龙胆属的系统发育分析

本文运用支序分类的原理和方法,对龙胆科龙胆属的属下等级进行了重新归类和系统发育分析。龙胆属是一个单系群,以3项近裔共性为归类依据。性状分析作了性状同源性分析和性状极性分析。性状极化主要以外类群比较、性状相关性及染色体资料为依据,其它方法,如生物重演律原则、地理递进原则以及孢粉形态等也被结合使用。分析结果,双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属被选择为外类群,71个性状被选择作为建立数据矩阵的基本资料。使用PAUP程序对矩阵进行了运算,得到4个最简约的谱系分支图,它们均具一致性系数0.637,支序长度为160步,f-比值范围为0.179～0.189,其中具最低f-比值的图被选作为类群归类和讨论亲缘关系的基础。在支序图上龙胆属归为15个组;其中5个组又划分为系,共包括23个系,其余组为单型组,故共有33个属下类群。一个严格的一致性谱系分支图总结了所有的一致点,从而支持了支序分析的结果。     

The investigation of genomes of some species of the genus Gentiana in nature and in vitro cell culture

The comparative study of the genomes of intact plants-representatives of some species of the genus Gentiana L. as well as cultured cells of G. lutea and G. punctata was performed using restriction analysis. Species specificity of restriction fragment patterns for studied representatives of this genus was revealed. The differences between electrophoretic patterns of digested DNA purified from rhizome and leaves of G. lutea and G. punctata were found. The changes in genomes of G. lutea and G. punctata cells cultured in vitro compared with the genomes of intact plants were detected. The data obtained evidence that some of them may be of nonrandom character.     

Genetic differentiation of the gobies Gymnogobius castaneus and G. taranetzi in the region surrounding the sea of Japan as inferred from a mitochondrial gene genealogy

The phylogenetic relationships between gobies of the genus Gymnogobius were analyzed using mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences, focusing on the species currently classified as G. taranetzi and G. castaneus that occur in Japan, South Korea, and Russia. Gobies of the two species collected at 12 localities in Japan, South Korea, and Russia formed a monophyletic clade (called the "castaneus species complex" here) with G. breunigii as the sister clade. Within the species complex, six lineages were recognized: (L1) G. castaneus from the Akigawa River, Tokyo, Japan; (L2) G. castaneus from Yuza, Yamagata, Japan; (L3) G. taranetzi from Russia and South Korea; (L4) G. castaneus from the Tonegawa River, Chiba, Japan; (L5a) G. taranetzi from Shimane, Japan; and (L5b) G. castaneus + G. taranetzi from the Japan Sea coast of northern Japan. The two local lineages of G. castaneus (L1 and L2) are highly divergent from the others. The Japanese populations of G. taranetzi have diverged from the continental G. taranetzi populations, while one mitochondrial lineage (L5b) is shared with G. castaneus of northeast Japan. Therefore, the current species G. taranetzi and G. castaneus as defined morphologically are polyphyletic, necessitating a taxonomic revision. The genetic differentiation of isolated local lineages and the evolution of taranetzi-and castaneus-type gobies have likely occurred repeatedly in brackish/freshwater habitats around the Sea of Japan. We discussed the time of divergence for these gobies based on a tree with the molecular clock assumption.     

Comparative analysis of the volatiles from flowers and leaves of three Gentiana species

The volatiles from fresh flowers and leaves of Gentiana lutea L., Gentiana punctata L. (yellow Gentiana spp.) and Gentiana asclepiadea L. (Gentianaceae Juss.) were analyzed by GC/MS and 81 compounds identified. The samples studied showed differences in the volatile profiles of flowers and leaves among the species. In the flower-oils straight chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons were dominant along with low concentrations of branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and alkylated benzenes. These compounds were not present in the flowers of G. lutea and G. punctata and in the leaves of G. lutea. The branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons were the main constituents of the leaf-oil from G. ascleapidea. Terpenes were found in all flower-oils and in the leaf oil from G. punctata. Some of the identified compounds might have allelopathic activity. The results obtained confirm the accepted taxonomical scheme of the genus Gentiana and are also in agreement with the evolutionary less advanced position of the yellow species of Gentiana.     

A taxonomic revision of the genus Tordylium L. (Apiaceae)

The four related genera: Ainsworthia Boiss., Tordylium L., Synelcosciadium Boiss. and Mandenovia Alava are revised. Data are presented from detailed gross morphology, mericarp surface features and anatomy, and palynology.
The results show: (1) Ainsmorthia and Synelcosciadium are congeneric with the genus Tordylium, and that Mandenovia is a good monotypic genus; (2) Tordylium persicum is synonymous with 7. cappadocicum and 7. aegaeum with 7. pestalozzae; (3) the genus Tordylium is best divided into subgenus Tordylium (including Synelcosciadium) and subgenus Ainsworthia (Boiss.) Drude. The latter is divided into section Condylocarpus (Hoffm.) DC, section Hasselquistia (L.) Boiss. and section Univittata Drude.
A new species of Tordylium is described, and two new combinations made. A taxonomic treatment of the genus 'Tordylium', together with a key to the species, is given.     

Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA-based phylogeny of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)

Overall phylogenetic relationships within the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) were inferred based on DNA sequences from mitochondrial(mt)-encoded nad1 b/c exons and from chloroplast(cp)-encoded trnL (UAA) 5' exon-trnF (GAA) exon regions using two species of Geranium and Sarcocaulon vanderetiae as outgroups. The group II intron between nad1 exons b and c was found to be absent from the Pelargonium, Geranium, and Sarcocaulon sequences presented here as well as from Erodium, which is the first recorded loss of this intron in angiosperms. Separate phylogenetic analyses of the mtDNA and cpDNA data sets produced largely congruent topologies, indicating linkage between mitochondrial and chloroplast genome inheritance. Simultaneous analysis of the combined data sets yielded a well-resolved topology with high clade support exhibiting a basic split into small and large chromosome species, the first group containing two lineages and the latter three. One large chromosome lineage (x = 11) comprises species from sections Myrrhidium and Chorisma and is sister to a lineage comprising P. mutans (x = 11) and species from section Jenkinsonia (x = 9). Sister to these two lineages is a lineage comprising species from sections Ciconium (x = 9) and Subsucculentia (x = 10). Cladistic evaluation of this pattern suggests that x = 11 is the ancestral basic chromosome number for the genus.     

Cooccurring Gentiana verna and Gentiana acaulis and their neighboring plants in two Swiss upper montane meadows harbor distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities

The community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was analyzed in roots of Gentiana verna, Gentiana acaulis, and accompanying plant species from two species-rich Swiss alpine meadows located in the same area. The aim of the study was to elucidate the impact of host preference or host specificity on the AMF community in the roots. The roots were analyzed by nested PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism screening, and sequencing of ribosomal DNA small-subunit and internal transcribed spacer regions. The AMF sequences were analyzed phylogenetically and used to define monophyletic sequence types. The AMF community composition was strongly influenced by the host plant species, but compositions did not significantly differ between the two sites. Detailed analyses of the two cooccurring gentian species G. verna and G. acaulis, as well as of neighboring Trifolium spp., revealed that their AMF communities differed significantly. All three host plant taxa harbored AMF communities comprising multiple phylotypes from different fungal lineages. A frequent fungal phylotype from Glomus group B was almost exclusively found in Trifolium spp., suggesting some degree of host preference for this fungus in this habitat. In conclusion, the results indicate that within a relatively small area with similar soil and climatic conditions, the host plant species can have a major influence on the AMF communities within the roots. No evidence was found for a narrowing of the mycosymbiont spectrum in the two green gentians, in contrast to previous findings with their achlorophyllous relatives.     

Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus Rhizopogon. VI. Re-examination of infrageneric relationships inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences

Rhizopogon (Basidiomycota, Boletales) is a genus of hypogeous fungi that form ectomycorrhizal associations mostly with members of the Pinaceae. This genus comprises an estimated 100(+) species, with the greatest diversity found in coniferous forests of the Pacific northwestern United States. Maximum parsimony analyses of 54 nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences including 27 Rhizopogon and 10 Suillus species were conducted to test sectional relationships in Rhizopogon and examine phylogenetic relationships with the closely related epigeous genus, Suillus. Sequences from 10 Rhizopogon type collections were included in these analyses. Rhizopogon and Suillus were both monophyletic. Rhizopogon section Rhizopogon is not monophyletic and comprised two clades, one of which consisted of two well supported lineages characterized by several long insertions. Rhizopogon sections Amylopogon and Villosuli formed well supported groups, but certain species concepts within these sections were unresolved. Four species from section Fulviglebae formed a strongly supported clade within section Villosuli. Subgeneric taxonomic revisions are presented.     

Infrageneric phylogeny of the genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA

The internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) of nuclear ribosomal DNA have been sequenced for 20 species of Gentiana. By incorporating previously released sequence data of eight species, phylogenelic analyses using Fitch parsimony and character-state weighted parsimony were carried out. The length of ITS 1 in the taxa surveyed ranged from 223 to 238 bp and ITS2 from 216 to 234 bp. Sequence divergence between pairs of species ranged from 5.0% to 48.9% in ITS1, from 1.1% to 45.3% in ITS2, and from 3.2% to 46.1% in combined data of ITS1 and ITS2. The ITS phylogeny was generally congruent with morphological classifications except that G. asclepiadea was revealed to be closely related to section Gentiana instead of section Pneumonanthe and section Stenogyne was shown to be a paraphyletic group of the genus Gentiana that would be better excluded from the genus. A divergence among the three European endemic sections and the remaining sections of the genus other than section Stenogyne was revealed. Thus the European species of the genus together do not form a monophyletic group. A close relationship between the sections Chondrophyllae s. l. (including section Dolichocarpa), Cruciata and Pneumonanthe was suggested. The section Frigidae s. l. (including sections Monopodiae, Isomeria, Microsperma, and Phyllocalyx) contained two well-supported clades: section Frigidae s. str. and all others together. The monophyly of the typically dysploid group section Chondrophyllae s. l. was confirmed. Optimization of chromosome numbers on the ITS phylogeny suggested that 2/1 = 26 is a plesiomorphic state for the clade comprising sections Frigidae s. l., Cruciata, Pneumonanthe, and Chondrophyllae s. l., and probably 2n = 20 is a plesiomorphic state for the dysploid group, section Chondrophyllae s. l.     

Study of the evolutionary relationships among Limonium species (Plumbaginaceae) using nuclear and cytoplasmic molecular markers

The genus Limonium, due to the patchiness of the natural habitats of its species as well as the high frequency of hybridization and polyploidy and the possibility of reproduction by apomixis, provides an example of all the principal mechanisms of rapid speciation of plants. As an initial study of evolution in this genus, we have analyzed intra- and interspecific variability in 17 species from section Limonium, the largest in the genus, based on RFLPs of cpDNA and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. In the cpDNA analysis, 21 restriction enzymes were used, resulting in 779 fragments, 490 of which were variable and 339 parsimony informative. L. furfuraceum exhibited two relatively divergent cpDNA haplotypes. The relationships found among the species based on cpDNA restriction fragments were coincident using different methods of phylogenetic analysis. Due to the presumed reticulate evolution in the genus Limonium, the comparison of these results with data from the nuclear DNA was necessary; ITS sequences were analyzed. The final alignment contained 488 characters, of which 198 were variable and 156 parsimony informative. Two relatively divergent ITS types were present at the intraindividual level in L. delicatulum, a triploid species. Each type was related to ITS from different groups of diploid Limonium species, one with a base haploid chromosome number n = 8 (represented by L. cossonianum) and the other with n = 9 (represented by L. minutum). The different phylogenetic inference methods used for the analysis of ITS sequences rendered very similar topologies. In general, the relationships among the species studied were coincident with those obtained with the chloroplast genome. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers support the polyphyly of section Limonium, with at least two species, L. narbonense and L. vulgare, clearly divergent from the rest. Moreover, the remaining subsections into which section Limonium is currently divided seem to be artificial.     

用nrDNA ITS序列探讨狭蕊龙胆属及其近缘属 (龙胆科)的系统发育

运用核糖体DNA内转录间隔区ITS序列对狭蕊龙胆属Metagentiana10种及其近缘属22种植物进行了系统发育分析。ITS分析结果表明狭蕊龙胆属是一个多系群:在系统发育树上,双蝴蝶属Tripterospermum和蔓龙胆属Crawfurdia的种类位于狭蕊龙胆属各分支中,而且双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属的种类也相互交叉;这一结果不支持将3个属各自独立为属。但是,在所有分析中,3个属共同形成一单系分支,是龙胆属Gentiana的姊妹群;这一结果与形态学、花部解剖学、细胞学、孢粉学和胚胎学等证据基本一致,狭蕊龙胆属应该从龙胆属中分离出来,它与双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属有更为密切的亲缘关系。根据分支图,在狭蕊龙胆属、双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属组成的复合群中,现已知的染色体基数x＝17、21和23可能存在网状和平行进化。     

Micropropagation of four Gentiana species (G. lutea, G. cruciata, G. purpurea and G. acaulis)

The growth of axillary shoots was initiated on nodal stem segments, excised from aseptically grown seedlings of Gentiana acaulis L., G. cruciata L., G. lutea L. and G. purpurea L. In later subcultures, a basal callus tissue developed on the shoots, giving rise to de novo formed buds. Optimum benzyladenine and indoleacetic acid combinations for shoot development were established. They were slightly different in the four species. From 35-70% of shoots rooted spontaneously, except in G. lutea, in which adventitious roots were induced by applying naphthaleneacetic acid. It was conduded that the four Gentiana species were amenable to propagation in vitro. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A taxonomic revision of the genera Gerbera sect. Isanthus, Leibnitzia (in Asia), and Uechtritzia (Compositae, Mutisieae)

Hansen, H. V. 1988. A taxonomic revision of the genera Gerbera sect. Isanthus, Leibnitzia (in Asia), and Uechrrirzia (Compositae, Mutisieae). - Nord. J. Bot. 8: 61–76. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107–055X.
The Asiatic part of Compositae tribe Mutisieae subtribe Mutisiinae scapose group is revised. It includes one section of the genus Gerbera , sect. Isanthus with 6 species: G. maxima, G. raphanifolia, G. delavayi, G. henryi, G. nivea , and G. gossypina , the genus Leibnitzia with 4 species, L. anandria, L. knorringiana, L. nepalensis , and L. ruficoma , and the genus Uechtrirzia with 3 species, U. kokanica, U. armena , and U. lacei . The species are mainly distributed in the Himalaya Region and W. China (Yunnan), but some occur in S. USSR, and L. anandria is widespread; Leibnitzia probably also occurs in Central America with 2 endemic species. A distribution map showing the Asiatic range of Gerbera piloselloides (sect. Piloselloides ) is presented.     

Secretory hairs in Gentiana and allied genera (Gentianaceae, subtribe Gentianinae) from the Iberian Peninsula

Eleven species from six different sections of the genus Gentiana , as well as one species each of genera Gentianella (G. campestris), Gentianopsis (G. ciliata), Comastoma (C. tenellum) and Swertia (S. perennis) have been studied by light microscopy for the presence of hairs in floral as well as in vegetative parts. Hairs are produced in the calyx and vegetative leaves of all of them, and also in the corollae of the last three species. They fall into two different types: those found in the corolla of Gentianopsis ciliata are non-secretory, while in the rest of the species studied, and also in the calyx and leaves of G. ciliata , they produce a mucilaginous secretion. Calycine and foliar hairs are always produced in the adaxial epidermis at the base of the foliar organ, and are considered as mucilage secreting colleters. The presence of colleters in vegetative organs has not been adequately considered in previous taxonomic accounts, in spite of their presumed significance.     

Cooccurring Gentiana verna and Gentiana acaulis and Their Neighboring Plants in Two Swiss Upper Montane Meadows Harbor Distinct Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities

The community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was analyzed in roots of Gentiana verna, Gentiana acaulis, and accompanying plant species from two species-rich Swiss alpine meadows located in the same area. The aim of the study was to elucidate the impact of host preference or host specificity on the AMF community in the roots. The roots were analyzed by nested PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism screening, and sequencing of ribosomal DNA small-subunit and internal transcribed spacer regions. The AMF sequences were analyzed phylogenetically and used to define monophyletic sequence types. The AMF community composition was strongly influenced by the host plant species, but compositions did not significantly differ between the two sites. Detailed analyses of the two cooccurring gentian species G. verna and G. acaulis, as well as of neighboring Trifolium spp., revealed that their AMF communities differed significantly. All three host plant taxa harbored AMF communities comprising multiple phylotypes from different fungal lineages. A frequent fungal phylotype from Glomus group B was almost exclusively found in Trifolium spp., suggesting some degree of host preference for this fungus in this habitat. In conclusion, the results indicate that within a relatively small area with similar soil and climatic conditions, the host plant species can have a major influence on the AMF communities within the roots. No evidence was found for a narrowing of the mycosymbiont spectrum in the two green gentians, in contrast to previous findings with their achlorophyllous relatives.     

麻花艽和管花秦艽(龙胆科)之间自然杂交类型的分子验证

野外考察发现麻花艽(Gentiana stramineaMaxim.)和管花秦艽(G.siphonantha Maxim.ex Kusn.)同域分布时存在大量形态位于二者之间的个体。经形态变异研究后发现它们可能是这两个物种之间的杂交后代。对两个亲本种以及假设杂交群体共55个个体的核糖体ITS序列和叶绿体trnS-G序列的分析结果表明:中间形态个体是麻花艽和管花秦艽的自然杂交后代。此外分析了两个亲本种以及杂交群内个体间trnS-G和ITS序列的变异状况以及分子标记结果与形态鉴定不一致的可能原因;指出可能是杂交诱导的叶绿体基因组重组以及早期物种分化中的谱系筛选不彻底等原因造成了亲本种群体内序列变异的多样化。     

On Circumscription of the Genus Prenanthes L. and Notoseris Shih — A New Genus of Compositae from China

After having examined all specimens of the genus Prenanthes L. of Compositae in the Herbarium of Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, I find that the classic concept on the genus Prenanthes established by G. Bentham in 1873 has not been held exactly by some of European, American, Japanese and Chinese botanists. For example, W. B. Hemsley, S. T. Dunn, A. Franchet, S. Kitamura and C. C. Chang placed plants from China which belong to other groups into the genus; I also find that the classic concept of the genus is not clear. The present paper makes a revision not only on the classic concept of the genus, but also on its concept assumed by the above-mentionded botanists. With the combination of numerous (25-35), white or yellow ligular florets, numerous ribs of achenes, Prenanthes alba L. (Nabalus albus (L.) Shih, comb. nov.) is distinctly different from Prenanthes purpurea L., which has the combination of purple, few (5-15) ligular florests and few ribs of achenes. Nabalus Cass., as a genus established early (1825) by H. Cassini, should be restored. It is not reasonable to treat Nabalus as a subgenus (E. B. Babcock et al. 1947) or a section (S. Kitamura, 1956) or as a synonym (G. Bentham, 1983) of the genus Preanathes L. The present author recognizes seven species in the new revised genus Prenanthes L. in China, 4 of which are described as new. In the genus Nabalus Cass. only one species, N. ochroleuca Maxim., is distributed in Northeast China. As Lactuca melanantha Franch. (1895), Prenanthes henryi Dunn (1903), P. glandulosa Dunn (1903), Lactuca triflora Hemsl. (1888) (it was transferred to Prenanthes L. by C. C. Chang in 1934), Prenanthes formosana Kitam. (1934) and P. wilsoni Chang (1934) all have campanulate involucres, purple phyllaries, purple dorsi-ventrally compressed achenes, longitudinal rids 6-9 on each side of achene truncate and beakless at its apex and pilose tubes of corollae, they should be placed neither into the genus Prenanthes with obtusely tri-or pentagonous, subterete achenes and glabrous tubes of corollae, nor into the genus Lactuca with beak achenes. Besides the above-mentioned species misnamed by some of foreign and Chinese botanists, 6 other species also have the same structure in achenes and corollae. Evidently, they fall into a new genus with the name Notoseris Shih. The new genus Notoseris Shih of the tribe Lactuceae of Compositae seems to be more reminiscent of Lactuca L. than of Prenanthes L. emend. All the 12 species of the genus Notoseris Shih are endemic to China and distributed in the area of south of Yantze River. Of them 6 are new combinations and 6 are described as new.     

麻花艽和管花秦艽( 龙胆科) 之间自然杂交类型的分子验证

野外考察发现麻花艽( Gentiana straminea Maxim. ) 和管花秦艽( G. siphonantha Maxim . ex Kusn. ) 同域分布时存在大量形态位于二者之间的个体。经形态变异研究后发现它们可能是这两个物种之间的杂交后代。对两个亲本种以及假设杂交群体共55 个个体的核糖体ITS 序列和叶绿体trnS-G 序列的分析结果表明:中间形态个体是麻花艽和管花秦艽的自然杂交后代。此外分析了两个亲本种以及杂交群内个体间trnS-G和ITS 序列的变异状况以及分子标记结果与形态鉴定不一致的可能原因; 指出可能是杂交诱导的叶绿体基因组重组以及早期物种分化中的谱系筛选不彻底等原因造成了亲本种群体内序列变异的多样化。