重组人脑乙酰胆碱酯酶的基因表达和生化毒理学性质

人脑乙酰胆碱酯酶的全长cDNA序列克隆到真核高效表达载体pcDNA3.1中 ,并将pcDNA AChE转染人胚肾细胞株 2 93细胞 ,进行rhAChE的暂时表达 .真核细胞表达的rhAChE的生化性质与天然人脑AChE十分相似 .rhAChE的Km 值约为 137μmol L ;有过量底物抑制现象 ;可被胆碱酯酶抑制剂huperzineA和eserine抑制 (IC50 分别为 2 5× 10 -8mol L和 1 0× 10 -7mol L) ;肟类化合物HI 6 (10 -4 mol L)可以有效地重活化被sarin(10 -6mol L及 10 -7mol L)抑制的rhAChE ,4h内重活化率分别达 86 %和 97% .rhAChE反复冻融 3次 ,酶活性没有损失 .     

赖氨酰内肽酶特性及其表达、应用的研究进展

赖氨酰内肽酶是一种重要的工具酶,广泛应用于科学研究及工业化生产。目前市场上的赖氨酰内肽酶大多是从天然微生物中提取获得,其高昂的价格限制了其广泛运用,重组表达能够解决产量的难题。首次对赖氨酰内肽酶进行了综述,包括赖氨酰内肽酶的来源、结构、功能性质及其主要应用,并重点总结了近年来的重组表达进展,同时对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

昆虫胆碱酯酶测定方法综述

<正> 胆碱酯酶(Cholinesterase,ChE)可以分成两类:一类是乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AChE),又称真胆碱酯酶;另一类是丁酰胆碱酯酶(Butyrylcholinesterase,BuChE),又称假胆碱酯酶。在昆虫中主要是AChE,因此这里介绍的测定方法主要是针对AChE。昆虫的AChE测定方法很多,主要有测压法、测pH法、比色法(分光光度法)、荧光法、同位素法和电化学法等。以下就一些常用的方法作一简单介绍。     

Tyrphostin AG213对重组人蛋白激酶CK2全酶的抑制动力学

利用基因工程克隆、表达和纯化获得重组人蛋白激酶CK2α和 β亚基 ,在体外等摩尔数混合构成有最大生物活性的重组人CK2全酶 .以重组人CK2全酶为分子靶点 ,研究tyrphostinAG2 13对该全酶的直接作用及其抑制动力学 .通过测定转移到CK2底物上的 [γ 3 2 P]GTP的 [3 2 P]放射活度 ,检测CK2活性 .结果表明 :重组人CK2是一种Ca2 + 、cAMP和cGMP等第二信使非依赖性蛋白激酶 ,与天然CK2的性质一致 .AG2 13对重组人CK2全酶具有很强的抑制作用 ,IC50 为 1 1μmol L ,抑制作用远大于已知CK2的抑制剂 5 ,6 二氯 1 β 呋喃糖苯并咪唑 (DRB)和N (2 氨乙基 ) 5 氯萘 1 硫胺 (A3) .AG2 13对重组人CK2全酶的动力学研究表明 :它与GTP呈现非竞争 竞争性混合型抑制作用 ,抑制常数Ki 和Ki′值分别为 0 6 μmol L与 1 4 μmol L ;与酪蛋白呈非竞争性抑制作用 ,Ki 值为 0 9μmol L .结果说明 ,tyrphostinAG2 13不仅是酪氨酸蛋白激酶的抑制剂 ,而且是一种十分有效的蛋白激酶CK2的抑制剂 .重组人蛋白激酶CK2可作为一种较为简便筛选和开发有效的CK2抑制剂的分子靶点 .     

天然增效剂与化学抑制剂复配对小麦/玉米轮作体系产量、氮素利用及氮平衡的影响

脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂可以通过调控尿素氮转化的全过程延长氮肥肥效，提高氮肥利用效率，但目前所用脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂多为化学合成材料，成本高，且其抑制效果受土壤性质、气候条件和作物体系等多方面因素的影响。本研究采用田间小区试验，以冬小麦-夏玉米轮作种植体系为研究对象，设置不施氮肥(CK)、单施尿素(N)、尿素+双氰胺(ND)、尿素+腐植酸(NH)、尿素+沸石(NP)、尿素+N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺+双氰胺(NUD)、尿素+腐植酸+双氰胺(NHD)、尿素+沸石+双氰胺(NPD)8个处理，探讨在等施氮量条件下腐植酸或沸石两种天然增效剂及其与化学硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)复配对小麦和玉米轮作体系周年产量、氮素利用效率、土壤硝态氮累积及土壤-植物系统氮平衡的影响。结果表明：与NH或NP处理相比，腐植酸和沸石分别与DCD复配(NHD和NPD)后，玉米季产量(11268和11397 kg·hm^-2)及周年总产量(20494和20582 kg·hm^-2)均显著提高，且达到了与化学脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂复配处理(NUD)基本相当的产量水平；与N处理相比，NHD和...     

季也蒙毕赤酵母菌尿酸酶基因的克隆、重组表达及表征

目的:克隆一种季也蒙毕赤酵母菌的尿酸酶蛋白编码基因,并通过重组表达和表征进行确认。方法:测定酵母细胞株C.G.M.C.C 2.1008的rRNA序列鉴定其所属种,串联质谱分析此天然尿酸酶肽段序列搜索同源蛋白,测定转录组验证其诱导表达属性,据季也蒙毕赤酵母ATCC6260基因组信息推断所得尿酸酶(Uniprot id:A5DFP1)的编码序列设计引物,从C.G.M.C.C 2.1008细胞株cDNA中PCR扩增尿酸酶基因,测序后再克隆至定向表达载体pDE1及pDE2中构建带6His标签的重组表达质粒pDE1-MGU和pDE2-MGU,同时构建无6His标签的表达质粒RMGU。在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达此真菌尿酸酶,SDS-PAGE和MALDI-TOF-MS测定肽段分子质量,以尿酸为底物测定其动力学参数及抑制剂敏感性等性质,并与天然尿酸酶进行比较。结果:rRNA序列表明此菌株为季也蒙毕赤酵母,串联质谱分析胰蛋白酶解肽段表明此天然真菌尿酸酶与尿酸酶A5DFP1高度相似,转录组测序支持此尿酸酶基因高效诱导表达。用所设计引物经PCR从cDNA快速获得编码序列,T载体测序显示其与A5DFP1编码序列仅在第435位碱基不同但氨基酸仍相同。SDS-PAGE发现重组R-MGU肽段约35k Da;MALDI-TOF-MS发现其肽段约17.43k Da且与天然酶一致,但按氨基酸序列计算分子质量仅为33.98k Da,表明其可能存在化学修饰。重组表达带6His标签尿酸酶纯化后比活性接近6.0U/mg;R-MGU米氏常数、代表抑制剂的抑制常数及分子质量与天然尿酸酶无差别,但R-MGU很难纯化,使其相同条件下的热稳定性比纯化天然酶略差。结论:成功克隆了一种季也蒙毕赤酵母菌的尿酸酶,并实现其活性形式的重组表达。     

磷脂对乙酰胆碱酯酶的稳定性及磷酸化作用的影响

采用重组的方法,磷脂能显著地提高纯化的黄姑鱼肌肉乙酰胆碱酯酶在水溶液中保存的稳定性。牛脑磷脂酰丝氨酸及牛脑磷脂酰胆碱重组酶,在4℃条件下保存,皆有比对照更高的稳定性。酶与牛脑磷脂酰胆碱重组后,再分别于室温及37℃放置50天,其活力不下降。而对照的活力分别下降为重组前活力的1/2及1/4。在某些稀释条件下,牛脑及牛脊髓磷脂酰丝氨酸重组酶的活性迅速下降。稀释液中钙离子的存在,能阻止这种磷脂对酶的抑制作用。而磷脂酰胆碱重组酶及对照酶皆无此种在稀释条件下的活力迅速下降的现象。牛脑磷脂酰胆碱与酶的重组还能提高对氧磷与酶的反应活性。该重组酶与对氧磷反应的双分子速度常数高达9.0×10~8M~(-1)分~(-1)。因此,此种磷脂酰胆碱重组酶是酶分析法测定极低浓度有机磷化合物的一种较好的酶源。     

磷脂对乙酰胆碱酯酶的稳定性及磷酸化作用的影响

采用重组的方法,磷脂能显著地提高纯化的黄姑鱼肌肉乙酰胆碱酯酶在水溶液中保存的稳定性。牛脑磷脂酰丝氨酸及牛脑磷脂酰胆碱重组酶,在4℃条件下保存,皆有比对照更高的稳定性。酶与牛脑磷脂酰胆碱重组后,再分别于室温及37℃放置50天,其活力不下降。而对照的活力分别下降为重组前活力的1/2及1/4。在某些稀释条件下,牛脑及牛脊髓磷脂酰丝氨酸重组酶的活性迅速下降。稀释液中钙离子的存在,能阻止这种磷脂对酶的抑制作用。而磷脂酰胆碱重组酶及对照酶皆无此种在稀释条件下的活力迅速下降的现象。牛脑磷脂酰胆碱与酶的重组还能提高对氧磷与酶的反应活性。该重组酶与对氧磷反应的双分子速度常数高达9.0×10~8M~(-1)分~(-1)。因此,此种磷脂酰胆碱重组酶是酶分析法测定极低浓度有机磷化合物的一种较好的酶源。     

有机磷抑制剂与家蝇头部胆碱酯酶反应的双分子速率常数

作者测定SD-3562 [3-(二甲氧磷酰基)-N,N-二甲基丁烯酰胺的a-异构体]和TEPP(四乙基焦磷酸酯)与家蝇头部胆碱酯酶反应的双分子速率常数,并引用了文献中11种其它有机磷抑制剂的双分子速率常数,说明化学结构与功能之间关系,并进一步推导酶的结构与性质。     

黄姑鱼肌肉胆碱酯酶的纯化及其某些性质

用亲和层析方法纯化了黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)肌肉胆碱酯酶。结合在膜上的胆碱酯酶用两种非离子型表面活性剂的混合液抽提、硫酸铵分级沉淀、再经一次亲和层析,共提纯11,800倍,最高比活力达2180活力单位/毫克蛋白,总活力回收约20%。纯化后的酶用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,除部分酶蛋白留在原点外,在凝胶内为单一蛋白染色区带,具有酶活力。SephadexG-200凝胶过滤得两个酶活力峰。亲和吸附剂在八个月内反复使用近20次,性能不变。对酶的一般性质作了初步的研究。根据酶的底物专一性、受真性酶专一性抑制剂抑制作用的敏感性及过量底物抑制作用的存在,可以认为黄姑鱼肌肉胆碱酯酶基本上具有真性酶的特征。     

Inhibition of two different cholinesterases by tacrine

Kinetic parameters of the effect of tacrine as a cholinesterase inhibitor have been studied in two different sources: snake venom (Bungarus sindanus) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Tacrine inhibited both venom acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as well as human serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in a concentration-dependent manner. Kinetic studies indicated that the nature of inhibition was mixed for both enzymes, i.e. Km values increase and Vmax decrease with the increase of the tacrine concentration. The calculated IC50 for snake venom and for human serum were 31 and 25.6 nM, respectively. Ki was observed to be 13 nM for venom acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 12 nM for serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). KI (constant of AChE-ASCh-tacrine complex into AChE-ASCh complex and tacrine) was estimated to be 20 nM for venom and 10 nM for serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), while the gammaKm (dissociation constant of AChE-ASCh-tacrine complex into AChE-tacrine complex and ASCh) were 0.086 and 0.147 mM for snake venom AChE and serum BChE, respectively. The present results suggest that this therapeutic agent used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease can also be considered an inhibitor of snake venom and human serum butyrylcholinesterase. Values of Ki and KI show that tacrine had more affinity with these enzymes as compared with other cholinesterases from the literature.     

Stereoselective inhibition of human, mouse, and horse cholinesterases by bambuterol enantiomers

Bambuterol is a chiral carbamate and a selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8). In order to relate bambuterol selectivity and stereoselectivity of BChE and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) of different species, we studied the inhibition of human, mouse, and horse BChE, as well as AChE of human and mouse by (R)- and (S)-bambuterol. AChE and BChE of all studied species were progressively inhibited by both bambuterol enantiomers, with a preference for the (R)-bambuterol whose inhibition rate constants were about five times higher than that of (S)-bambuterol. We observed no significant difference between human and mouse in bambuterol enantiomer BChE inhibition. However, (R)-bambuterol inhibited horse BChE about 14 times slower than human and mouse BChE, and the inhibition rate for (S)-bambuterol was about 18 times slower. Although the primary structure of horse BChE differs from the other two species in 15 amino acids, we presumed that differences in inhibition rates could be attributed to threonine at position 69 located close to the peripheral site of BChE. Since BChE inhibition by bambuterol enantiomers was at least 8000 times faster than that of AChE, both bambuterol enantiomers proved to be selective BChE inhibitors, as was previously shown for racemate.     

Synthesis,in vitro screening and molecular docking of isoquinolinium-5-carbaldoximes as acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase reactivators

Abstract

The series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical isoquinolinium-5-carbaldoximes was designed and prepared for cholinesterase reactivation purposes. The novel compounds were evaluated for intrinsic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition, when the majority of novel compounds resulted with high inhibition of both enzymes and only weak inhibitors were selected for reactivation experiments on human AChE or BChE inhibited by sarin, VX, or paraoxon. The AChE reactivation for all used organophosphates was found negligible if compared to the reactivation ability of obidoxime. Importantly, two compounds were found to reactivate BChE inhibited by sarin or VX better to obidoxime at human attainable concentration. One compound resulted as better reactivator of NEMP (VX surrogate)-inhibited BChE than obidoxime. The in vitro results were further rationalized by molecular docking studies showing future directions on designing potent BChE reactivators.     

Lamellipodin proline rich peptides associated with native plasma butyrylcholinesterase tetramers

BChE (butyrylcholinesterase) protects the cholinergic nervous system from organophosphorus nerve agents by scavenging these toxins. Recombinant human BChE produced from transgenic goat to treat nerve agent intoxication is currently under development. The therapeutic potential of BChE relies on its ability to stay in the circulation for a prolonged period, which in turn depends on maintaining tetrameric quaternary configuration. Native human plasma BChE consists of 98% tetramers and has a half-life (t((1/2))) of 11-14 days. BChE in the neuromuscular junctions and the central nervous system is anchored to membranes through interactions with ColQ (AChE-associated collagen tail protein) and PRiMA (proline-rich membrane anchor) proteins containing proline-rich domains. BChE prepared in cell culture is primarily monomeric, unless expressed in the presence of proline-rich peptides. We hypothesized that a poly-proline peptide is an intrinsic component of soluble plasma BChE tetramers, just as it is for membrane-bound BChE. We found that a series of proline-rich peptides was released from denatured human and horse plasma BChE. Eight peptides, with masses from 2072 to 2878 Da, were purified by HPLC and sequenced by electrospray ionization tandem MS and Edman degradation. All peptides derived from the same proline-rich core sequence PSPPLPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPLP (mass 2663 Da) but varied in length at their N- and C-termini. The source of these peptides was identified through database searching as RAPH1 [Ras-associated and PH domains (pleckstrin homology domains)-containing protein 1; lamellipodin, gi:82581557]. A proline-rich peptide of 17 amino acids derived from lamellipodin drove the assembly of human BChE secreted from CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cells into tetramers. We propose that the proline-rich peptides organize the 4 subunits of BChE into a 340 kDa tetramer, by interacting with the C-terminal BChE tetramerization domain.     

The role of Phe329 in binding of cationic triarylmethane dyes to human butyrylcholinesterase

Cationic triarylmethane dyes (TAM(+))s which are used as colorants in industry and as frequent tools and reagents in analytical, cell biological and biomedical research have been recently characterized as reversible inhibitors of human butyrylcholinesterase. In this study, the inhibitory effects of two TAM(+)s, malachite green (MG) and methyl green (MeG) on five human BChE mutants (A277V, P285L, H77L, A328F and F329A) were studied spectrophotometrically at 25°C in 50mM MOPS buffer pH 8, using butyrylthiocholine as substrate. The kinetic results obtained with mutant enzymes were compared to those obtained with recombinant wild type BChE. MG and MeG were found to act as competitive/linear mixed inhibitors of recombinant wild type BChE and all BChE mutants except the F329A mutant. Both dyes caused complex nonlinear inhibition of F329A mutant, pointing to multisite binding. K(i) values for MG and MeG, estimated by nonlinear regression analysis, were 3.8 and 27 μM, respectively, as compared to the 50- to 150-fold lower values observed with recombinant wild type BChE. The observed significant differences in kinetic pattern and K(i) values between recombinant wild type BChE and F329A mutant suggest that phenylalanine at position 329 in human BChE is a critical residue in MG and MeG binding to enzyme.     

Transgenic plants as a source for the bioscavenging enzyme,human butyrylcholinesterase

Organophosphorous pesticides and nerve agents inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase at neuronal synapses and in neuromuscular junctions. The resulting accumulation of acetylcholine overwhelms regulatory mechanisms, potentially leading to seizures and death from respiratory collapse. While current therapies are only capable of reducing mortality, elevation of the serum levels of the related enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by application of the purified protein as a bioscavenger of organophosphorous compounds is effective in preventing all symptoms associated with poisoning by these toxins. However, BChE therapy requires large quantities of enzyme that can easily overwhelm current sources. Here, we report genetic optimization, cloning and high‐level expression of human BChE in plants. Plant‐derived BChE is shown to be biochemically similar to human plasma‐derived BChE in terms of catalytic activity and inhibitor binding. We further demonstrate the ability of the plant‐derived bioscavenger to protect animals against an organophosphorous pesticide challenge.     

Butyrylcholinesterase interactions with amylin may protect pancreatic cells in metabolic syndrome

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the mechanisms underlying the transition from MetS to T2DM are unknown. Our goal was to study the potential contribution of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) to this process. We first determined the hydrolytic activity of BChE in serum from MetS, T2DM and healthy individuals. The ‘Kalow’ variant of BChE (BChE‐K), which has been proposed to be a risk factor for T2DM, was genotyped in the last two groups. Our results show that in MetS patients serum BChE activity is elevated compared to T2DM patients and healthy controls (P < 0.001). The BChE‐K genotype showed similar prevalence in T2DM and healthy individuals, excluding this genotype as a risk factor for T2DM. However, the activity differences remained unexplained. Previous results from our laboratory have shown BChE to attenuate the formation of β‐amyloid fibrils, and protect cultured neurons from their cytotoxicity. Therefore, we next studied the in vitro interactions between recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase and amylin by surface plasmon resonance, Thioflavine T fluorescence assay and cross‐linking, and used cultured pancreatic β cells to test protection by BChE from amylin cytotoxicity. We demonstrate that BChE interacts with amylin through its core domain and efficiently attenuates both amylin fibril and oligomer formation. Furthermore, application of BChE to cultured β cells protects them from amylin cytotoxicity. Taken together, our results suggest that MetS‐associated BChE increases could protect pancreatic β‐cells in vivo by decreasing the formation of toxic amylin oligomers.     

The impact of sialylation linkage-type on the pharmacokinetics of recombinant butyrylcholinesterases

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells typically produce glycoproteins with N-glycans terminating in α-2,3 sialylation. Human cells produce glycoproteins that include α-2,3 and α-2,6 sialic acids. To examine the impact of altering protein sialylation on pharmacokinetic properties, recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was produced in CHO cells by knocking out the α-2,3 sialyltransferase genes followed by overexpression of the α-2,6 sialyltransferase (26BChE) enzyme. The N-glycan composition of 26BChE was compared to BChE with α-2,3 sialylation (23BChE) derived from wild-type CHO cells. Both 23BChE and 26BChE exhibited comparable antennarity distributions with bi-antennary di-sialylated glycans representing the most abundant glycoform. CD-1 mice were intravenously injected with the 23BChE or 26BChE, and residual BChE activities from blood collected at various time points for pharmacokinetic analyses. Although 23BChE contained a slightly lower initial sialylation level compared to 26BChE, the molecule exhibited higher residual activity between 5 and 24 hr postinjection. Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated that 23BChE exhibited an increase in area under the curve and a lower volume of distribution at steady state than that of 26BChE. These findings suggest that the type of sialylation linkage may play a significant role in the pharmacokinetic behavior of a biotherapeutic when tested in in vivo animal models.     

Abundant tissue butyrylcholinesterase and its possible function in the acetylcholinesterase knockout mouse

We have described recently an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) knockout mouse. While comparing the tissue distribution of AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), we found that extraction buffers containing Triton X-100 strongly inhibited mouse BChE activity. In contrast, buffers with Tween 20 caused no inhibition of BChE. Conventional techniques grossly underestimated BChE activity by up to 15-fold. In Tween 20 buffer, the intestine, serum, lung, liver, and heart had higher BChE than AChE activity. Only brain had higher AChE than BChE activity in AChE +/+ mice. These findings contradict the dogma, based mainly on observations in Triton X-100 extracts, that BChE is a minor cholinesterase in animal tissues. AChE +/- mice had 50% of normal AChE activity and AChE -/- mice had none, but all mice had similar levels of BChE activity. BChE was inhibited by Triton X-100 in all species tested, except rat and chicken. Inhibition was reversible and competitive with substrate binding. The active site of rat BChE was unique, having an arginine in place of leucine at position 286 (human BChE numbering) in the acyl-binding pocket of the active site, thus explaining the lack of inhibition of rat BChE by Triton X-100. The generally high levels of BChE activity in tissues, including the motor endplate, and the observation that mice live without AChE, suggest that BChE has an essential function in nullizygous mice and probably in wild-type mice as well.