同时而非先后一雌多雄交配增加不同温度下食蚜瓢虫的适合度（英文）

【目的】尽管一雌多雄在瓢虫科中常见,但各研究中获得的数据不足以解释雌虫多次交配和一雌多雄的一般适应性意义或适合度后果。本研究以温度为胁迫因子,旨在评价一雌多雄的某些益处（如增加的适合度）是否可传递给后代。【方法】本研究检测了黄斑盘瓢虫Coelophora saucia (Mulsant) 3种交配处理中的适合度：一雌一雄（与同一雄虫交配5次,1次/d）,先后一雌多雄（与5头不同的雄虫依次交配5次,即每天与新的雄虫交配1次）,以及同时一雌多雄（放进5头雄虫,任由雌虫选择雄虫,交配5次,1次/d）。观察了各交配处理不同温度下（25, 27和 30℃）繁殖力、卵的育性、后代发育和存活。【结果】结果表明,经历一雌多雄然后进行交配选择或竞争的雌性的繁殖能力最强,后代能在更广温度范围内最好地适应发育和存活。但先后一雌多雄交配的雌性与一雌一雄交配的雌性的繁殖能力相似。【结论】结果说明,在无交配选择或雄性竞争的条件下,一雌多雄的益处不明显。这可能是由于在依次射精的雄性间存在精子竞争,或由于雌性的隐性选择。据我们所知,本研究中观察发现的无交配选择时不表现一雌多雄的益处的现象,之前在昆虫中未观察到过。     

Mating behavior of an aphidophagous ladybird beetle,Propylea dissecta （Mulsant）

Abstract The mating behavior of Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) was investigated in detail. Protandry was evident, as males mature earlier than females. Predicted age of sexual maturation of male and female ladybirds was 7.12 and 9.33 days, respectively. Males performed courtship in six steps, viz. approach, watch, examine, embrace, mount and attempt. Embrace is possibly an appeasement act, while examine serves to recognize mate. Chemical signals initiate male attraction toward females. Visual and tactile cues appear to secondarily help in mate recognition. Mating lasted longest (275.40±12.23 min) when it occurred between unmated individuals. It was much shorter (176.60±5.60 min) when prior mated individuals copulated. There was a significant decrease in mating durations when adults were subjected to five successive matings. Fecundity and percent egg viability increased significantly with increase in the number of matings.     

Development and immature survival of two aphidophagous ladybirds, Coelophora biplagiata and Micraspis discolor

The developmental parameters, namely developmental periods, larval survival, adult emergence, growth index, developmental rate and sex ratio in terms of female proportion in a population of two aphidophagous ladybirds, namely, Coelophora biplagiata （Swartz） and Micraspis discolor （Fabricius） were investigated, using three aphid species as prey. The immature stages of C. biplagiata were significantly affected by prey quality and developed fastest when fed on Aphis craccivora followed by Aphis gossypii and Rhopalosiphum maidis. The order of prey suitability in terms of developmental rate of immature stages of M. discolor was just reversed. The adult females were heavier than males, while pre-pupae were heavier than pupae in both ladybirds. The sex ratio of adult emergence, though female-biased in both ladybird species, was not significantly affected by prey quality.     

Effect of age on reproductive attributes of an aphidophagous ladybird, Cheilomenes sexmaculata

The effect of both male and female age was investigated on certain reproductive attributes, viz. mating incidence, mating duration, fecundity, percent egg viability, ratio of reproductive and non‐reproductive periods and reproductive rate, of an aphidophagous ladybird, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius). Females started mating at the age of 8 hours post‐emergence (PE) and males at the age of 2 days PE. Mating in the laboratory was a male‐dominated phenomenon. The mating duration and reproductive rate of 10‐day‐old females when mated with males of varying ages increased up to the male age of 60 days, and thereafter decreased, whereas, fecundity, egg viability and ratio of reproductive and non‐reproductive periods increased up to the male age of 50 days, and thereafter declined. However, when females of varying ages were mated with 10‐day‐old males, fecundity and reproductive rate increased up to 40 days of female age, respectively, then decreased. The ratio of reproductive and non‐reproductive periods increased with increasing age of females. Mating age for optimal reproductive output was 10J50‐day‐old males and NE to 40‐day‐old females. Reproductive cessation in males was recorded after 50 days PE, whereas in females at the age of 40 days PE. Higher mating durations lead to elevated reproductive rates. Delay in the reproductive phase was positively correlated with longevity. The results of this study may aid mass multiplication of this ladybird by identifying and promoting usage of adults of optimal age. Our results also enhance our understanding of the effect of age on reproductive attributes in ladybirds.     

Influence of parental age on reproductive performance of an aphidophagous ladybird, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant)

Abstract:  In the present study the influence of maternal and paternal ages on reproductive performance of an aphidophagous ladybird, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) were investigated. Maternal age strongly influenced fecundity and pre-oviposition period while paternal age strongly influenced the egg viability. Maternal age also influenced percent egg viability, however, at lower levels of significance. The results revealed that the fecundity and percent egg viability increased up to the respective maternal and paternal ages of 30 days and thereafter declined, indicating the onset of senescence. The results of the present study can help in better mass multiplication of the ladybird concerned and in laying foundation for further age-related studies.     

Development and functional response of Coelophora inaequalis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Homoptera: Aphididae)

1 Development and survivorship of Coelophora inaequalis (F.) were evaluated in the laboratory on the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) at 20 and 25 °C. Coelophora inaequalis could complete its life cycle feeding on T. citricida at these two temperatures. The developmental period from egg to adult was significantly longer at 20 °C (24.7 d) than at 25 °C (15.9 d). The survivorship of combined immature stages were higher at 25 °C (39.2%) than at 20 °C (34.3%). 2 The effects of prey densities (4–64 aphids per leaf disk) on the functional responses of C. inaequalis fourth‐instar larvae and female adults were investigated using grapefruit leaf disks over a 24‐h period at 25 °C and a photoperiod of LD 14 : 10 h. Logistic regression analyses indicated that fourth‐instar larvae and adults exhibited a type II functional response to aphid density. Fourth‐instar larvae had a higher search rate (0.1305) than C. inaequalis female adults (0.0989). The handling time of fourth‐instar larvae (30.4 min) was significantly longer than that of female adults (5.8 min). Collectively, C. inaequalis appears to be a promising biological control agent of T. citricida in the citrus groves.     

Genetic variation in larval period and pupal mass in an aphidophagous ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) reared in different environments

Abstract Genetic trade‐offs for host plant use are hypothesized to facilitate the diversification of insect populations through specialization to their host plants. Previous studies mainly estimated the architecture of genetic variances and covariances in herbivorous species with discrete and limited types of host species. In contrast to herbivores, the relative abundance of resources for predatory species fluctuates in time and space, causing a more unpredictable encounter with prey species. The ecological characteristics of resource use might result in a differential mode of selection for herbivorous and predatory species, which could be reflected in a differential genetic architecture of developmental traits such as the duration of larval stage (henceforth referred to as larval period) and size of pupa (measured as pupal weight). This paper presents results from a study on the genetic architecture of larval period and pupal mass of an aphidophagous ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, in different resource environments. Beetles reared on Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) showed a shorter developmental period and a heavier pupal mass than their siblings on Aphis craccivora Koch or on artificial diet, while the average larval period and pupal mass on A. craccivora and the artificial diet were similar. Further analyses of the genetic architecture suggest that the developmental traits on the two aphid species are genetically correlated, while there are only weak or no genetic correlations between these two traits on the two aphid preys and the artificial diet. Thus, the results suggest that the patterns of genotypic relationships between developmental traits differ from the phenotypic ones. The effects of past selection on the genetic architecture and the possible cause of the genetic correlation are discussed, as well as consequences for mass rearing for biological control.     

Effect of parental ageing on offspring developmental and survival attributes in an aphidophagous ladybird,Cheilomenes sexmaculata

The present study is the first attempt to investigate the effect of parental ageing of Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) on total developmental period, developmental rate, adult weight on emergence, longevity, egg to adult survival and age‐specific survivorship of the offspring. Young parents (10–20 day old) produced offspring with the shortest total developmental period, highest development rate, highest weight on emergence, greater longevity and highest survival. Age‐specific survivorship of the offspring of younger parents declined later than the offspring of middle (30–40 day old) and old (50–60 day old) aged parents. This study would help in understanding the effect of parental ageing on future generations of predaceous ladybird beetles and would be helpful in designing mass multiplication programme of the bioagent, C. sexmaculata, in the laboratory.     

Effects of different photoperiods on the reproduction of the barbel, Barbus barbus (L.), reared at constant temperature

The role of photoperiod as an environmental factor controlling reproduction, particularly the duration and ending of the breeding season, in the barbel was investigated by tank experiments. The experiments used a population of barbel matured in captivity which were stripped of eggs at frequent intervals: 10–15 'spawnings'for each female were obtained at 15-day intervals.
A decreasing photoperiod (16·5 light: 7·5 dark→8L: 16D), for an annual cycle contracted to 6 months duration, inhibited the spawning of both female and male fish. This allowed two periods of reproduction (February-May and September-November) within one year. Under natural or constant (10L: 14D) photoperiod conditions, spawning came to an end spontaneously. The rate (accelerated, slow or natural) of daylength increase did not affect the onset of spawning.     

Temperature-dependent development and immature survival of an aphidophagous ladybeetle, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant)

Development and survival of the immature stages of an aphidophagous ladybeetle, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) was investigated at five constant temperatures, viz. 20, 25, 27, 30 and 35°C, using Aphis gossypii Glover as prey. Developmental period of all the life stages were significantly affected with change in constant temperature and developmental rate increased with increase in temperature. Theoretical lower thermal threshold for complete development and thermal constant was 10.39°C and 465.11 Day‐degrees, respectively. Of the various life stages, first instar larvae were most susceptible to mortality at temperatures between 20 and 30°C, whilst pre‐pupae suffered least mortality. Egg‐mortality was maximum at 35°C. Female biased sex ratios were obtained at all five temperatures tested with higher proportion of females at the extremes of temperature, thus suggesting that females are more thermal‐tolerant. Lowest mortality of immature stages with maximum larval survival and adult emergence was recorded at 27°C, while reverse was the case at 35°C. Thus, 27°C may be considered best for the laboratory rearing of P. dissecta.     

Population field studies of the aphidophagous ladybird beetleHarmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Life tables and key factor analysis

1. Life tables of the predatory ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis were analysed by taking samples from twenty or twenty four sites colonized by eight species of aphids for two years.
2. Larval mortality was a key factor in the H. axyridis populations. Mortality of all the stages tended to be density-dependent when life cycles were divided into four developmental stages, except in the case of mortality at hatching due to sibling cannibalism.
3. Sibling and non-sibling cannibalism played an important role on population stability and persistence.

     

不同光质与光周期对粗肋草生长、叶片色素和颜色的影响

为改良粗肋草叶色和优化粗肋草设施栽培体系,该研究以粗肋草品种‘吉利红''的水培苗为材料,设置6种光质(白光、R:B=1:1、R:B=1:2、R:B=2:1、R:B=1:3、R:B=3:1,其中R、B分别代表红光、蓝光)和2种光周期(8、12 h·d^-1)交叉培养,测定粗肋草的生长量、生物量、土壤和作物分析仪器开发(SPAD)值、花色素苷含量和叶片颜色参数(色相值a^*、色相值b^*、明度值L^*、色调角h^*),研究粗肋草对红蓝光质和光周期互作的响应。结果表明:(1)12 h·d^-1光周期更有利于粗肋草生物量的积累,其中LP11(R:B=1:3×12 h·d^-1)处理的粗肋草苗木干重、鲜重均为最高,最有利于植物生长及生物量积累; 其次是LP5(R:B=1:3×8 h·d^-1)处理。(2)相同光质条件下,8 h·d^-1光周期处理的粗肋草叶片SPAD值比12 h·d^-1光周期处理高,12 h·d^-1光周期处理的粗肋草叶片花色素苷含量高于8 h·d^-1光周期的处理,LP11处理叶片SPAD值最低,花色素苷含量最高。12 h·d^-1光周期培养的粗肋草叶片颜色参数a^*、b^*值比8 h·d^-1光周期高,h^*值比8 h·d^-1光周期低。(3)主成分分析结果表明,LP11处理在促进粗肋草生长及叶色改良方面效果最好。综上认为,12 h·d^-1光周期更有利于粗肋草的生长和叶片颜色变化,其中LP11处理为最佳光质和光周期组合。     

Use of prey and non-prey food by the ladybird beetle Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under laboratory-rearing conditions

Prey for predators can fluctuate in abundance and in quality over time requiring predator strategies to cope with food shortage. Coccinellinae are often associated with sap-sucking pests that exhibit high population unpredictability such as aphids and psyllids. Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a predator with potential for biological control, especially a well-studied population which is resistant to pyrethroids used to control insect defoliators. Both larvae and adult E. connexa were provided ad libitum prey and non-prey foods (pollen and honey water solution) at increasing intervals from 1 to 10 days. Neonate larvae of E. connexa required eating prey daily to develop into adults. However, non-prey food such as honey water solution did prolong larval and adult survival but neither fulfilled larval development nor adult reproduction. Honey water solution promoted 100% adult survival up to 25 days in the adult stage without prey with oviposition returning after daily feeding on prey. Females subjected to increased feeding intervals over four days reduced oviposition and lived longer, but 10-day feeding intervals correlated with risk to adult survival. These results indicate the importance of non-food sources in E. connexa maintenance and the ability of larvae and adult females to compensate for prey scarcity.     

The effects of extended photoperiods on the drift of the mayfly ephemerella subvaria McDunnough (Ephemeroptera : Ephemerellidae)

Field drift studies indicated that the nocturnal drift density of E. subvaria nymphs was greater in early May than in early November.Laboratory studies showed that the number of individuals appearing in the drift was a linear function of the duration of the preceding photoperiod. Nymphs had a greater propensity to drift when they were not in a state of active growth than when they were growing. The tendency of individuals in a single laboratory population to drift was observed to change under conditions of constant temperature and randomized photoperiod. This suggests that the shift was due to some internal physiological change rather than to an external cue.It is suggested that drift in E. subvaria functions as a method relocation from fast-water areas to slow-water pools and stream margins. Redistribution to these areas may reduce mortality incurred during spring run-off and during emergence.     

Light dependency of life trails,reproduction, locomotion,and predation in the polyphagous ladybird Hippodamia variegata

Light is regarded a key environmental cue influencing biological, physiological, and behavioral characteristics in insects. We compared the development, reproduction, locomotion, and predation ability of the predatory ladybird Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under various photoperiods, light intensities, and light wavelengths. The results indicated long daylight, high light intensity, and particular colors light (blue, green, and yellow) could benefit H. variegata especially in shortening the period of immature development, increasing mating frequency (shorter mating and pre‐oviposition periods), higher fecundity, and a higher proportion of eggs hatched. Average locomotion speed and prey consumption rate of H. variegata increased with prolonged day length and increased light intensity. However, very high intensity of light could inhibit predation rates. Furthermore, green and yellow wavelength conditions increased locomotion speed of H. variegata, and the number of prey consumed increased with increased wavelength. The present study not only revealed significant influences of light conditions on the development and fertility of H. variegata, it also provided sufficient empirical data to improve the efficiency of mass rearing and field releases of this predatory ladybird by regulation of light conditions during biological control applications.     

光周期和温度对大猿叶虫滞育后成虫生物学特性的影响

大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringiBaly是我国十字花科蔬菜上的一种重要害虫,以成虫在土壤中越冬和越夏,滞育发生主要受温度和光周期调节。本文就光周期和温度对滞育后成虫生物学特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在25℃下,光周期（L14∶D10和L12∶D12）对成虫滞育后的存活率、寿命、日平均产卵量、总产卵量均无显著影响。在长光照（L14∶D10）下,温度18℃、22℃和25℃）对滞育后成虫的生物学特性具有明显的影响;随温度的降低,总产卵量呈下降趋势,平均产卵量显著降低,雌虫滞育后寿命显著延长,18℃下少数个体能被诱导再次滞育。     

不同温度、土壤含水量及日光照时数对棉露尾甲虫(Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson))生长发育的影响

在5,10,15,20,30℃等5种温度、10%,20%,30%等3种土壤含水量和8,12,16h等3种日光照时数共45个处理组合条件下,以丝瓜花作为饲料研究了3个因素对棉露尾甲生长发育的联合作用。结果表明:适合于卵生长发育的处理组合为25～35℃、10～15%和12～16h,其中最佳处理组合为30℃、10%和12h,在此组合条件下,卵发育历期为0.8d,孵化率为93.3%;适合于幼虫及蛹生长发育的处理组合为:25～30℃、10～15%和12～16h,其中最佳处理组合分别为30℃、10%、12h和30℃、10%、8h,在此组合条件下,幼虫历期、存活率和蛹历期、羽化率分别为5.0d、85.7%和2.2d、83.3%。在三元二次回归模型中,卵、幼虫、蛹和整个未成熟期(卵至蛹的历期)发育进度最快时的处理组合分别为27.5℃、10%、8h,30℃、20%、12h,32.5℃、10%、16h和30℃、10%、16h;此时理论最短历期分别为0.8、4.4、1.4d和7.3d。     

Consequences of elevated temperatures on life-history traits of an introduced fish, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus

Life-history reactions of a pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus population in north-eastern France exposed to heated waters were studied. The study was conducted from 2001 to 2003 in an artificial reservoir, adjacent to a nuclear power plant, in which water temperatures are cool in winter (8·2–12·4° C) and rise early in spring (April: 14·7° C) nearly 5° C and 3° C over the temperature of its tributary, respectively. Fast growth among young-of-the-year, precocious maturity and short life span were observed, in contrast to related studies. The short life span appeared to be the price paid for early maturity in breeding fish, which suffered high mortality rates just after their first reproduction.     

光周期变化对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响

【目的】毛健夜蛾Brithys crini(Fabricius)可为害葱莲Zephyranthes candida等石蒜科绿化植物,前期研究表明不同光周期对其交配和产卵节律行为及交配率和产卵量均有显著影响。本实验期望探明间歇光照等复杂光照条件对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响。【方法】在光照培养箱条件下(光源为白色日光灯,光照强度约为500 lx),观察了间歇光照长度(20,10,5,1和0 min)、暗期位点(D10:00-22:00,D12:00-24:00,D14:00-02:00和D16:00-04:00)和非24 h光暗循环(4L∶4D,8L∶8D,24L∶24D和48L∶48D)3种光照条件下毛键夜蛾成虫交配及产卵行为。【结果】间歇光照长度为20,10,5,1和0 min时,成虫交配数分别为0,3,10,14和11对,配对数分别为25,29,31,39和26对;间歇光照长度为20和10 min时,交配数与对照组差异显著;10,5,1和0 min时已交配单雌产卵量差异不显著(分别为354.67,322.30,339.57和310.45粒)。暗期位点为D10:00-22:00,D12:00-24:00,D14:00-02:00和D16:00-04:00时,成虫交配数分别为13,18,15和12对,配对数分别为16,19,17和16对,交配数差异不显著;已交配单雌产卵量差异不显著(分别为516.15,527.28,495.53和458.50粒);交配起始时间、交配高峰时间和产卵起始时间、产卵高峰因暗期位点不同而异。非24 h光暗循环(4L∶4D,8L∶8D,24L∶24D和48L∶48D)条件下成虫交配数分别为16,15,14和14对,配对数分别为18,16,14和16对,交配数差异不显著;已交配单雌产卵量差异显著(分别为590.56,559.67,497.21和419.29粒)。【结论】这些结果显示毛健夜蛾交配和产卵行为主要发生在暗期,暗期短于40 min时不能发生交配行为,暗期位点和长度对交配和产卵行为有影响。