Effect of the ingestion of thermically treated fat on blood lipids and blood lipoproteins in the rat

The effect on rats fed on a diet with 15% solid frying fat (diet B) is compared to the effect of a diet with 15% of the same fat but in the raw state (diet A). After 10 weeks being fed on these diets serum triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and free fatty acid levels were checked. Percentage of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins as well as the composition of these lipoproteins was determined in parallel. Rats fed on diet B showed a significant increase in phospholipids and a significant decrease in VLDL when compared to those fed on diet A. Phospholipids on LDL decreased significantly in diet B fed rats. The data obtained seem to indicate that the hypercholesterolemic tendency induced by frying fat is neutralized by a decrease in VLDL levels.     

Effect of dietary ghee--the anhydrous milk fat, on blood and liver lipids in rats

Dairy products are important sources of dietary fat in India. Anhydrous milk fat, viz., ghee, is consumed as such in the diet and also is used for frying the dishes. Ghee contains high levels of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are considered risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, ghee, at levels ranging from 0.25 to 10%, was included in a nutritionally balanced AIN-76 diet fed to Wistar rats for a period of 8 weeks. The serum lipid profiles of these animals showed a dose dependent decrease in total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins and very low density lipoproteins cholesterol, and triglyceride levels when ghee was present at levels greater than 2.5% in the diet. Liver cholesterol and triglycerides also were decreased in these animals. When ghee was included as a sole source of fat at a 10% level, polyunsaturated fatty acids in the serum and liver lipids were reduced significantly. Similar results were observed when ghee was subjected to a higher temperature (120 degrees C) to generate cholesterol oxidation products and fed to the animals. Although cholesterol oxidation products were not accumulated in serum, significant amounts were accumulated in liver only when ghee was fed as a sole source of fat at a 10% level. This study revealed that the consumption of ghee up to a 10% level in the diet altered blood lipid profiles in such a manner as not to elevate the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.     

Silkworm pupae powder ingestion increases fat metabolism in swim-trained rats

[Purpose]

Many researchers are trying to solve the metabolic syndrome by utilizing a variety of nutritional control and exercise. Of those, silkworm pupae peptides are known to inhibit the synthesis of fat. Therefore, we examine the effect of fat metabolism by supplying silkworm pupae (SP) for 5-week in swim-trained rats.

[Methods]

Animals were divided into four groups as a group (n = 32) fed a normal diet (CO) with exercise training (CE); a group fed a silkworm pupa diet (SPC) with an exercise training (SPE), respectively.

[Results]

Abdominal fat pads (abdominal and epididymal) weight were lowest in SPE. The serum triglyceride, total cholesterol concentrations were lower in the SP and the SPE. HDL-cholesterol, however, was not different between groups. Liver AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) was increased in the CE and the SPE. Liver PPAR-α (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) was increased in the SPC and SPE. L-FABP (liver fatty acids binding protein) was increased by SP ingestion. Liver CPT-1 (carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1) protein expression was increased by exercise training only.

[Conclusion]

In the present study showed that the silkworm pupae intake and/or swimming exercise training activates fat metabolism to reduce the concentration of serum lipids. Thus, the silkworm pupae intake leads to a reduction in fat storage, this is considered to be effective in the inhibition of the metabolic syndrome.     

南瓜多糖对糖尿病大鼠血糖和血脂的影响

目的：研究南瓜多糖对糖尿病大鼠血糖和血脂的影响。方法：Wistar大鼠腹腔注射四氧嘧啶后。将成模的糖尿病大鼠根据血糖和体重随机分为糖尿病组、消渴丸组和南瓜多糖组,同时设立正常对照组,并分别给予蒸馏水、消渴丸和南瓜多糖灌胃,每周测量体重一次,四周后测定空腹血糖、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白和游离脂肪酸的含量。结果：糖尿病组大鼠体重下降,血糖显著升高,甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白和游离脂肪酸含量显著增加,而高密度脂蛋白含量显著降低;补充南瓜多糖和消渴丸后,体重逐渐增加,血糖显著下降,总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白和游离脂肪酸含量显著降低,高密度脂蛋白含量显著升高,并且南瓜多糖的降糖降脂效果优于消渴丸。结论：南瓜多糖能增加体重,降低糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂,对糖尿病及其并发症有一定的作用。     

适量饮酒对大鼠肠道菌群与血脂水平的影响及二者相关性

探究适量饮酒对大鼠肠道菌群和血脂水平的影响以及肠道菌群与血脂水平相关性。

28只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组：对照组、乙醇组、低剂量白酒1组及低剂量白酒2组。分别灌胃生理盐水、酒精（1.83 g/kg）、白酒（1.83 g/kg和3.66 g/kg两个剂量）,连续灌胃30 d。检测大鼠血清高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、三酰甘油（TG）和总胆固醇（TC）水平,采用16S rDNA测序分析各组肠道菌群差异菌种并分析肠道菌群与血脂水平相关性。

实验表明适量饮用白酒组较乙醇组可降低大鼠血清TG和TC水平。16S rDNA测序分析显示适量饮酒组较乙醇组可增加肠道脱硫弧菌属（Desulfovibrio）、瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005）、罗氏菌属（Roseburia）、别样棒菌属（Allobaculum）及粪杆菌属（Faecalibaculum）相对丰度。其中Desulfovibrio与TG和TC水平呈负相关,Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005和Allobaculum与TC水平呈负相关,Roseburia与HDL水平呈负相关,Faecalibaculum与HDL、TG和TC水平均呈负相关。

适量饮酒可增加肠道菌群中与血脂水平成负相关的有益菌数量,从而对血脂代谢起到一定的改善作用。

     

Ipriflavone对雄性大鼠生长及血液睾酮水平的影响

目的：观察伊普异黄酮（IP）对雄性动物生长、骨骼肌肉发育以及相关内分泌的影响。方法：24只1月龄雄性大鼠分为IP组和对照组,IP组于基础日粮中添加伊普异黄酮3mg·kg^-1,实验持续30d。结果：与对照组相比,IP组大鼠日增重和采食量分别提高12．4％（P〈0．01）和17．8（P〈0．01）;胴体重增高10．70％（P〈0．05）,骨骼肌重有所增加,而腰胁部脂肪重则显著降低;股骨重和骨密度均有增加;血液睾酮含量IP组大鼠超过对照组约42％,而雌二醇含量略有降低。结论：伊普异黄酮能促进雄性大鼠生长,内源睾酮在参与这一生理过程中起重要作用。     

Enhancing effect of lipids and emulsifiers on the accumulation of quercetin metabolites in blood plasma after the short-term ingestion of onion by rats

The effects of co-ingested lipids and emulsifiers on the accumulation of quercetin metabolites in blood plasma after the short-term ingestion of onion by rats were investigated. Plasma extracts of rats that had been fed onion-containing diets for one and two weeks were analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detection after a treatment with sulfatase/beta-glucuronidase. Almost all of the quercetin metabolites in the plasma were sulfate/glucuronide conjugates of quercetin and isorhamnetin. More than 4.6% (w/w) of soybean oil in the diets significantly enhanced the accumulation of quercetin metabolites in the plasma. Fish oil and beef tallow increased this to an extent similar to that with soybean oil, and lecithin was more effective than the other three lipids. Two emulsifiers, sodium caseinate and sucrose fatty acid ester, also showed an enhancing effect on the accumulation of quercetin metabolites. These results indicate that co-ingested lipids and emulsifiers could enhance the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in onion.     

Serum leptin, lipids, free fatty acids, and fat pads in long-term dehydroepiandrosterone-treated Zucker rats

The obese Zucker rat has a genetically flawed leptin system and is a model of hyperphagia, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and markedly elevated leptin levels. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) administration reduces hyperphagia, hyperlipidemia, and obesity in Zucker rats. Since serum leptin levels are associated with body fat, we wondered what the effects of fat pad weight reduction from DHEA administration would have on leptin levels. This experiment investigated the effects of DHEA on intra-abdominal fat pads, serum lipids, and peripheral leptin in male lean and obese Zucker rats that were administered DHEA in their food from 4 weeks of age to 20 weeks. Lean and obese rats received plain chow or chow containing DHEA. Additional chow-fed groups of lean and obese weight-matched controls and obese pair-fed rats helped to control for the reduced body weight, food intake, and fat pad weights seen with DHEA administration. DHEA administration to lean Zucker rats reduced body weight and fat pad weights, but leptin levels showed a lower trend. Among obese rats, both DHEA treatment and pair-feeding reduced body weight and fat pad weights, but only DHEA lowered leptin levels. The weight-matched controls had reductions in fat pad weights similar to the DHEA-treated group, but with increased leptin levels. Thus, DHEA may exert a small, independent effect on leptin levels in this animal model, but the reduction is less than what would be expected.     

Effect of parathion on growth,polysaccharides, lipids and proteins ofRhizobium meliloti

Rhizobium meliloti 300hl3 reached the stationary phase of growth very quickly and had an early death when 8.6 μM parathion was added to the growth medium at the start of the culture. Cells also changed their quantitative composition: total carbohydrate content and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation diminished, proteins and phospholipids of cellular membranes increased, and some alterations in the proportion of membrane fatty acids were noticed.     

Effects of ingestion of thermally oxidized edible oils on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and postheparin lipolytic activity of rats

Acute (after 4 hr) and short-term (after 7 days) effects of ingesting heated and unheated groundnut, coconut and safflower oils on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and postheparin lipopolytic activity (PHLA) were studied in rats. All heated oils were characterized by increases in carbonyl value, peroxide value and free fatty acid (FFA) content, except heated coconut oil which showed a decrease in FFA content. Heating procedure also did not alter to an appreciable extent their fatty acid compositions. Acute and short-term effects of feeding heated and unheated oils showed no significant differences in rat plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides, total phospholipids, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol + very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC/HDL-C ratio and PHLA. Inspite of certain changes in some of the indices of thermal alteration of these heated oils, consumption of such heated oils by rats did not have any significant effect on various plasma parameters in these animals.     

Effect of triiodothyronine on blood lipids in obesity.

Different blood lipid components were evaluated in obese and normal Egyptians. In obese, plasma levels of total lipoproteins, beta-lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-esterified fatty acids were found to be significantly elevated. The plasma levels of esterified cholesterol and phospholipids were found to be significantly reduced. Tertroxine caused a drop of the plasma level of total lipoproteins, beta lipoproteins and total cholesterol and rise of plasma level of non-esterified fatty acids.     

Effect of ingestion of unsaturated fat on lipolytic activity of rat tissues

Homogenates of some rat tissues, incubated in Tris-maleate buffer containing bovine serum albumin, olive oil emulsion, heparin, and serum, liberated free fatty acids. The total lipolytic activity in tissues of rats fed a low fat, 20% lard, or 20% corn oil diet for 6 wk was measured. Similar activities were found in all the livers, but there was a significant increase in the total lipolytic activity of the mucosa, epididymal fat, and mesenteric tissues after ingestion of an unsaturated fat diet as compared with that containing a more saturated fat. From measurements of the lipolytic activity in the presence of 1 M NaCl or 0.2 M NaF and in the absence and presence of heparin and serum, the conclusion is drawn that more lipoprotein lipase was present in adipose tissue of rats on unsaturated fat diets. An increase in available lipoprotein lipase after unsaturated fat diets may aid in clearing lipids from the blood of these rats and thus in producing the lower blood lipid levels obtained.     

Nicotine ingestion reduces elevated blood pressures in rats and squirrel monkeys

Nicotine tartrate (0.002 -5.0 mg/kg/day) was added to the home cage drinking water of albino rat and squirrel monkey subjects for periods from 1 – 10 weeks. Rats received the drug for approximately 10 weeks and were then implanted with a chronic aortic cannula, allowed to recuperate, and blood pressure measured before and following exposure to a mild tail pinch procedure. All subjects receiving nicotine showed reduced blood pressure elevations to noxious stimulation compared to water control subjects, and these reductions were greater at higher drug doses. Squirrel monkeys exhibiting widely differing resting blood pressures were administered chronic dosages of nicotine. Subjects having high blood pressures showed dose-dependent blood pressure decreases, whereas subjects possessing low resting pressures demonstrated little or no pressure change during drug intake. A follow up study with high blood pressure subjects measured effects of progressive increases in drug followed by a return to drug-free water drinking solutions. Here again a dose-dependent decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were observed. Upon termination of drug intake, pressures rapidly increased to pre-drug levels. The results are concordant with previous studies demonstrating that oral nicotine ingestion causes reductions in aggresive behavior, and suggest that nicotine is selectively influential in altering the biological state of anger, decreasing both its behavioral and somatic components.