Human endothelial cells produce a plasminogen activator inhibitor and a tissue-type plasminogen activator-inhibitor complex

Serum-free conditioned media and cell extracts from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells were analyzed for plasminogen activator by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and enzymography on fibrin-indicator gels. Active bands of free and complexed tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) or urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) were identified by the incorporation of specific antibodies against, respectively, t-PA or u-PA in the indicator gel. The endothelial cells predominantly released a high-molecular-weight t-PA (95000–135000). This t-PA form was converted to M_r-72000 t-PA by 1.5 M NH₄OH/39 mM SDS. A component with high affinity for both t-PA and u-PA could be demonstrated in serum-free conditioned medium and endothelial cell extract. The complex between this component and M_r-72000 t-PA comigrated with high-molecular-weight t-PA. From the increase in M_r of t-PA or u-PA upon complex formation, the M_r of the endothelial cell component was estimated to be 50000–70000. The reaction between t-PA or u-PA and the plasminogen activator-binding component was blocked by 5 mM p-aminobenzamidine, while the complexes, once formed, could be cleaved by 1.5 M NH₄OH/39 mM SDS. These observations indicated that the active center of plasminogen activator was involed in the complex formation. It was further noted that serum-free conditioned medium of endothelial cell extract inhibited plasminogen activator activity when assayed by the fibrin-plate method. Evidence is provided that the plasminogen activator-binding component was different from a number of the known plasma serine proteinase inhibitors, the placenta inhibitor and the fibroblast surface protein, proteinase-nexin. We conclude that cultured endothelial cells produce a rapid inhibitor of u-PA and t-PA as well as a t-PA-inhibitor complex.     

Characterization of a tissue-type plasminogen activator from porcine urine

Porcine urine, unlike human urine, does not contain detectable amounts of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). The plasminogen activator present in porcine urine is of tissue-type (t-PA) as identified by the following criteria. (1) Porcine urine PA exhibits an Mr of 65,000 similar to the Mr of human t-PA (64-70,000) but distinct from the Mr of human u-PA (55,000). (2) Antibodies against human t-PA bind and inhibit crude and purified porcine urine PA, while human u-PA-specific antibodies do not react with porcine urine PA. (3) Plasminogen activation by porcine urine PA is markedly stimulated in the presence of fibrinogen fragments. (4) Porcine urine PA activity is not affected by concentration of amiloride substantially suppressing human u-PA activity.     

Interaction of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 on the surface of endothelial cells

The site of the reaction between plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) was investigated in cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In conditioned medium from endothelial cells, two forms of a plasminogen activator-specific inhibitor can be demonstrated: an active form that readily binds to and inhibits plasminogen activators and an immunologically related quiescent form which has no anti-activator activity but which can be activated by denaturation. In conditioned medium, only a few percent of PAI-1 is the active form. However, the addition of increasing concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) or urokinase to confluent endothelial cells produced a saturable (3.0 pmol/5 x 10(5) cells), dose-dependent increase of the activator-PAI-1 complex in the conditioned medium even in the presence of actinomycin D or cycloheximide. This resulted also in a dose-dependent decrease of the residual PAI activity measured by reverse fibrin autography both in the conditioned medium and cell extracts. Short-time exposure of endothelial cells to a large amount of t-PA caused almost complete depletion of all cell-associated PAI activity. Although there was no detectable PAI activity even after activation of PAI by denaturants or antigen in the culture medium at 4 degrees C without the addition of t-PA, the addition of t-PA at 4 degrees C not only resulted in the formation of 70% of the amount of the t-PA.PAI complex in conditioned medium at 37 degrees C, but also induced PAI-1 antigen in a time and dose-dependent manner in the conditioned medium. Moreover, 125I-labeled t-PA immobilized on Sepharose added directly to endothelial cells formed a complex with PAI-1 in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, no detectable complex was formed with PAI-1 when Sepharose-immobilized 125I-labeled t-PA was added to endothelial cells under conditions in which the added t-PA could not contact the cells directly but other proteins could pass freely by the use of a Transwell. All these results suggest that a "storage pool" on the surface of endothelial cells or the extracellular matrix produced by endothelial cells contains almost all the active PAI-1, and reaction between PA and PAI-1 mainly occurs on the endothelial cell membranes, resulting in a decrease of the conversion of active PAI-1 to the quiescent form.     

Proteolytic activation of tissue-type plasminogen activator by the culture media of mouse cancer cells

Human single-chain tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) was activated by the culture media of mouse B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma cells. This activation was due to the proteolytic conversion of single-chain tPA to two-chain tPA. Typical serine proteinase inhibitors, such as diisopropylfluorophosphate and aprotinin, strongly inhibited the proteolytic activation, suggesting that the enyzme responsible for this activation is a serine proteinase. Through a process of gel filtration, the molecular weight of the putative tPA-activating enzyme was estimated to be approximately 35 kDa. Expression of the tPA mRNA was demonstrated by Northern blot analysis both for the melanoma and carcinoma cells. Zymographic experiments showed that the culture medium of the melanoma cells contained active two-chain tPA. These results indicate that a common serine proteinase may be involved in the proteolytic activation of single-chain tPA in these cancer cells.     

Cytokine activation of vascular endothelium. Effects on tissue-type plasminogen activator and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor

Regulation of the fibrinolytic system of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by recombinant interleukin 1 beta (rIL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNF alpha) was investigated. Functional and immunologic assays indicated that both cytokines decreased HUVEC tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and increased type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Maximal effects (50% decrease in tPA antigen; 300-400% increase in PAI-1 activity) were achieved with 2.5 units/ml rIL-1 beta and 200 units/ml rTNF alpha. Combinations of rIL-1 beta and rTNF alpha were not additive at these maximal concentrations. After a 24-h pretreatment with rIL-1 beta, HUVECs secreted tPA at one-quarter of the rate of control cells and released PAI-1 at a rate that was 5-fold higher than controls. Neither the basal rate of PAI-1 release nor the increased rate of release of PAI-1 in response to rIL-1 beta was affected by subsequently treating the cells with secretagogues (e.g. phorbol myristate acetate) suggesting that PAI-1 is not contained within a rapidly releasable, intracellular storage pool. Northern blot analysis using a PAI-1 cDNA probe indicated that the cytokines increased the steady-state levels of the 3.2- and 2.3-kb PAI-1 mRNA species, but with a preferential increase in the larger mRNA form. The fact that both rIL-1 beta and rTNF alpha act in a similar manner strengthens the hypothesis that the local development of inflammatory/immune processes could reduce endothelial fibrinolytic activity.     

Construction and expression of hybrid plasminogen activators prepared from tissue-type plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator genes

Recent data from several studies have suggested that the non-protease domains in tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) determine their biological specificities, including binding to fibrin clots and survival in the circulatory system (Van Zonneveld, A.-J., Veerman, H., and Pannekoek, H. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83, 4670-4674; Rijken, D. C., and Emeis, J. J. (1986) Biochem. J. 238, 643-646). Structural manipulations (e.g. deletions, additions, or substitutions) in these domains can thus be utilized to maximize the desired biological effects. Using recombinant DNA technology, we constructed a number of hybrid molecules from the t-PA and u-PA genes. In hybrid A, the epidermal growth factor and finger domains of t-PA (residues 1-91) were replaced by the epidermal growth factor and kringle of u-PA (residues 1-131). In hybrids B and C, the u-PA kringle (residues 50-131) was inserted either before (residue 92) or after (residue 261) the double-kringle region of t-PA. All these hybrid PAs containing three kringles were expressed in mouse fibroblast cells (C-127). The hybrid proteins were synthesized in predominantly a single-chain form with molecular weights of 70,000-80,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were enzymatically active as assayed by the fibrin-agar plate method. In vitro studies on the binding of hybrid PAs to fibrin showed that hybrid B, like t-PA, possesses affinity toward fibrin, while hybrid A shows lower binding. This suggests that the finger domain, which is not present in hybrid A, plays a role in conferring fibrin affinity to the hybrid PAs. The enzymatic activities of the hybrids were compared with that of recombinant t-PA (rt-PA) expressed in the same vector/host system and found to be similar in activity toward a chromogenic peptide substrate. In addition, plasminogen activation with all the hybrid-PAs, as with rt-PA, was stimulated by fibrin, with the order of activity being rt-PA greater than or equal to hybrid B greater than hybrid C greater than hybrid A. This study shows the feasibility of shuffling functional domain(s) of known specificity in plasminogen activators which may lead to the design of a superior thrombolytic agent.     

Oncostatin M induces tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in Calu-1 lung carcinoma cells

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a glycoprotein cytokine that is produced by activated T-lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. In a DNA synthesis assay, OSM reduced tritiated thymidine incorporation by 53% in Calu-1 lung carcinoma cells. Radiolabeled cDNAs from untreated Calu-1 cells and 30-h OSM-treated cells were used to probe duplicate nylon membrane cDNA expression arrays. This study revealed OSM-mediated expression of mRNAs encoding tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Northern blot analysis showed that the steady-state level of tPA mRNA is nearly undetectable in Calu-1 cells. Exposure of these cells to OSM for 30 h increased tPA mRNA expression by 20-fold and PAI-1 mRNA expression by 5-fold. Exposure of these cells to other gp130 receptor family cytokines, including leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-11, do not significantly affect DNA synthesis or induction of tPA/PAI-1. Western blot studies demonstrated that OSM mediates a marked increase in secretion of the tPA protein. Secreted tPA was present in the conditioned medium almost exclusively as tPA/PAI-1 complexes. Inhibitor studies demonstrated that OSM-mediated induction of tPA and PAI-1 mRNAs is largely dependent upon activation of the MEK1/2 pathway. The JAK3/STAT3 pathway potentially serves a secondary role in these regulatory events.     

Regulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in cultured rat Sertoli and Leydig cells

New data are provided to show that (i) rat Sertoli cells produce two types of plasminogen activators, tissue type (tPA) and urokinase type (uPA), and a plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1); (ii) both tPA (but not uPA) and PAI-1 secretion in the culture are modified by FSH, forskolin, dbcAMP, GnRH, PMA and growth factors (EGF and FGF), but not by hCG and androstenedione (△4); (iii) in vitro secretion of tPA and PA-PAI-1 complexes of Sertoli cells are greatly enhanced by presence of Leydig cells which produce negligible tPA but measurable PAI-1 activity;(iv) combination culture of Sertoli and Leydig cells remarkably increases FSH-induced PAI-1 activity and decreases hCG- and forskolin-induced inhibitor activity as compared with that of two cell types cultured alone. These data suggest that rat Sertoli cells, similar to ovarian granulosa cells, are capable of secreting both tPA and uPA, as well as PAI-1. The interaction of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells is essential for the cells to response to     

Effect of retinoic acid on the synthesis of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human endothelial cells

The synthesis of plasminogen activators and inhibitors in endothelial cells is highly regulated by hormones, drugs and growth factors. The present study evaluates the effect of retinoic acid on the synthesis of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Retinoic acid produced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the secretion of t-PA-related antigen but not of PAI-1 related antigen into the culture medium. A maximal sevenfold increase of t-PA antigen after 24 h was observed with 10 microM and a half-maximal increase with 0.1 microM retinoic acid. Retinoic acid induced a time-dependent increase of the t-PA mRNA, with a maximum at 8 h and returning to normal at 24 h. The protein kinase inhibitor H7 decreased the t-PA antigen induced by both retinoic acid and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. These results suggest that treatment of HUVEC with retinoic acid increases t-PA production by a pathway which, at some level, involves protein kinases. Thus, retinoic acid induces t-PA synthesis in the absence of altered PAI-1 synthesis, which may enhance the fibrinolytic potential of the endothelium.     

Immunohistochemical localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in Sertoli cells and tissue-type plasminogen activator in spermatogenic cells in the rat seminiferous epithelium

The occurrence of plasminogen activators of the urokinase-type (u-PA) and tissue-type (t-PA) at various stages of the epithelial cycle was studied immunohistochemically in rat seminiferous tubule segments. u-PA immunoreactivity was detected exclusively at stages VII and VIII in Sertoli cells, displaying a distinct granular cytoplasmic staining. t-PA immunoreactivity was found during mid- and late pachytene and diakinesis (stages VII-XIII) in spermatogenic cells, displaying a granular cytoplasmic staining with maximal intensity in stages IX-XIII. The specificity of the stainings was supported by staining controls, including absorption of the antibodies with purified preparations of the activators. It was also supported by zymographic studies of the occurrence of u-PA and t-PA in extracts of tubular segments at different stages of the cycle, isolated by transillumination-assisted microdissection. The possible functions of the two types of plasminogen activators in the seminiferous epithelium are discussed.     

Human tissue-type plasminogen activator synthesized by using a baculovirus vector in insect cells compared with human plasminogen activator produced in mouse cells

A cDNA fragment encoding the human tissue-type plasminogen activator was inserted into the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus downstream from the polyhedrin promoter. The induction kinetics of t-PA was followed, after infection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells, at both mRNA and protein levels. Fibrinolytically active plasminogen activator accumulated in the culture medium and reached 2.5 micrograms/ml after 120 h. The protein was compared with recombinant plasminogen activator produced in mouse cells and was found to be slightly smaller. This difference in size was found to be caused by N-linked oligosaccharides which are shorter in the recombinant activator obtained from insect cells. The molecules produced in such cells contain at least two different types of N-linked glycans, since only one out of three oligosaccharides is sensitive to endoglycosidase H. However, all glycan structures bind strongly to concanavalin A-Sepharose.     

肝素对组织型纤溶酶原激活剂的作用

重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂 ( rt PA)经肝素处理后与未经处理的 rt PA比较 ,结果显示 ,rt PA在体外的溶纤活性提高 5 0 %～ 90 % ,在兔体内的半衰期延长 1 min,同时也提高了 rt PA对热的稳定性     

On the reversible interaction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 with tissue-type plasminogen activator and with urokinase-type plasminogen activator

The reaction between plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is characterized by an initial rapid formation of an inactive reversible complex. The second-order association rate constant (k1) of complex formation of recombinant two-chain tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) or recombinant two-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (rtcu-PA) by recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (rPAI-1) is 2.9 +/- 0.4 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 (mean +/- S.D., n = 30) and 2.0 +/- 0.6 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 (n = 12), respectively. Different molecular forms of tissue- or urokinase-type plasminogen activator which do not form covalent complexes with rPAI-1, including rt-PA-Ala478 (rt-PA with the active-site Ser478 mutagenized to Ala) and anhydro-urokinase (rtcu-PA with the active-site Ser356 converted to dehydroalanine) reduced k1 in a concentration-dependent manner, compatible with 1:1 stoichiometric complex formation between rPAI-1 and these ligands. The apparent dissociation constant (KD) of the complex between rPAI-1 and rt-PA-Ala478, determined as the concentration of rt-PA-Ala478 which reduced k1 to 50% of its control value, was 3-5 nM. Corresponding concentrations of active-site-blocked two-chain rt-PA were 150-250-fold higher. The concentration of anhydro-urokinase which reduced k1 to 50% was 4-6 nM, whereas that of active-site-blocked rtcu-PA was 100-250-fold higher. Recombinant single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator had an apparent KD of about 2 microM. These results suggest that inhibition of rt-PA or rtcu-PA by rPAI-1 proceeds via a reversible high affinity interaction which does not require a functional active site but which is markedly reduced following inactivation of the enzymes with active-site titrants.     

Kinetic analysis of the interaction between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue-type plasminogen activator.

The kinetics of inhibition of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) by the fast-acting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was investigated in homogeneous (plasma) and heterogeneous (solid-phase fibrin) systems by using radioisotopic and spectrophotometric analysis. It is demonstrated that fibrin-bound t-PA is protected from inhibition by PAI-1, whereas t-PA in soluble phase is rapidly inhibited (K1 = 10(7) M-1.s-1) even in the presence of 2 microM-plasminogen. The inhibitor interferes with the binding of t-PA to fibrin in a competitive manner. As a consequence the Kd of t-PA for fibrin (1.2 +/- 0.4 nM) increases and the maximal velocity of plasminogen activation by fibrin-bound t-PA is not modified. From the plot of the apparent Kd versus the concentration of PAI-1 a Ki value of 1.3 +/- 0.3 nM was calculated. The quasi-similar values for the dissociation constants between fibrin and t-PA (Kd) and between PAI-1 and t-PA (Ki), as well as the competitive type of inhibition observed, indicate that the fibrinolytic activity of human plasma may be the result of an equilibrium distribution of t-PA between both the amount of fibrin generated and the concentration of circulating inhibitor.     

Characterization of the interaction in vivo of tissue-type plasminogen activator with liver cells

The interaction in vivo of 125I-labeled tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) with the rat liver and the various liver cell types was characterized. Intravenously injected 125I-t-PA was rapidly cleared from the plasma (t1/2 = 1 min), and 80% of the injected dose associated with the liver. After uptake, t-PA was rapidly degraded in the lysosomes. The interaction of 125I-t-PA with the liver could be inhibited by preinjection of the rats with ovalbumin or unlabeled t-PA. The intrahepatic recognition site(s) for t-PA were determined by subfractionation of the liver in parenchymal, endothelial, and Kupffer cells. It can be calculated that parenchymal cells are responsible for 54.5% of the interaction of t-PA with the liver, endothelial cells for 39.5%, and Kupffer cells for only 6%. The association of t-PA with parenchymal cells was not mediated by a carbohydrate-specific receptor and could only be inhibited by an excess of unlabeled t-PA, indicating involvement of a specific t-PA recognition site. The association of t-PA with endothelial cells could be inhibited 80% by the mannose-terminated glycoprotein ovalbumin, suggesting that the mannose receptor plays a major role in the recognition of t-PA by endothelial liver cells. An excess of unlabeled t-PA inhibited the association of 125I-t-PA to endothelial liver cells 95%, indicating that an additional specific t-PA recognition site may be responsible for 15% of the high affinity interaction of t-PA with this liver cell type. It is concluded that the uptake of t-PA by the liver is mainly mediated by two recognition systems: a specific t-PA site on parenchymal cells and the mannose receptor on endothelial liver cells. It is suggested that for the development of strategies to prolong the half-life of t-PA in the blood, the presence of both types of recognition systems has to be taken into account.     

Human tissue-type plasminogen activator. Production in continuous serum-free cell culture and rapid purification.

A simplified procedure for the production and purification of human tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is described. Bowes-melanoma cells were maintained in continuous serum-free culture. The cell nutrient consisted of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with insulin (5 mg/litre), transferrin (5 mg/litre), progesterone (1 nM), cortisol (10 nM), aprotinin (2 X 10(4) units/litre) and a mixture of trace elements. t-PA accumulated in the culture medium at a rate of 40 units/day per ml and was harvested every third day. Cell losses during each harvest, leading to a steady decline of enzyme yields, were compensated for by treating the cells with 5% (v/v) fetal-bovine serum in DMEM every 6-8 weeks. t-PA was rapidly purified by a combination of cation-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The procedure yielded mainly single-chain t-PA of a specific activity of 80 000 to 100 000 units/mg.     

Microcarrier culture of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells for production of human immune interferon and human tissue-type plasminogen activator

Summary Recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells were successfully cultured semi-continuously on microcarriers of gelatin or modified dextran under non-selective conditions for up to three weeks. High and constant production rates for human immune interferon and tissue-type plasminogen activator were obtained. For cells that produced interferon, the highest cell concentration and interferon production was obtained with gelatin microcarriers though the specific production when grown in the presence of 0.2% fetal calf serum was slightly higher for cells cultured on dextran microcarriers (0.12 U/cell day versus 0.11 U/cell day). For cells that produced plasminogen activator, a slightly higher cell concentration was obtained for cells grown on dextran microcarriers (9x10⁵ cells/ml versus 7x10⁵ cells/ml). However, the specific and total production rates were significantly higher for cells cultured on gelatin microcarriers (6.7 pg/cell day versus 2.1 pg/cell day). The maximum cell concentration and specific production rate could be increased to 2.3x10⁶ cells/ml and 3.4 pg/cell day for dextran microcarriers by adding 6-aminohexanoic acid to the medium. For gelatin microcarriers, the addition of 6-aminohexanoic acid increased the specific production rate to 14.4 pg/cell day. Cell growth, however, was inhibited.