盐碱池塘浮游植物初级生产力的研究

根据黑白瓶测氧法测定 ,山东省高青县赵店渔场盐碱池塘鱼类生长期内 (4— 9月 )浮游植物初级生产力为9 42± 4 2 1gO2 (m2 ·d) ,日P/B系数平均 0 2 4± 0 18,浮游植物对太阳有效辐射的利用率平均 1 5 3%。无鱼对照池浮游植物初级生产力显著低于养鱼池。回归分析表明 ,浮游植物现存量、透明度、水温、盐度是决定盐碱池塘浮游植物初级生产力的主要生态因子。营养盐中磷比氮的限制作用大。文中探讨了养鱼池初级生产力在能量转化中的生态学效率。     

盐碱池塘浮游植物初级生产力日变化的研究

用黑白瓶测氧法对盐碱池塘浮游植物初级生产力的日变化进行了研究．结果表明,盐碱池塘浮游植物初级生产力存在着明显的日变化,其分布规律与光照、温度、浮游植物现存量等环境因子的变化是相关的．用黑白瓶法连续曝光24h测定初级生产力结果大大偏低于每次曝光2h的全天累积结果．对养鱼池而言,在10：00—14：00时曝光4h再推算全天的初级生产力较为适当．     

春季季风转换期间孟加拉湾的初级生产力

2010年中国科学院东北印度洋科学考察期间,对孟加拉湾水域初级生产力展开了研究.孟加拉湾表层水体的水温较高,盐度变化范围较大,且上层水体营养盐含量较低,在真光层底部营养盐浓度突然增加.表层叶绿素a浓度较低(＜0.1 mg/m3),叶绿素a最大值常出现在75 m水深处,上层水体浮游植物的生长受氮限制明显.表层潜在初级生产力低于0.2mgcm-3h-1,且初级生产速率在50-75 m出现最大值.水柱中初级生产力变化范围为199-367 mgCm-2d-1,高值出现在88°-89°(E)附近.浮游植物固碳的主要贡献者是微微型浮游生物(＜3 μm),其次是小型浮游生物(＞20 μm)和微型浮游生物(3-20 μm),但表层与75 m水深处固碳浮游植物的结构有一定差异.将孟加拉湾与阿拉伯海初级生产力进行对比,孟加拉湾水体初级生产力显著低于阿拉伯海,且初级生产力的影响因素有着显著的差异.     

太湖湖岸带浮游植物初级生产力特征及影响因素

利用高频溶解氧监测,估算了太湖梅梁湾湖岸带浮游植物初级生产力的高频变化特征。结合同步气象监测及浮游植物、浮游动物和营养盐的周年逐周观测数据,分析了气象和环境条件对富营养化湖泊浮游植物初级生产力的影响。结果发现,高频溶解氧监测估算的初级生产力变化与浮游藻类生物量的变化一致,能够反映出浮游植物生产力的昼夜变化、季节变化等规律。统计分析表明,气温对太湖这一富营养化湖泊初级生产力影响很大;氮的供给与浮游动物的选择性牧食也是影响浮游植物初级生产力的重要因素。湖岸带的水华堆积过程对初级生产力影响巨大,气象、水文过程又加剧了蓝藻水华初级生产力的变化幅度,反映出富营养化湖泊初级生产力可能存在极大的时空不均一性。研究表明,溶解氧高频监测法估算初级生产力能够捕捉到湖泊初级生产力的快速变化过程,可以用于富营养化湖泊初级生产力监测、蓝藻水华灾害预警中。     

主养鲢鳙非鲫高产鱼塘的初级生产力与能量转化效率的研究

分析测定了主养鲢鳙非鲫高产池塘浮游植物初级生产力的垂直、周日、周年变化及其与主要生态因素、鱼产量水平的关系。探讨了初级生产力在能量转化中的生态学效率:毛初级生产力对太阳辐射能的利用率为0.84％—1.64％;鲢鳙非鲫净产量对浮游植物净产量的直接利用率为8.46％—15.56％;太阳能转化为成产量的生态学效率为0.058％—0.156％。     

滩涂池塘生态系统的光合能量利用及其影响因子

研究了江苏沿海滩涂不同养殖模式下初级生产力特征、能量利用率及其影响因子.结果表明,滩涂养殖水体浮游植物的初级生产力存在垂直分布、日变化和季节的动态变化,这种变化与太阳辐射强度有直接的关系.滩涂养殖水体净初级生产量平均值为(7.58±2.52) gO2/(m2 · d),只占毛产量的55.41%,太阳能转化为鲢、鳙鱼产量的生态效率为0.020%～0.029%,这些指标低于我国高产养殖塘,鱼塘生态系统结构有待进一步优化.浮游植物生物量、透明度、N/P值、Mg2+浓度等因素显著影响水体初级生产力的大小,多元逐步回归表明浮游植物叶绿素含量和到达水体表面的太阳辐射强度是初级生产力的最主要因子,其回归方程为:Pg =0.0785Cha+0.0577 Iλ0+1.346;n=22, FCha>F Iλ0>F0.1,而盐度、Na+、Cl-浓度影响不显著.     

东海赤潮高发区春季叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征

2002年4-5月对东海海域进行了综合调查,分析了海区叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特性．结果表明,大面站表层平均叶绿素a浓度为1．086mg·m-3．分级叶绿素a结果显示．春季东海浮游植物以微型和微微型(<20μm)占优势,其对海区叶绿素a的贡献为64％,超微型浮游植物(<5μm)占浮游植物生物量的27％．营养盐分布和浮游动物的摄食压力影响了叶绿素a及其粒级结构的分布．平均初级生产力为10．091mg·m-3·h-1。赤潮跟踪的R-03、RL-01、RG-01站的平均初级生产力为399．984mg·m-3·h-1．光和营养盐成为叶绿素和初级生产力平面分布的主要限制因子．表层叶绿素a和初级生产力均在调查海区的123·E纵断面冲淡区产生高值区．DC-11站浮游植物生物量异常高,表层叶绿素a达到9．082mg·m-3,初级生产力为128．79mg·m-3·h-1．但并未出现水色异常．     

三峡水库浮游植物初级生产力的季节变化与空间分布

研究在三峡库区选取秭归、巫山、云阳、忠县、木洞5 个断面, 自2012 年8 月至2013 年4 月采用黑白瓶法进行为期一周年季节性的原位初级生产力测定, 探讨初级生产力的季节变化、水平分布、垂直分布等动态特征。结果表明: 初级生产力平均值(以溶氧计)的四季变化规律为: 夏季5.613 mgO2/(Ld)春季3.630 mgO2/(Ld)冬季0.906 mgO2/(Ld)秋季0.552 mgO2/(Ld), 与浮游植物叶绿素a 含量的季节变化一致;在初级生产力的空间分布上, 5 个断面中库首最高(秭归)、库中次之(巫山、云阳、忠县)、库尾最低(木洞);且全年所有断面干流初级生产力均显著低于支流初级生产力;在垂直分布上, 初级生产力的最大值主要出现在水下0-1 m 间, 在水下1-5 m 随着水深增加呈现递减趋势, 光能可得性可能是限制浮游植物初级生产力的重要因子。相关性分析表明, 毛初级生产力与叶绿素a、溶解氧、pH 呈显著正相关。       

主养青鱼高产池塘的初级生产力及其能量转化为鲢、鳙产量的效率

本文论述了主养青鱼高产池塘浮游植物初级生产力的测定结果,揭示了其垂直、季节变化及其与主要生态因子、鱼产量水平、鲢、鳙鱼产量的关系,分析了D/B、P_G/R_W、N/P的作用。研究查明:1米以上水柱的光合产氧量占水柱总产氧量的90％以上。水柱日毛产氧量变动在5.00—17.04克氧/平方米·日之间,水柱年产氧量达2063—2814克氧/平方米·年。初级生产量全年只有一个高峰,常出现在7—8月。主养青鱼型年净产鱼量7500、11250、15000公斤/公顷级池塘的浮游植物鲜重净产量分别为100 674.4、118 560、128 197.6公斤/公顷·年,青鱼、草鱼并重型年净产鱼量15000公斤/公顷级池塘的浮游植物鲜重净产量为137 323.2公斤/公顷·年。 4—11月,毛初级生产力对太阳辐射能的利用率为0.81—1.11％;鲢、鳙产量对浮游植物净产量的直接利用率为3.49—5.13％;太阳能转移为鱼产量的生态学效率为0.028—0.055％。     

太湖梅梁湾浮游植物叶绿素a和初级生产力

1998年5月～1999年8月对太湖梅梁湾4站点进行了每季1次、为期1年的初级生产力及相关因子研究,分析了梅梁湾叶绿素a含量和初级生产力的时空分布特征．结果表明,梅梁湾的叶绿素a含量、初级生产力均存在明显的季节变化和空间差异,春、夏季浮游植物叶绿索a含量和初级生产力要比秋、冬季高,空间上位于污染严重的直湖港口6#点叶绿索a含量和初级生产力要高,并大致呈现从湾内向湾口递减的趋势;在春、夏、秋季光照较强时,初级生产力最大指值出现在水下20～50cm处。到冬季垂直差异不明显;10～30℃之间初级生产力基本上随温度的上升而呈指数增加趋势．浮游植物生物现存量与初级生产力存在显著的正相关．营养盐与初级生产力相关性变化很大．光照显著地影响初级生产力的日变化。春、夏季强光作用下表面光抑制现象比较明显．     

Spatial Analysis of Production by Macrophytes,Phytoplankton and Epiphyton in a Large River System under Different Water-Level Conditions

Relative contributions by macrophytes, epiphyton and phytoplankton to total primary production was estimated in a large (∼300 km²) widening of the St. Lawrence River (Canada), over a 2-year period with contrasting flows and water levels. Spatially-explicit estimates of whole-system production were obtained by combining field measurements with remotely sensed data and empirical models using GIS. Primary production and relative contributions of each producer type differed markedly between open-water and wetland habitats. Spatial differences within each habitat arose from interactions between physical factors including light, water depth, water transit times and wind stress. At the whole-system level, annual primary production represented 105 gC m⁻² y⁻¹, divided roughly equally among phytoplankton (34%), submerged macrophytes (27%), emergent macrophytes (23%) and epiphyton (16%). A 10% decrease in annual flows and 1-m decline in water levels between 2000 and 2001 resulted in a 50% loss of marsh habitat, a 60% increase in phytoplankton production in the open-water zone, and in the appearance of conspicuous filamentous algal mats. Low water levels induced substantial shifts in the spatial configuration and relative importance of primary producers although total river primary production remained stable between years.     

Phytoplankton growth rates in the freshwater tidal reaches of the Schelde estuary (Belgium) estimated using a simple light-limited primary production model

During the course of 1996, phytoplankton was monitored in the turbid, freshwater tidal reaches of the Schelde estuary. Using a simple light-limited primary production model, phytoplankton growth rates were estimated to evaluate whether phytoplankton could attain net positive growth rates and whether growth rates were high enough for a bloom to develop. Two phytoplankton blooms were observed in the freshwater tidal reaches. The first bloom occurred in March and was mainly situated in the most upstream reaches of the freshwater tidal zone, suggesting that it was imported from the tributary river Schelde. The second bloom occurred in July and August. This summer bloom was situated more downstream in the freshwater tidal reaches and appeared to have developed within the estuary. A comparison between phytoplankton growth rates estimated using a simple primary production model and flushing rate of the water indicated that no net increase in phytoplankton biomass was possible in March while phytoplankton could theoretically increase its biomass by 20% per day during summer. Chlorophyllaconcentrations at all times decreased strongly at salinities between 5–10 psu. This decline was ascribed to a combination of salinity stress and light limitation. Phytoplankton biomass and estimated annual net production were much higher in the freshwater tidal zone compared to the brackish reaches of the estuary (salinity > 10 psu) despite mixing depth to euphotic depth ratios being similar. Possible reasons for this high production include high nutrient concentrations, low zooplankton grazing pressure and import of phytoplankton blooms from the tributary rivers.     

Temporal dynamics in epipelic, pelagic and epiphytic algal production in a clear and a turbid shallow lake

SUMMARY 1. Pelagic and epipelic microalgal production were measured over a year in a pre-defined area (depth 0.5 m) in each of two lakes, one turbid and one with clear water. Further estimates of epiphytic production within reed stands were obtained by measuring production of periphyton developed on artificial substrata.
2. Total annual production of phytoplankton and epipelon was 34% greater in the turbid lake (190 g C m⁻² year⁻¹) than in the clearwater lake (141 g C m⁻² year⁻¹). However, the ratio of total production to mean water column TP concentration was two fold greater in the clearwater lake.
3. Phytoplankton accounted for the majority of the annual production (96%) in the turbid lake, while epipelic microalgal production dominated (77%) in the clear lake. The relative contribution of epipelic algae varied over the year, however, and in the turbid lake was higher in winter (11–25%), when the water was relatively clear, than during summer (0.7–1.7%), when the water was more turbid. In the clearwater lake, the relative contribution of epipelon was high both in winter, when the water was most clear, and in mid-summer, when phytoplankton production was constrained either by nutrients or grazing.
4. Compared with pelagic and epipelic primary production, epiphytic production within a reed stand was low and did not vary significantly between the lakes.
5. The study supports the theory of a competitive and compensatory trade-off between primary producers in lakes with contrasting nutrient concentrations, resulting in relatively small differences in overall production between clear and turbid lakes when integrating over the season and over different habitats.     

Dynamics of phytoplankton in the brackish-water inlet Pojoviken,southern coast of Finland

The water exchange between the brackish-water firth Pojoviken and the Baltic Sea is restricted by a shallow sill (6 m). An outflowing, oligohaline surface layer is isolated from the nutrient-rich mesohaline deep water by a pycnocline at a depth of 6–10 m. During the ice-free period phytoplankton production is chiefly regulated by the river discharge regime. Contrary to the situation in the outer archipelago and the sea zone, in Pojoviken phytoplankton production continues until late autumn, because the stable salinity stratification prevents the phytoplankton from sinking below the critical depth for production. The phytoplankton composition seems to be regulated chiefly by salinity. The salinity interval 2–2.5 is apparently the critical range where brackish-water phytoplankton changes to an assemblage composed of typical freshwater species.     

Seasonal Dynamics of Planktonic Community Metabolism in Newly Constructed Tropical Ponds in a Swampy Area

Studies on community metabolism in newly constructed ponds on a swampy area were made over a period of twenty-four months from November, 1981 to October, 1983. The fluctuations in the gross and net primary productions, photosynthetic efficiency and assimilation efficiency are discussed. The productivity of ponds was apparently influenced by the physico-chemical and biological environment of the water. pH, secchi disc transparency, phosphate and nitrate-N were negatively correlated with gross primary productivity, while temperature, conductivity, total alkalinity and ammonium-N showed positive correlation. The phytoplankton also exhibited positive correlation with primary production. The P/R ratio ranged between 1.79 and 2.91, indicating a high degree of self maintenance of the system. The solar energy conversion efficiency through photosynthesis ranged between 0.17 % and 1.08 % in the first year and 0.09 % and 0.05 % in the second year. Annual average assimilation efficiency ranged between 37.32 % and 56.58 %.     

Vertical partitioning of the phytoplankton assemblage in ultraoligotrophic Crater Lake, Oregon, U.S.A.

SUMMARY 1. The summertime phytoplankton assemblage in abysmally deep (Z_max: 589 m) Crater Lake, Oregon, consists of over 100 species, which are variously distributed in the upper 200 m of the vertical water column. The depth distribution of the lake's three most prevalent species follows a predictabk pattern: Nitzschia gracilis in the 0–20 m stratum, Tribonema sp. at mid–depth (80–20 m), and Stephanodiscus hantzschii in the lowermost stratum (160–200 m). These major species, which account for approximately 80% or more of the lake's total phytoplankton biomass and primary production, exist under atypical temperature, light, and nutrient conditions.
2. The spatial distribution of phytoplankton in Crater Lake resembles a three-tier structure. Unlike most lakes, where the entire phytoplankton communities exist in less disparate environmental conditions, or are vertically mixed periodically by storm events and seasonal lake turnover. the Crater Lake community is partitioned into stratified environments.
5. The disparate and unusual characteristics of these environments, and the hydrological and limnological stability of the lake basin, are perhaps important factors regulating the diversity, dominance. and partitioning of the lake's phytoplankton populations.     

Algal respiration and the regulation of phytoplankton biomass in a polymictic tropical lake (Lake Xolotlán,Nicaragua)

Community respiration in tropical Lake Xolotlán, Nicaragua, was assessed seasonally and during diurnal cycles, via oxygen consumption in bottle enclosures. Results were analysed in relation to phytoplankton biomass, mixing depth, depth of photic zone and phytoplankton production. A great part of community respiration was associated with the heterotrophic activity of the phytoplankton biomass or its degradation by bacteria and 80% of the variability in oxygen consumption was explained by the variation of chlorophyll-a. Specific rate of respiration was 1.5 mg O2 mg Chla-1 h-1 during diurnal cycles, which corresponded to less than 5% of the specific rate at optimum depth of production. Still, diurnal water column respiratory losses were always of the same magnitude as the total photosynthetic gains in the photic zone, since the mixing depth exceeded the depth of the photic zone. Total column net growth was zero at a ratio between depth of photic zone and mixing depth of 0.19. Water level variations however altered the mixing depth and affected this ratio and net growth. As a consequence, the phytoplankton biomass either increased or decreased until the ratio was re-established through changes of the photic zone depth, which was governed by the phytoplankton biomass itself through the chlorophyll-a light attenuation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Contribution of grazing in phytoplankton overall losses in a shallow French lake

SUMMARY 1. Based on data for ¹⁴C-primary production and biomass changes in a small and shallow lake (Créteil Lake, France), overall phytoplankton losses were calculated through an annual cycle (November 1985-October 1986). The summer period in 1986 is compared with two other summer periods in 1985 and 1980, these two years corresponding to extreme levels of algal biomass.
2. Independent from the trophic state of the lake, phytoplankton populations were dominated by small-sized species (<20 μm); their high growth rate (maximal in May and June: 0–8 day⁻¹) was characteristic of nanoplanktonic natural populations.
3. The positive correlation between phytoplankton losses and production indicates a close coupling between growth and loss processes.
4. With a high filtering rate (0.22 day⁻¹ as an annual average), zoo-plankton impact is considerable at any time of the year but especially in late summer, when grazing losses exceeded primary production.
5. Despite the uncertainty concerning the meaning of ¹⁴C-primary production, the persistence of small algae throughout the year implies that a great part of the phytoplankton production was harvested by grazers which led to a recycling of organic matter within the water column.     

Biomass and photosynthesis of size-fractionated phytoplankton in Canadian Shield lakes

Both in situ primary production and biomass (chlorophyll ) of fractionated phytoplankton (<64,µ, <25 µm and < 10 µm) were studied in 10 Canadian Shield lakes to elucidate the spatial and temporal variability of the contribution of size fractions to the biomass and primary production of the phytoplankton community. Mean summer biomass and production of each size fraction varied significantly between lakes. Within lakes, temporal variation was low for biomass but great for production. However, temporal variation can be considered of minor importance during the sampling period, as compared to the spatial variation between lakes. Algae from the < 10 µm size fraction were the most important in biomass (41–65 %) and production (23–69%). The temporal trends for both phytoplankton variables thus generally followed closely that of the < 10 µm size fraction. Among the physical, chemical and morphometric variables of the studied lakes, water transparency (Secchi disk), total phosphorus, lake volume, lake area, and mean depth gave the best correlations with phytoplankton variables.Contribution number 354 from the Groupe de recherches en Ecologie des Eaux douces, Limnological Research Group, Université de Montréal.