胚乳对幼苗中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的影响

在小麦、大麦、玉米黄化幼苗的萌发过程中,PAL活性有“消长”现象。当去胚乳后,幼苗中PAL活性普遍下降。亚胺环己酮处理可以阻止去胚乳造成的PAL活性下降。大麦、小麦去胚乳老化12h幼苗的提取液可在体外抑制整体苗的PAL活性。表明胚乳在调节幼苗体内PAL活性方面具有一定的作用。去胚乳后体内有PAL“抑制蛋白”的积累。     

离子束介导玉米DNA影响水稻幼苗根系蛋白水解酶的表达

利用离子束介导法把玉米DNA导入水稻豫粳6号种子胚中,通过复性电泳技术,分析水稻幼苗根系中蛋白水解酶在pH4.5、pH7.0和pH8.5的表达情况.结果表明:(1)在不同pH条件下处理,各蛋白水解酶种类与活性存在差异,酸性、中性、碱性条件下,检到的蛋白水解酶酶带依次增多,酸性条件下酶活性较弱,中性和碱性条件下酶活性较强;(2)在3种pH条件下,离子束辐照处理均有部分蛋白水解酶带缺失,同时,在中性和碱性条件下检出50kD新酶带,说明离子束辐照可影响水稻蛋白水解酶表达;(3)离子束介导玉米DNA水稻幼苗根系中,pH4.5时无新蛋白水解酶酶带检出,pH7.0和pH8.5时均检到多条新酶带且活性较强.说明离子束介导玉米DNA引起水稻幼根蛋白水解酶表达发生变化.     

小麦幼根和幼苗中几种同工酶的初步研究

利用水平板淀粉凝胶电泳法和盘状聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,结合酶的染色法研究了小麦种子萌发后的胚、幼根和幼苗中过氧化物酶等6种同工酶及胚乳中淀粉酶同工酶的变化;测定了幼根和幼苗中过氧化物酶和吲乙酸氧化酶的活性。过氧化物酶和淀粉酶的同工酶数目随萌发大量增加。6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和酯酶在萌发初期的胚中就有不少同工酶带和较强的活性。过氧化物酶、吲乙酸氧化酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶在根中比在苗中活性大得多,相反,过氧化氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶在苗中比在根中活性大得多,酯酶在苗中比在根中活性稍大,只有异柠檬酸脱氢酶在根和苗中无甚差异。同工酶带的数目及其相对强度的不同可能与器官差异有关。此研究有助于进一步探讨不同组织和器官在分化时具有不同的代谢特点。     

旱-盐复合胁迫对玉米种子萌发和生理特性的影响

分别用15% PEG、100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl及其混合溶液模拟干旱(D)、盐(S)及旱-盐复合胁迫(D+S)对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明: 3种胁迫处理均明显抑制了种子萌发、幼芽、幼根的伸长及生物量的积累,且影响程度为D>D+S>S;幼芽及幼根中过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、超氧阴离子(O^-·₂)等活性氧含量及丙二醛(MDA)含量明显升高,质膜相对透性增大,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白等生理渗透调节物质含量显著增加,且幼芽中含量高于幼根,积累程度均为D>D+S>S.3种胁迫处理均使幼芽、幼根中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX) 等抗氧化酶活性增强;其中,SOD和APX活性表现为复合胁迫介于单一胁迫之间,而POD和CAT活性表现为复合胁迫大于单一胁迫;说明旱-盐复合逆境胁迫对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响并不是单一胁迫的简单叠加,与单一干旱胁迫相比,旱-盐复合胁迫在一定程度上能够缓解干旱胁迫对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.     

盐碱胁迫对两种高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以纤维高粱和普通高粱种子为材料,将NaCl、Na2SO4和NaHCO3按不同比例混合,模拟15种盐度和碱度各不相同的复杂盐碱条件,采用培养皿纸上发芽法研究了混合盐碱胁迫对两种高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以探讨两种高粱种子和幼苗的耐盐碱能力及在盐碱胁迫下的变化规律。结果表明,低盐低碱环境促进了两种高粱种子的萌发;随着盐碱胁迫的增强,高粱种子的萌发率、萌发指数与对照相比均显著下降,而纤维高粱的累积萌发率下降幅度较普通高粱小,表明纤维高粱对盐渍环境的适应性略高于普通高粱。在高粱幼苗生长过程中,随着盐碱胁迫的增强,两种高粱的幼根和幼芽长均显著下降,且与对照均具有显著性差异。盐度对两种高粱的萌发率、萌发指数、幼苗长均有极显著影响,盐度与pH相互作用对两种高粱的幼根长有极显著影响。     

NaCl胁迫对疣苞滨藜种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的影响

在光/暗(12 h/12 h)条件下研究了温度、苞片和NaCl浓度对疣苞滨藜种子萌发及其恢复的影响,同时观察萌发后幼根在NaCl中的生长和恢复情况.结果显示:(1)疣苞滨藜种子在温度周期为5℃/2℃、15℃/5℃、20℃/10℃、25℃/5℃、25℃/15℃中处理12 d后种子萌发率均达到80%以上,其最适萌发温度为25℃/15℃.(2)苞片对种子萌发不存在抑制作用,但能够延缓萌发时间.(3)低浓度的NaCl能促进种子萌发和幼根的伸长,且在0.2 mol/L时达到最大,在0.8 mol/L时完全抑制种子萌发和幼苗的生长.(4)经过不同浓度NaCl预处理后的种子,其萌发恢复率随原处理浓度的升高而升高,且最终萌发率都高于对照.研究表明,NaCl处理对疣苞滨藜种子没有造成伤害,其抑制萌发是通过渗透效应而不是离子毒害;疣苞滨藜种子和幼苗对盐分的耐性是其适应盐渍荒漠环境的重要原因.     

水稻种子萌发期间谷氨酰胺合成酶和NADH-谷氨酸合酶的变化

测定了水稻种子不同萌发时期胚乳、胚芽鞘和幼根的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和依赖于NADH的谷氨酸合酶（NADH－GOGAT）活性变化。胚乳和胚芽鞘的GS活性在萌发过程中升高,幼根的GS活性则有所降低。NADH－GOGAT的活性变化趋势与GS相同。Native-PAGE活性染色表明,在萌发阶段的水稻种子胚乳和幼根里,始终只观察到一种GS活性带。但是,在水稻种子萌发3d后,在胚芽鞘中除继续检测到GS1的活性外,还可以观察到GS2的活性。蛋白质印迹显示,水稻种子胚乳中的GS（GSe)和GS1和GSra一样是一种胞质型GS。实验结果提示,这些不同组织中的GS与NADH－GOGAT构成的循环途径也许是水稻种子萌发时氨同化的主要途径。     

茉莉酸甲酯对水稻种子萌发和贮藏物质降解的影响

茉莉酸甲酯 (methyljasmonate ,MeJA)对水稻 (OryzasativaL .)种子萌发及幼苗生长的作用表现出“双重性”效应 ,低浓度促进种子萌发和幼苗生长 ,最适浓度为 5× 10 -7mol/L ,高浓度作用相反。MeJA对水稻萌发胚乳酸性磷酸酶、α_淀粉酶、淀粉和盐溶蛋白降解作用也如此 ,但它抑制谷蛋白降解。实验结果表明 ,MeJA促进和抑制水稻种子萌发都与α_淀粉酶活性有关。讨论了MeJA对种子萌发作用与ABA作用的异同     

尖吻蝮蛇蛇毒中一种新型酸性磷酯酶的纯化和表征

从尖吻蝮蛇蛇毒中, 通过嗜硫色谱、Sephadex G-75、Blue胶和POROS HQ20离子交换色谱,分离纯化得到纯组分AA-PLA₂-I,并证明其为新型酸性磷酸酯酶A₂ 经鉴定,该酶为分子量14.4 kD的单体蛋白,等电点5.66,不含中性糖基,N端序列为SLIQFETLIMKVVKK,其磷酸酯酶A2活性的最适温度和pH条件分别为50 ℃ 和 pH 10此外,该酶蛋白酶活性较弱,无出血毒性,但具有抗凝血活性,且其抗凝血活性耐热至70 ℃.     

莲种子的极端高温耐性与抗氧化酶活性的变化

莲（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn．）种子是一种长寿命和耐极端高温的种子．莲和玉米（Zeamays L．）种子的含水量分别为0．103和0．129gH20／g干重,随着在100℃处理时间的延长,种子的含水量、萌发率和由存活种子产生的幼苗鲜重逐渐降低．100℃处理15min时,玉米种子的萌发率为零;但莲种子被处理24h时,其萌发率仍然为13．5％．50％的玉米和莲种子被100℃处理致死的时间（T50）分别为6min和14．5h．随着100℃处理时间的延长,莲胚轴的相对电解质渗漏明显增加,总叶绿素含量显著下降,当在100℃处理时间短于12h时,莲下胚轴的亚细胞结构保持完整;当处理时间长于12h时,细胞逐渐发生质壁分离、内质网变得不清晰、核和核仁降解、大多数线粒体膨胀、脂质颗粒在细胞边界积累,最后细胞器和质膜降解．此外,莲胚轴和子叶的丙二醛（MDA）含量在100℃处理的0～12h内下降,然后增加：玉米胚和胚乳的MDA含量在100℃处理的5～10min内增加,然后有所下降．莲胚轴和子叶的超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）和胚轴的过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在100℃处理初期增加,然后下降;而莲胚轴和子叶的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和子叶的CAT活性随100℃处理时间的延长而逐渐下降．玉米胚和胚乳中的SOD,DHAR以及胚的GR活性在100℃处理初期增加,然后下降;玉米胚和胚乳中的APX,CAT和胚乳的GR活性随100℃处理时间的延长迅速下降,与种子萌发率下降的趋势相同,莲胚轴和子叶的SOD,APX,CAT,GR和DHAR活性下降缓慢,而在玉米胚和胚乳中这些酶的活性则迅速降低。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.