微小RNA分析技术研究进展

微小RNA（miRNA）是一类起重要调控作用的非编码小分子RNA。准确分析组织或细胞中miRNA的表达水平是研究其生物学功能的基础。近年,研究者开发出多种方法检测不同生理、病理过程中miRNA的差异表达,发现miRNA的异常表达与癌症等多种疾病密切相关。目前,miRNA已逐渐成为重要的疾病诊断生物标志物乃至治疗靶点。miRNA的分析技术贯穿miRNA的研究和药物研发过程,并起到关键作用。我们针对miRNA的不同研究阶段所采用的定性和定量分析方法,着重阐述了用于初始miRNA研究的克隆测序类技术、分析miRNA表达谱的高通量芯片技术、研究具体目标miRNA及其前体表达的qPCR和改良Northern印迹技术,以及将修饰后miRNA作为药物的药代动力学评价技术。     

果蝇微小RNA及其在衰老过程中的作用

微小RNA（microRNA, miRNA）是一类长度在22 nt左右的内源非编码小RNA,广泛存在于动物、植物、病毒等多种有机体中,是机体正常衰老与疾病的重要调控因子。本文对果蝇不同生长时期miRNA的表达模式、主要衰老相关信号通路以及与衰老相关的miRNA进行了综述。在果蝇的不同发育时期均有特定的miRNA发挥重要作用,其表达模式与功能相关;miRNA参与了主要衰老分子信号通路的调控,如胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子（IIS）通路和雷帕霉素靶蛋白（TOR）通路。研究表明,miRNA通过调控衰老相关信号通路中的靶基因,进而促进或延缓果蝇衰老,如miR-34, miR-8, miR-14, miR let7和miR-277等。因此,研究参与衰老调控的miRNA,为阐明衰老机制及抗衰老药物的设计奠定了基础。     

microRNAs调控骨骼肌分化的分子机制

microRNA（miRNA）是一大类广泛存在于真核细胞当中的长度约22nt的内源性单链非编码RNA,通过与靶基因mRNA的3’非翻译区（3’untranslated region,3’UTR）结合在转录后水平调控靶基因的表达。miRNA作为调控基因表达的重要分子在骨骼肌分化调控中的作用越来越受到关注,阐明miRNA在骨骼肌增殖与分化中的作用机制具有重要的理论意义,同时也可为骨骼肌相关疾病的治疗提供新的思路。文章总结了miRNA,尤其是miR-1、miR-133和miR-206等肌肉特异性miRNA,在调控骨骼肌分化过程中作用机制的研究进展,以便于进一步工作的开展。     

胃癌相关miRNA表达的表观遗传学调控机制

胃癌是人类最常见的肿瘤之一,其发病机制尚不完全清楚.微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一组最近发现的长度为22个核苷酸左右的非编码RNA,具有负性调控基因表达的功能.本文对miRNA在胃癌发生中的作用及其表达调控机制进行综述.不断有文献显示,miRNA在多种肿瘤(包括胃癌)的发生过程中发挥着重要作用.作者和其他研究人员发现,miRNA的表达异常(如:miR-421和miR-21的上调或/和miR-31和miR-218的下调等)与胃癌的发生相关,提示miRNA是胃癌发生的重要因素.目前,miRNA表达的分子机制尚未完全明了.最近研究较清楚地显示,miRNA的表达受到DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰等机制的调控.这说明,胃癌相关miRNA的表达水平受到表观遗传机制的调控。     

环状RNA：竞争性内源RNA新成员

环状RNA（circRNA）广泛存在于各种生物细胞中,具有结构稳定、丰度高和组织特异性表达等特征。最近的研究表明,一些circRNA作为竞争性内源NRNA（ceRNA）来发挥基因表达调控的作用。circRNA利用其microRNA（miRNA）应答元件结合miRNA,以阻断miRNA对其靶标表达的抑制作用,从而调控其他相关RNA的表达水平。circRNA在基因表达调控中重要作用的发现不仅丰富了人们对ceRNAiN控网络的认识,而且提示circRNA在药物开发和疾病诊治中具有良好的应用前景。     

白血病microRNA的研究进展

microRNA（miRNA）是一种小分子非编码RNA,在细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等多种生理过程中发挥着重要的作用.近年来有关miRNA与多种癌症的关系已经得到证实,并且成为当前研究的热点.目前,已鉴定了miRNA在多种癌症中的表达谱,并报道了与白血病类型以及细胞遗传学相关的miRNA表达标签.越来越多的研究发现,部分miRNA在白血病等癌症中起着癌基因和抑癌基因的作用,而且某些miRNA跟诊断和预后有关,具有一定的临床意义和良好的应用前景.同时,运用新的技术手段发现和鉴定新的miRNA分子也为我们对白血病的发病机制的理解提供了新的视角.本文总结了近年来白血病相关miRNA的研究进展,并呈现了白血病中跟分化、增殖和凋亡有关的miRNA介导的调控网络,以期为深入了解白血病的发病机制提供借鉴作用.     

microRNA——新的髓系白血病致病因子及临床标物

微RNA(MicroRNA,miRNA)是一类长18～25 nt的非编码RNA,主要通过与靶基因mRNA3'UTR上的互补区域结合后在转录后水平(RNA切割或翻译抑制)负性调控靶基因的表达.现已发现,miRNA参与了多种正常细胞过程以及肿瘤发生的调控.miRNA也在造血链系分化和相关白血病中发挥重要作用.急性髓系白血病...     

微RNA在血脂异常研究中的进展

近年来,有关血脂异常相关微RNA(microRNA, miRNA)的研究表明,部分血脂异常伴有特征性的循环miRNA(包括循环外泌体miRNA)表达谱;另一方面,组织细胞中的miRNA可通过胆固醇逆向转运通路、低密度脂蛋白受体表达通路等多种机制调控血脂水平.因此, miRNA有潜力成为血脂异常精准诊断的生物标志物,并有望为血脂异常提供新的治疗靶点.本文综述了该领域的最新进展.     

microRNA化学小分子抑制剂的研究进展

药物靶点的研究一直是新药研发中最重要的内容之一,microRNA(miRNA)作为调节基因与蛋白之间相互关系的纽带无疑是药物靶点研究的重要对象,以它们作为靶点的药物设计和药物研发工作也在不断深入,并获得了一系列新发现.其中,对细胞内miRNA的表达或者功能具有调控活性的化学小分子的研究很值得关注.这些化学小分子不但可以用于研究细胞内miRNA的调控网络,而且基于其对重大疾病,如肿瘤、心脏疾病、神经性疾病等相关的miRNA的调控,可能在将来的疾病治疗方面有着潜在的重要作用.本文围绕miRNA化学小分子抑制剂及其筛选方法进行综述,通过总结归纳现有的研究进展,希望对今后的miRNA特异性小分子抑制剂的发现和研究提供借鉴.     

miRNA在白血病中的研究进展

microRNA(miRNA)是一种小分子非编码RNA,在细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等多种生理过程中发挥着重要作用.白血病相关miRNA研究进展迅速,并呈现了miRNA介导白血病瘤细胞增殖、分化和凋亡的调控网络.深入了解相关miRNA与白血病的发生、发展关系将为白血病的治疗开辟新途径.     

MicroRNAs in systemic rheumatic diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs about 21 nucleotides in length. miRNAs have been shown to regulate gene expression and thus influence a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Moreover, they are detected in a variety of sources, including tissues, serum, and other body fluids, such as saliva. The role of miRNAs is evident in various malignant and nonmalignant diseases, and there is accumulating evidence also for an important role of miRNAs in systemic rheumatic diseases. Abnormal expression of miRNAs has been reported in autoimmune diseases, mainly in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. miRNAs can be aberrantly expressed even in the different stages of disease progression, allowing miRNAs to be important biomarkers, to help understand the pathogenesis of the disease, and to monitor disease activity and effects of treatment. Different groups have demonstrated a link between miRNA expression and disease activity, as in the case of renal flares in lupus patients. Moreover, miRNAs are emerging as potential targets for new therapeutic strategies of autoimmune disorders. Taken together, recent data demonstrate that miRNAs can influence mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis, relapse, and specific organ involvement of autoimmune diseases. The ultimate goal is the identification of a miRNA target or targets that could be manipulated through specific therapies, aiming at activation or inhibition of specific miRNAs responsible for the development of disease.     

MicroRNAs in inflammatory lung disease - master regulators or target practice?

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a class of regulatory RNAs with immense significance in numerous biological processes. When aberrantly expressed miRNAs have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of several disease states. Extensive research has explored miRNA involvement in the development and fate of immune cells and in both the innate and adaptive immune responses whereby strong evidence links miRNA expression to signalling pathways and receptors with critical roles in the inflammatory response such as NF-κB and the toll-like receptors, respectively. Recent studies have revealed that unique miRNA expression profiles exist in inflammatory lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. Evaluation of the global expression of miRNAs provides a unique opportunity to identify important target gene sets regulating susceptibility and response to infection and treatment, and control of inflammation in chronic airway disorders. Over 800 human miRNAs have been discovered to date, however the biological function of the majority remains to be uncovered. Understanding the role that miRNAs play in the modulation of gene expression leading to sustained chronic pulmonary inflammation is important for the development of new therapies which focus on prevention of disease progression rather than symptom relief. Here we discuss the current understanding of miRNA involvement in innate immunity, specifically in LPS/TLR4 signalling and in the progression of the chronic inflammatory lung diseases cystic fibrosis, COPD and asthma. miRNA in lung cancer and IPF are also reviewed.     

MicroRNA调控猪骨骼肌发育的研究进展

骨骼肌的生长发育是影响猪肉产量和品质的重要因素,其受遗传和营养等众多因素的精细调控。MicroRNA (miRNA)是一种长度约为22 nt的非编码RNA,通过与靶基因的mRNA 3′UTR序列结合,调控其转录后的表达发挥作用。近年来,大量的研究表明miRNA参与机体的生长发育、生殖、疾病等多种生命过程。本文对miRNA在猪骨骼肌发育调控中的作用进行了综述,以期为猪的遗传改良提供参考和借鉴。     

Small non-coding RNAs in animal development

The modulation of gene expression by small non-coding RNAs is a recently discovered level of gene regulation in animals and plants. In particular, microRNAs (miRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) have been implicated in various aspects of animal development, such as neuronal, muscle and germline development. During the past year, an improved understanding of the biological functions of small non-coding RNAs has been fostered by the analysis of genetic deletions of individual miRNAs in mammals. These studies show that miRNAs are key regulators of animal development and are potential human disease loci.     

Diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target applications of miR-326 in cancers: A systematic review

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous mediators of RNA interference and have key roles in the modulation of gene expression under healthy, inflamed, stimulated, carcinogenic, or other cells, and tissues of a pathological state. Many studies have proved the association between miRNAs and cancer. The role of miR-326 as a tumor suppressor miRNA in much human cancer confirmed. We will explain the history and the role of miRNAs changes, especially miR-326 in cancers and other pathological conditions. Attuned with these facts, this review highlights recent preclinical and clinical research performed on miRNAs as novel promising diagnostic biomarkers of patients at early stages, prediction of prognosis, and monitoring of the patients in response to treatment. All related publications retrieved from the PubMed database, with keywords such as epigenetic, miRNA, microRNA, miR-326, cancer, diagnostic biomarker, and therapeutic target similar terms from 1899 to 2018 with limitations in the English language. Recently, researchers have focused on the impacts of miRNAs and their association in inflammatory, autoinflammatory, and cancerous conditions. Recent studies have suggested a major pathogenic role in cancers and autoinflammatory diseases. Investigations have explained the role of miRNAs in cancers, autoimmunity, and autoinflammatory diseases, and so on. The miRNA-326 expression has an important role in cancer conditions and other diseases.