New species of Xanthoparmelia (lichenized Ascomycotina,Parmeliaceae) from Africa

Abstract:The following new species of Parmeliaceae are described from Africa:Xanthoparmelia bainskloofensis Elix & T. H. Nash, X. boyeri Elix, X. dubitella Elix, X. kleinswartbergensis Elix, X. lobuliferella Elix, X. malawiensis Elix, X. micromaculata Elix andX. waboomsbergensis Elix. The new combination Xanthoparmelia patula (Brusse) Elix is made and X. hypoleiella Elix, X. neoconspersa (Gyeln.) Hale, X. neocumberlandia T. H. Nash & Elix and X. sipmanii T. H. Nash & Elix are reported from Africa for the first time.     

Characterization of mycobiont adaptations in the foliose lichen Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa (Parmeliaceae)

A cross section of the vagrant soil lichen Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa was analyzed using proton microprobe PIXE. Data were used to generate quantitative, two-dimensional element distribution maps for Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Sr. Element maps show differential element partitioning between the stratified layers of the thallus. These data document transfer of inorganic nutrients across the thallus to the algal layer. Inorganic particle entrapment was also evident in the element maps. Dense accumulations of calcium oxalate at the junction of the medulla and the algal layer on the order of 10% by dry mass were discovered. Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analyses were used to characterize the calcium oxalate region. These data provide evidence for possible functional roles of the calcium oxalate layer, including regulation of water and light. Data also provide support for a mutualistic interpretation of the lichen association.     

New data on the lichen genus Punctelia (Parmeliaceae)

Punctelia constantimontium Sérusiaux, a species present in South America and in southern Africa, is described as new. Punctelia riograndensis is reported for the first time for Africa.     

Punctelia, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae

The genus Punctelia Krog gen. nov., comprising subgen. Punctelia (the Parmelia borreri group) and subgen. Flavopunctelia Krog subgen. nov. (the Parmelia flaventior group), is here segregated from Parmelia s. str. The main differences between the two genera lie in the development of the pseudocyphellae, the chemical properties of the medulla, and the centres of distribution. Parmelia s. str. has its highest number of species in East Asia and the Australian region, Punctelia in the Americas and Africa.     

The genus Dermatocarpon (Verrucariales, lichenized Ascomycotina) in the Nordic countries

Dermatocarpon (Verrucariales, lichenized Ascomycotina) in the Nordic countries is revised. The following 10 species occur: D. bachmannii, D. deminuens, D. leptophyllodes, D. leptophyllum, D. linkolae, D. luridum, D. meiophyllizum, D. miniatum, D. polyphyllizum , and D. rivulorum. Three varieties of D. miniatum , viz. var. miniatum , var. cirsodes , and var. complicatum , are also discussed. A key to the species is given, and distribution maps for all species are supplied. Useful characters for the recognition of different species are discussed.     

Nimisia fuegiae (Parmeliaceae), a new lichen genus and species from Argentina

Abstract:Nimisia fuegiae Kärnef. & Thell gen. et sp. nov. is described from Argentinian Tierra del Fuego. The new lichen differs from possibly related groups within the Parmeliaceae in unique anatomical characters, i.e. a medullary layer composed of extremely thick and strongly gelatinized periclinally arranged hyphae and a lower cortex composed of only a few layers of strongly pigmented, rather large cells. Ascus characters support its position in the Parmeliaceae. The new genus, which is named in the honour of its first discoverer, is discussed in relation to several other well-investigated members of the family.     

New species and new records of Xanthoparmelia (lichenized Ascomycota,Parmeliaceae) from Western Australia

The following new species of Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae) are described from Western Australia: X. cranfieldii Elix, X. elevata Elix, X. kimberleyensis Elix, X. monadnockensis Elix,X. nanoides Elix, X. nortegeta Elix, X. sleei Elix and X. toolbrunupensis Elix. In addition, X. luminosa (Elix) Hale and X. victoriana Elix & J. Johnst. are reported from Western Australia for the first time.     

A monograph of the genus Vulpicida (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycetes)

The genus Vulpicida is monographcd. Its delimitation and nomenclature is revised. The following 6 species are accepted: V. cunudensb, V. juniperinus. V. pinastri, V. tilesii, V. rubulosus and V. viridis . The study includes anatomy, and ontogeny of ascomata, as well as chemical studies. Secondary metabolites was studied with TLC and HPLC, and isozymcs by isoelectric focusing. The ecology. distribution and probahle evolution of the taxa are discussed and compared with other lichens and phorophytes. The systematic position of the genus is investigated by cladistic methods. Keys for the identification of the genus and the species and distrihution maps and photos of the species are included. The new combination Vulpicidu pinustri var. soralifera is made.     

中国鸡皮衣目地衣的研究

鸡皮衣目主要特征是子囊果为半被果型,子囊壁厚且淀粉质,侧丝通常分枝,孢子大型,光合共生物为绿藻。收录了中国鸡皮衣目69种9变种4变型,共82个分类单位,隶属于3科4属。     

中国鳞叶衣属（鳞叶衣科）地衣

报道了中国鳞叶衣属Pannaria的11个种,其中包括6个中国新记录种：安第斯鳞叶衣P. andina、粒芽鳞叶衣P. elatior、多育鳞叶衣P. prolificans、多枝鳞叶衣P. ramulosa、灰棕鳞叶衣P. subfusca和密芽鳞叶衣P. tavaresii。本文对11个种的形态特征进行了描述和讨论,并提供了中国新记录种图片和中国鳞叶衣属物种检索表。     

Canoparmelia scrobicularis belongs to the genus Crespoa (Parmeliaceae,lichenized Ascomycota)

Canoparmelia scrobicularis is shown to be a member of the genus Crespoa and the new combination Crespoa scrobicularis is proposed. The species is described in detail with a discussion of its relationships to other species of Crespoa, especially Crespoa carneopruinata and Crespoa crozalsiana.     

Neogene diversification in the temperate lichen-forming fungal genus Parmelia (Parmeliaceae,Ascomycota)

The lichen-forming genus Parmelia Acharius occurs worldwide but its centre of distribution is in the northern hemisphere and it is widespread in boreal-temperate Eurasia and North America. Recent molecular work on Parmelia has identified phylogenetic relationships within two major groups of the genus: P. saxatilis s. lat. and P. sulcata s. lat. However, little is known about the diversification and historical biogeography of these groups. Here we have used a dataset of two genetic markers and 64 samples to estimate phylogenetic relationships within Parmelia. The dated phylogeny provides evidence for major diversification during the Neogene and Pleistocene. These diversification events are probably correlated with climatic changes during these periods. Evidence of gene flow within species between populations from North America and Europe has been found in three species: P. sulcata Taylor, P. saxatilis (L.) Acharius and P. barrenoae Divakar, M.C. Molina & A. Crespo. Cryptic species recently segregated on the basis of molecular differences (P. encryptata A. Crespo, Divakar & M.C. Molina vs. P. sulcata and P. saxatilis vs. P. mayi Divakar, A. Crespo & M.C. Molina) do not share a common ancestor. Moreover, the P. saxatilis complex is remarkably diverse. Two morphotypes of P. saxatilis s. lat. were shown to represent independent monophyletic lineages. Consequently, two species (P. sulymae Goward, Divakar, & M.C. Molina & A. Crespo and P. imbricaria Goward, Divakar, M.C. Molina & A. Crespo) are newly described here.     

Wind-acclimated thallus morphogenesis in a lichen (Evernia prunastri, Parmeliaceae) probably favored by grazing

How does the morphogenesis of a widespread epiphytic lichen interact with the environment, leading to amazingly polymorphic and wind-tolerant fruticose thalli? A series of photographs showed that the normal branches were basically even and flat with isotomic-dichotomous branchings. Numerous deviations from this basic regular pattern were found and traced back to their origins in the asymmetry of the branches’ cross sections. This was observed quantitatively (statistically testable) in the field, while the thalli were growing. This large variability in growth of single branches was a prerequisite for the polymorphism seen in complete thallus growth forms. The structure and distribution of the mentioned important asymmetries in branch cross sections can best be explained by the effect of grazing on cortex and phycobiont layer. Very small-scale growth observations and experimental simulation confirmed this. In thalli with many such small-scale variations in branch growth the overall thallus growth form became wind acclimated as a result of the selective effect of wind exposure on the thallus phenotype: branches growing windwardly grew more slowly. Such thalli were well protected from being dislodged by wind, and they desiccate slowly as demonstrated by a previous study.     

中国热带粒毛盘菌属的物种多样性研究

本文在对我国盘菌资源调查的基础上,分析研究了热带地区粒毛盘菌属真菌的物种多样性。本研究共分析451份标本,属于35个分类单位,其中Lachnum abnorme var. abnorme, L. brasiliense, L. flavidulum, L. pteridophyllum, L. sclerotii和L. virgineum 6个种的个体数量均在总数的6 %以上,占已观察标本总数的73.4 %,是我国热带地区的常见种。物种多样性分析表明,海南的物种丰富度（S=22）和多样性指数（H′=2.6696）最高,云南与广西的物种丰富度相似。采用群落系数（coefficient of community,cc）比较了不同地区的物种分布相似性。本文还试图探讨物种分布与海拔高度、生境、基物间的关系。粒毛盘菌属真菌在海拔60～2700 m的地带均有分布,由于调查和取样的局限性,物种随海拔高度变化的规律不明显;地理分布上大致可分为世界性分布、间断性分布和地方特有三种分布型。     

Chemosyndromes in the lichen genus Teloschistes (Teloschistaceae, Lecanorales)

The secondary metabolites of 150 specimens belonging to 29 species of Teloschistes were analysed with HPLC. Seven anthraquinones were detected of which parietin dominated with minor proportions of emodin, teloschistin, fallacinal and parietinic acid. The depsidones vicanicin, caloploicin, and isofulgidin occurred together with some compounds of unknown identity in varying proportions in T. flavicans, T. peruensis, T. stellatus, and one unnamed taxon. Nine chemosyndromes were found in the genus. Most species had only one chemosyndrome, but T. flavicans s. lat. had six syndromes. The geographical distribution patterns of these chemosyndromes in T. flavicans are discussed as well as the applicability of chemical characters for species delimitation in Teloschistes.     

A new circumscription of the lichen genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nephromopsis</Emphasis> (Parmeliaceae,lichenized Ascomycetes)

The phylogeny of the cetrarioid lichens with bifusiform spermatia and dorsiventral thalli which contain usnic acid is reanalysed using three parts of the genome, ITS rDNA, β-tubulin and GAPDH sequences. Molecular data from five cetrarioid species are presented for the first time, and 13 new sequences are combined with sequences from the gene bank to delimit the genus Nephromopsis. A monophyletic clade of Nephromopsis, Tuckneraria, ‘Cetraria’ leucostigma and ‘C.’ melaloma is identified and circumscribed as one genus, Nephromopsis, which now includes 19 species. Four new combinations are presented. A key to the species is provided.