人参二酵组皂甙对缺血-再灌注脑组织超微结构及NOS的影响

目的：研究人参二醇组皂甙（ＰＤＳ）对大鼠脑缺血－再灌注海马超微结构、皮层和海马一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性的影响。方法：双侧颈总动脉阻断和再灌注建立脑缺血－再灌流模型,电镜技术和ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学技术。结果：电镜观察可见,缺血３０ｍｉｎ再灌注２ｈ大鼠海马超微结构发生缺血性病理改变,ＰＤＳ对缺血脑组织病理变化有显著保护作用。ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学实验表明,脑缺血１５ｍｉｎ和再灌注２４ｈ后,皮层及海马ＮＯＳ阳性细胞数目显著增多,ＰＤＳ可显著抑制此增多。结论：ＰＤＳ可通过降低脑内ＮＯＳ的活性,减少脑缺血－再灌注过程中ＮＯ的产生,对缺血脑组织产生保护作用     

激动素、脱落酸和丙二醛对SOD活性影响及其与SOD构象和疏水性变化间的关系研究

 激动素、脱落酸和丙二醛对ＳＯＤ活性影响及其与ＳＯＤ构象和疏水性变化间的关系研究伍泽堂候万儒（四川师范学院生物系,南充６３７０００）我们在实验中曾发现激动素（ＫＴ）激活小麦ＳＯＤ活性,脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）抑制小麦超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活...     

茶多酚对沙土鼠脑缺血后再灌注氧化损伤的保护作用

采用蒙古沙土鼠（Ｇｅｒｂｉｌ）制作脑缺血后再灌注模型,用化学发光法（Ｃｈｅｍｉｌｕｍｉｎｓｃｅｎｅ,ＣＬ）测定缺血后再灌注、喂饲茶多酚后脑组织内源性超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的活性、脂质过氧化程度（ＬＰＯ）及脑组织ＡＴＰ能量代谢的变化;运用顺磁共振法（ＥＳＲ）检测了缺血后再灌注过程中产生的活性氧（ＲｅａｃｔｉｖｅＯｘｙｇｅｎＳｐｅｃｉｅｓ,ＲＯＳ）,探讨了脑缺血后再灌注的损伤机制及抗氧化剂的保护作用。在整体模型的研究中表明,茶多酚对沙土鼠脑缺血后再灌注氧化损伤具有显著的保护作用;内源性超氧化物歧化酶活性提高,脂质过氧化程度下降,ＡＴＰ水平升高     

人参二酶组皂甙对缺血—再灌注脑组织超微结构及NOS的影响

目的：研究人参二醇组皂甙（ＰＤＳ）对大鼠脑缺血－再灌注海马超微结构、皮层和海马一氧化氮合酶（ＤＮＯ）活性的影响。方法：双侧颈总动脉阻断和再灌注建立脑缺血－再灌流模型,电镜技术和ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学技术。结果：电镜观察可见,缺血３０ｍｉｎ再灌注２ｈ大鼠海马超微结构发生缺血性病理改变,ＰＤＳ对缺血脑组织病变化有显著保护作用。ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学实验表明,脑缺血１５ｍｉｎ和再灌注２４ｈ后,皮层海马Ｎ     

新生大鼠窦房结组织、培养细胞的glycogen,LDH和SDH定量形态学研究

本实验采用窦房结细胞纯化培养、ＰＡＳ、Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ和Ｐｒｅｓｔｏｎ反应以及图像分析等方法,研究了新生ＳＤ大鼠窦房结细胞的糖原（ｇｌｙｃｏｇｅｎ）、琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）,和乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）的分布和含量。结果显示,在窦房结组织中的糖原（／）与心房中（／）、心室中（）含量近似;ＳＤＨ含量和活性（＋／）与心房中（＋／）几乎相等,但明显低于心室中（／）;ＬＤＨ的含量和活性（／）比心房中（／＋）的稍高,但明显高于心室中（＋／－）。图像分析结果是：培养窦房结细胞ＳＤＨ含量和活性显著低于心室肌细胞中的ＳＤＨ（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而ＬＤＨ含量和活性显著高于心室肌细胞中的ＬＤＨ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本文还对ＳＤＨ、ＬＤＨ在窦房结的分布及生理作用进行了讨论。     

白内障晶体中某些微量元素、与谷胱甘肽相关酶类活性的动态观察及其相互关系

本文动态观察了用平阳霉素诱发的大鼠白内障晶体中与谷胱甘肽代谢相关酶类活性和微量元素水平的变化,并与正常晶体进行比较,同时就酶活性与微量元素水平的相关性进行了检验。结果表明：（１）注射平阳霉素早期酶活性增高,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（ＧＳＳＧ－Ｒ）及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）等活性的升高达显著水平,后期酶活性均下降,尤以ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ、ＧＳＳＧ－Ｒ和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｓ）等的活性降低明显;（２）ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ和ＳＯＤ酶活性分别与Ｚｎ具有相关性（Ｐ＜０．０５）,这两种酶也分别与Ｓｅ具有高度相关性（Ｐ＜０．０１）,此两种元素在该类型白内障形成中可能有一定意义。     

短杆菌肽S与脂膜结合前后的H／D交换动力学的研究

短杆菌肽Ｓ（ＧＳ）是一个十肽分子（环－（Ｌ－Ｖａｌ－Ｌ－Ｏｒｎ－Ｌ－Ｌｅｕ－Ｄ－Ｐｈｅ－Ｌ－Ｐｒｏ）２）,是由两个β转角和两个β片层结构所构成［１］。ＧＳ的功能是通过破坏葛兰氏阴性菌的膜结构来完成其抗菌活性。迄今为止,人们对ＧＳ与膜结合特点的研究结果还不一致。Ｄａｔｅｍａｎ等人利用２Ｈ－ＮＭＲ,３１Ｐ－ＮＭＲ和ＤＳＣ等技术研究了ＧＳ与ＤＰＰＣ多层脂膜的相互作用,指出肽仅仅作用于膜表面［２］;而Ｈｉｇａｓｈｉｊｉｍａ等［３］及张凤立等用２Ｄ－ＮＭＲ的研究结果［４］表明,ＧＳ的疏水部分应插入膜内。蛋白质及多肽的Ｈ／Ｄ交换动力学受其分子内氢键,分子空间结构的致密度及其周边环境如膜环境［５］的影响。我们利用衰减全反射红外光谱（ＡＴＲ－ＦＴＩＲ）对与脂膜结合前后的短杆菌肽Ｓ的Ｈ／Ｄ交换动力学进行了研究,实验结果提示ＧＳ插入了脂膜双层。     

渗透促进剂对5－DSA标记裸鼠皮肤角质层影响的ESR研究

通过测定５－唑烷氮氧自由基硬脂酸（５－ＤＳＡ）标记裸鼠皮肤角质层的电子自旋共振（ＥＳＲ）谱,研究某些渗透促进剂如月桂酮（ＡＺ）、油酸（ＯＡ）、丙二醇（ＰＧ）、二甲基亚砜（ＤＭＳＯ）等对裸鼠皮肤角质层的影响。促渗剂处理皮肤后,标记物序参数降低,各向同性超精细分裂偶合常数增大,前者表明保渗剂能够引起皮肤角质层细胞间脂质排列有序性降低,流动性增大;后者表明标记物周围脂质区域极性增大。     

慢波睡眠的激素与细胞因子调节

慢波睡眠（ＳＷＳ）是最重要的睡眠成分。近年来的研究揭示：腹外侧视前区－结节乳头核（ＶＬＰＯ－ＴＭＮ）可能是睡眠－觉醒的中枢发生部位。基底前脑吻端前列腺素Ｄ２（ＰＧＤ２）敏感性睡眠促进区（ＰＧＤ２－ＳＰＺ）参与睡眠的皖控。ＰＧＤ２延长ＳＷＳ;前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）延长觉醒,抑制ＳＷＳ和快动眼睡眠（ＲＥＭＳ）。ＳＷＳ与下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺皮质轴的活动呈负相关,与生长激素的分泌呈正相关。褪黑素（ｍｅｌ     

红苋P104种子谷蛋白的电泳分析

通过单向不平变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦（ＩＥＦ）、十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）和双向电泳（ＩＥＦ×ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）分析了红苋Ｒ１０４种子谷蛋白的亚基组成,亚其分子量和等电点分布。谷蛋白的双向电泳图谱可分辨出１００多个亚基成分,其主要亚基为：５４ｋＤ（ｐＩ７．１５）;３３ｋＤ（ｐＩ５．８２）;３１ｋＤ（ｐＩ６．９２;ｐＩ６．７０;ｐＩ６．６５）;２２ｋＤ（ｐＩ８．３４）;２     

Propofol Reduces Inflammatory Reaction and Ischemic Brain Damage in Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

Our previous studies demonstrated that inflammatory reaction and neuronal apoptosis are the most important pathological mechanisms in ischemia-induced brain damage. Propofol has been shown to attenuate ischemic brain damage via inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of propofol on brain damage and inflammatory reaction in rats of focal cerebral ischemia. Sprague–Dawley rats underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, then received treatment with propofol (10 or 50 mg/kg) or vehicle after 2 h of ischemia. Neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct size and morphological characteristic were measured 24 h after cerebral ischemia. The enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was assessed 24 h after cerebral ischemia. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 expression in ischemic rat brain was detected by western blot. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in ischemic rat brain was determined by immunohistochemistry. ELISA was performed to detect the serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct size and MPO activity were significantly reduced by propofol administration. Furthermore, expression of NF-κB, COX-2 and TNF-α were attenuated by propofol administration. Our results demonstrated that propofol (10 and 50 mg/kg) reduces inflammatory reaction and brain damage in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Propofol exerts neuroprotection against ischemic brain damage, which might be associated with the attenuation of inflammatory reaction and the inhibition of inflammatory genes.     

Early ischemic preconditioning against focal transient and permanent brain ischemia in rats: role of collateral circulation

We hypothesize that early ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can afford protection against focal brief and prolonged cerebral ischemia with subsequent reperfusion as well as permanent brain ischemia in rats by amelioration of regional cerebral blood flow. Adult male Wistar rats (n=97) were subjected to transient (30 and 60 minutes) and permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. IPC protocol consisted of two episodes of 5-min common carotid artery occlusion + 5-min reperfusion prior to test ischemia either followed by 48 hours of reperfusion or not. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride and Evans blue were used for delineation of infarct size and anatomical area at risk (comprises ischemic penumbra and ischemic core), respectively. Blood flow in the MCA vascular bed was measured with use of Doppler ultrasound. The IPC resulted in significant infarct size limitation in both transient and permanent MCA occlusion. Importantly, IPC caused significant reduction of area at risk after 30 min of focal ischemia as compared to controls [med(min-max) 11.4% (3.59-2 0.35%) vs. 2.47% (0.8-9.31%), p = 0.018] but it failed to influence area at risk after 5 min of ischemia [med(min-max) 7.61% (6.32-10.87%) vs. 8.2% (4.87-9.65%), p > 0.05]. No differences in blood flow were found between IPC and control groups using Doppler ultrasound. This is suggestive of the fact that IPC does not really influence blood flow in the large cerebral arteries such as MCA but it might have some effect on smaller arteries. It seems that, along with well established cytoprotective effects of IPC, IPC-mediated reduction of area at risk by means of improvement in local cerebral blood flow may contribute to infarct size limitation after focal transient and permanent brain ischemia in rats.     

Protective effect of anthocyanins in middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model of cerebral ischemia in rats

Ischemic stroke results from a transient or permanent reduction in cerebral blood flow that is restricted to the territory of a major brain artery. The major pathobiological mechanisms of ischemia/reperfusion injury include excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. In the present report, we first investigated the protective effects of anthocyanins against focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats. The pretreatment of anthocyanins (300 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the brain infarct volume and a number of TUNEL positive cells caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. In the immunohistochemical observation, anthocyanins remarkably reduced a number of phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and p53 immunopositive cells in the infarct area. Moreover, Western blotting analysis indicated that anthocyanins suppressed the activation of JNK and up-regulation of p53. Thus, our data suggested that anthocyanins reduced neuronal damage induced by focal cerebral ischemia through blocking the JNK and p53 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that the consumption of anthocyanins may have the possibility of protective effect against neurological disorders such as brain ischemia.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血后扩布性阻抑的发作及电针对其影响

目的：观察Wistar大鼠局灶性脑缺血后扩布性阻抑（SD）的发作情况及缺血后电针的影响。方法：线检法闭塞大鼠大脑中动脉,制备局灶性脑缺血模型。用神经电生理、神经病理等方法检测局灶性脑缺血后3h内SD发作情况及电针“合谷”穴（LI4）对SD的影响。结果：电针可减少局灶性脑缺血时SD的发作。结论：电针减少局灶性脑缺血时SD的发作,可能与电针缩小局灶性脑梗塞体积有关。     

A Type-II Positive Allosteric Modulator of α7 nAChRs Reduces Brain Injury and Improves Neurological Function after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

In the absence of clinically-efficacious therapies for ischemic stroke there is a critical need for development of new therapeutic concepts and approaches for prevention of brain injury secondary to cerebral ischemia. This study tests the hypothesis that administration of PNU-120596, a type-II positive allosteric modulator (PAM-II) of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), as long as 6 hours after the onset of focal cerebral ischemia significantly reduces brain injury and neurological deficits in an animal model of ischemic stroke. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by a transient (90 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals were then subdivided into two groups and injected intravenously (i.v.) 6 hours post-MCAO with either 1 mg/kg PNU-120596 (treated group) or vehicle only (untreated group). Measurements of cerebral infarct volumes and neurological behavioral tests were performed 24 hrs post-MCAO. PNU-120596 significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume and improved neurological function as evidenced by the results of Bederson, rolling cylinder and ladder rung walking tests. These results forecast a high therapeutic potential for PAMs-II as effective recruiters and activators of endogenous α7 nAChR-dependent cholinergic pathways to reduce brain injury and improve neurological function after cerebral ischemic stroke.     

Biochemical and Molecular Characteristics of the Brain with Developing Cerebral Infarction

1. We review the biochemical and molecular changes in brain with developing cerebral infarction, based on recent findings in experimental focal cerebral ischemia.2. Occlusion of a cerebral artery produces focal ischemia with a gradual decline of blood flow, differentiating a severely ischemic core where infarct develops rapidly and an area peripheral to the core where the blood flow reduction is moderate (called penumbra). Neuronal injury in the penumbra is essentially reversible but only for several hours. The penumbra area tolerates a longer duration of ischemia than the core and may be salvageable by pharmacological agents such as glutamate antagonists or prompt reperfusion.3. Upon reperfusion, brain cells alter their genomic properties so that protein synthesis becomes restricted to a small number of proteins such as stress proteins. Induction of the stress response is considered to be a rescue program to help to mitigate neuronal injury and to endow the cells with resistance to subsequent ischemic stress. The challenge now is to determine how the neuroprotection conferred by prior sublethal ischemia is achieved so that rational strategies can be developed to detect and manipulate gene expression in brain cells vulnerable to ischemia.4. Expansion of infarction may be caused by an apoptotic mechanism. Investigation of apoptosis may also help in designing novel molecular strategies to prevent ischemic cell death.5. Ischemia/reperfusion injury is accompanied by inflammatory reactions induced by neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages infiltrated and accumulated in ischemic areas. When the role of the inflammatory/immune systems in ischemic brain injury is revealed, new therapeutic targets and agents will emerge to complement and synergize with pharmacological intervention directed against glutamate and Ca²⁺ neurotoxicity.     

亚低温联合镁剂对脑缺血再灌注大鼠保护作用的研究

目的:rt-PA溶栓为缺血性卒中最有效的治疗方法,脑血流再通后挽救濒临死亡的神经细胞同时,也可能发生更为严重而持久的脑缺血再灌注损伤。本研究探讨联合应用局部亚低温(32-35℃)及硫酸镁对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠的保护作用及其可能机制。方法:通过线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)及再通模型,将50只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、常温组、亚低温组、硫酸镁组、亚低温+硫酸镁组,每组10例,采用Longa神经功能评分、TTC染色、干湿重法、TUNEL技术,检测和比较各组脑缺血再灌注后大鼠的神经功能、脑梗死体积、脑组织含水量及凋亡细胞数。结果:与常温组相比,亚低温组与亚低温+硫酸镁组的梗死体积、神经功能评分、脑组织含水量、凋亡细胞数均明显降低,差异有显著意义(P0.05);而与亚低温组相比,亚低温+硫酸镁组局灶脑缺血大鼠的脑梗死体积、神经功能评分、脑组织含水量、凋亡细胞数均显著减少,差异有显著意义(P0.05)。结论:与单独应用亚低温相比,局部亚低温与硫酸镁联合应用,对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠可发挥更有效的脑保护作用。其机制可能与抑制脑缺血再灌注后凋亡及减轻脑水肿有关。二者联用可能为缺血性卒中患者提供一种减轻溶栓后再灌注损伤的有效脑保护方法。     

Angiogenic protection from focal ischemia with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade in the rat

Angiogenesis within an ischemic region of the brain may increase tissue viability and act to limit the extent of an infarct. The ANG II pathway can both stimulate and inhibit angiogenesis depending on the tissue and the activated receptors. Previous work showed that 2-wk losartan administration (ANG II type 1 receptor blockade) initiates a significant cerebral angiogenic response. We hypothesized that administration of losartan in the drinking water of rats for 2 wk before initiation of focal ischemia would decrease the extent of the resulting infarct. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given losartan (50 mg/day) in drinking water for 2 wk before initiation of cerebral focal ischemia produced by cauterization of cortical surface vessels. Controls received normal drinking water. In control animals, three main vessels feeding the whisker barrel cortex were cauterized, resulting in cessation of blood flow. The same protocol was followed for losartan-treated animals but did not result in cessation of blood flow in the whisker barrel cortex. Another group of losartan-treated animals received between 8 and 14 cauterizations of surface vessels feeding the whisker barrel cortex, and cessation of blood flow was verified. Rats were killed 72 h after surgery. Morphological examination revealed angiogenesis, maintained vascular delivery, and significantly decreased infarct size in losartan-treated animals compared with controls. These results demonstrate that pretreatment with losartan reduces infarct size after cerebral focal ischemia and support the hypothesis that cerebral angiogenesis may be one of the mechanisms responsible.     

Green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin gallate reduces matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity following transient focal cerebral ischemia

Green tea polyphenol (?)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been reported to reduce neuronal damage after cerebral ischemic insult. EGCG is known to reduce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. MMP can play an important role in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders including cerebral ischemia. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether EGCG shows an inhibitory effect on MMP activity and neural tissue damage following transient focal cerebral ischemia. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 80 min of focal ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals were killed 24 h after ischemia. EGCG (50 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally immediately after ischemia. Gelatin gel zymography showed an increase in the active form of MMP-9 after ischemia. EGCG reduced ischemia-induced up-regulation of the active form of MMP-9. In in situ zymography, EGCG reduced up-regulation of gelatinase activity induced by cerebral ischemia. Co-incubation with EGCG reduced gelatinase activity directly in postischemic brain section. In 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) assay, brain infarction was remarkable in the middle cerebral artery territory after focal cerebral ischemia. In EGCG-treated mice, infarct volume was significantly reduced compared with vehicle-treated mice. These results demonstrate that EGCG, a green tea polyphenol, may reduce up-regulation of MMP-9 activity and neuronal damage following transient focal cerebral ischemia. In addition to its antioxidant effect, MMP-9 inhibition might be a possible mechanism potentially involved in the neuroprotective effect of a green tea polyphenol, EGCG.     

Edaravone attenuates cerebral ischemic injury by suppressing aquaporin-4

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays a role in the generation of post-ischemic edema. Pharmacological modulation of AQP4 function may thus provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of stroke, tumor-associated edema, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and other disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with altered brain water balance. Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, is used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in Japan. In this study, edaravone significantly reduced the infarct area and improved the neurological deficit scores at 24 h after reperfusion in a rat transient focal ischemia model. Furthermore, edaravone markedly reduced AQP4 immunoreactivity and protein levels in the cerebral infarct area. In light of observations that edaravone specifically inhibited AQP4 in a rat transient focal ischemia model, we propose that edaravone might reduce cerebral edema through the inhibition of AQP4 expression following cerebral infarction.