that a Regis WhelkO1 (SS) column was capable of separating the enantiomers of GA, GB, and GF, with elution of the P(+) enantiomer preceding elution of the corresponding P(–) enantiomer; two WhelkO1 (SS) columns had to be connected in series to achieve complete baseline resolution. The four diastereomers of GD were also resolved using two tandem WhelkO1 (SS) columns, with complete baseline separation of the two P(+) epimers. A single WhelkO1 (RR) column with inverse stereochemistry resulted in baseline separation of the GD P(–) epimers. The analytical methods described can be scaled to allow isolation of individual stereoisomers to assist in screening and development of countermeasures to organophosphorus nerve agents. Chirality 26:817–824, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Chirality published by John Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

A chromium-tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land

In this paper, a kind of Typhaceae plant species, Typha angustifolia L, with a high tolerance to Cr is described. Experiments were carried out to examine its ability to tolerant Cr and its physiological response. The results showed that there was no difference in growth, plant height, and biomass response to external Cr (VI) between the plants exposed to 100 microM Cr (VI) and control (0 microM), while increasing Cr levels to 200-800 microM induced a significant decrease in plant height and biomass, but no significant injury was detected, even for the plants exposed to 800 microM Cr. Chromium induced significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Meanwhile, a significantly positive correlation was found between Cr and Mn or Cu in leaves and roots, respectively. The Cr tolerance of the plant appeared to be associated with the enhancement of SOD and POD activities and the improvement in uptake and translocation of the essential microelements.