植物胚胎学实验方法（五）检查花粉在柱头上萌发和花粉管在花柱中生长的制片法

植物胚胎学实验方法（五）检查花粉在柱头上萌发和花粉管在花柱中生长的制片法胡适宜（北京大学生物系,北京１００８７１）ＭＥＴＨＯＤＯＦＰＲＥＰＡＲＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＳＬＩＤＥＳＵＳＥＤＴＯＥＸＡＭＩＮＥＴＨＥＰＯＬＬＥＮＧＥＲＭＩＮＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＴＨＥＳＴＩ...     

植物胚胎学实验方法（七）同时显示胚中贮藏的淀粉,蛋白质和脂类的永久制片法

植物胚胎学实验方法（七）同时显示胚中贮藏的淀粉、蛋白质和脂类的永久制片法胡适宜（北京大学生物系,北京１００８７１）ＭＥＴＨＯＤＯＦＰＲＥＰＡＲＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＳＬＩＤＥＳＦＯＲＳＩＭＵＬＡＮＥＯＵＳＤＥＭＯＮＳＴＲＡＴＩＯＮＳＯＦＳＴＡＲＣＨＧＲＡＩＮ...     

P~（53） PROTEIN OVEREXPRESSION IN PREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT LESIONS OF ORAL MUCOSA：IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATION

Ｐ~（５３）　ＰＲＯＴＥＩＮ　ＯＶＥＲＥＸＰＲＥＳＳＩＯＮ　ＩＮ　ＰＲＥＭＡＬＩＧＮＡＮＴ　ＡＮＤ　ＭＡＬＩＧＮＡＮＴ　ＬＥＳＩＯＮＳ　ＯＦ　ＯＲＡＬ　ＭＵＣＯＳＡ：ＩＭＭＵＮＯＨＩＳＴＯＣＨＥＭＩＣＡＬ　ＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＰ~（５３）ＰＲＯＴＥＩ...     

表皮生长因子对肺泡巨噬细胞趋化性的调控

采用测定趋化性的方法,观察了表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）和纤维连接蛋白（ＦＮ）对肺泡巨噬细胞（ＡＭ）趋化运动的影响。结果显示,ＥＧＦ能抑制ＡＭ的趋化性,量效关系显著（ｒ＝－０．９９１０,Ｐ＜０．０１）,而ＥＧＦ本身对ＡＭ并不表现趋化吸引作用。ＦＮ亦能抑制ＡＭ的趋化性（Ｐ＜０．０１）,ＥＧＦ和ＦＮ两者协同作用时,对ＡＭ趋化性的抑制程度大于各自的单独作用（Ｐ＜０．０１）。实验证明ＥＧＦ具有调节ＡＭ趋化运动的非促丝裂功能。提示肺内的细胞因子ＥＧＦ和细胞外基质成分ＦＮ参与肺部炎症及免疫反应的调控。     

低氧对肺动脉内皮细胞PDGF—B链释放及平滑肌细胞生长的影响

应用蛋白ｄｏｔｂｌｏｔ技术检测了低氧内皮细胞条件培养液（ＨＥＣＣＭ）和常氧内皮细胞条件培养液（ＮＥＣＣＭ）内ＰＤＧＦ相对含量,并利用［３Ｈ］－ＴｄＲ掺入法和流式细胞术观察了ＨＥＣＣＭ和ＮＥＣＣＭ及加入特异ＰＤＧＦ抗体对肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣ）生长的影响。结果表明,ＨＥＣＣＭ中的ＰＤＧＦ含量明显高于ＮＥＣＣＭ;ＨＥＣＣＭ能明显增强ＰＡＳＭＣ内ＤＮＡ合成,促进ＰＡＳＭＣ从Ｇｏ／Ｇ１期进入Ｓ期;当预先加入ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ链抗体时,则会明显地抑制ＨＥＣＣＭ对ＰＡＳＭＣ的ＤＮＡ合成,阻止ＰＡＳＭＣ从Ｇｏ／Ｇ１期进入Ｓ期。结果提示,低氧时ＰＡＳＭＣ增殖与肺动脉内皮细胞分泌释放ＰＤＧＦ增加有关     

绿色荧光蛋白基因在青蒿转基因芽中的表达

将改良的绿色荧光蛋白（ＧＦＰ）基因,插入到植物表达载体中,构建双ＣａＭＶ３５Ｓ启动子驱动下的植物表达载体ｐＢＩＧＦＰ,在Ｋａｍ浓度为２０ｍｇ／Ｌ的筛选培养基上,用含有ｐＢＩＦＰ质粒的根癌农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４感染青蒿叶片,获得５个抗Ｋａｎ阳性丛生芽系。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ分析表明,外源ＧＦＰ基因已整合到青蒿转基因芽Ｇ－１系的基因组中。在ＯＬＹＭＰＵＳ－ＢＨ２型荧光显微镜下,观察到转基因     

中华猕猴桃施肥试验初报

中华猕猴桃施肥试验初报李洁维,李瑞高,梁木源,毛世忠（广西植物研究所,桂林５４１００６）ＡＰＲＥＬＩＭＩＮＡＲＹＲＥＰＯＲＴＯＮＲＥＡＳＯＮＡＢＬＥＦＥＲＴＩＬＩＺＩＮＧＴＲＩＡＬＦＯＲＡＣＴＩＮＩＤＩＡＣＬＯＮＥ￥ＬｉＪｉｅｗｅｉ;ＬｉＲｕｉｇａｏ...     

水分胁迫下Ca^2＋,PEG预处理对小麦幼苗保护酶系统活性的影响

水分胁迫下Ｃａ￣（２＋）、ＰＥＧ预处理对小麦幼苗保护酶系统活性的影响洪法水,马成仓,董振吉,周谋文（淮北煤炭师范学院生物系,淮北２３５０００）ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＣＡ￣（２＋）．ＰＥＧＰＲＥＴＲＥＡＴＭＥＮＴＯＮＤＥＦＥＮＳＩＶＥＥＮＺＹＭＥＳＡＣＴＩ...     

RFP134对UMR106细胞EGF受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶的调节作用

以大鼠成骨肉瘤细胞（ＵＭＲ１０６）为模型,研究了表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）对其受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶（ＴＰＫ）的调节作用。以及实验室从植物中提取纯化的二萜类活性物质（ＲＦＰ１３４）为诱导分化剂,观察了ＲＦＰ１３４对ＵＭＰ１０６细胞ＥＧＦ受体ＴＰＫ的活性和磷酸化作用的影响。并与ＲＡ和ＲＦＰ１３４＋ＲＡ处理细胞做了比较。结果显示ＥＧＦ与其受体结合后能激活ＴＰＫ,使ＴＰＫ活性增加２倍。ＲＦＰ１３４,ＲＡ,ＲＦＰ     

防止石蜡切片材料染色时脱落的简易方法

防止石蜡切片材料染色时脱落的简易方法张松林,金芝兰（西北师范大学生物系,兰州７３００１０）ＡＳＩＭＰＬＥＭＥＴＨＯＤＴＯＰＲＥＶＥＮＴＴＨＥＳＰＥＣＩＭＥＮＯＦＰＡＲＡＦＦＩＮＳＥＣＴＩＯＮＴＲＯＭＳＨＥＤＤＩＮＧＤＵＲＩＮＧＳＴＡＩＮＩＮＧ￥Ｚｈａ...     

Metabolomics Suggests That Soil Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Decreased Free Amino Acid Content in Roots of Durum Wheat Grown under N-Limited,P-Rich Field Conditions

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a major impact on plant nutrition, defence against pathogens, a plant’s reaction to stressful environments, soil fertility, and a plant’s relationship with other microorganisms. Such effects imply a broad reprogramming of the plant’s metabolic activity. However, little information is available regarding the role of AMF and their relation to other soil plant growth—promoting microorganisms in the plant metabolome, especially under realistic field conditions. In the present experiment, we evaluated the effects of inoculation with AMF, either alone or in combination with plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), on the metabolome and changes in metabolic pathways in the roots of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown under N-limited agronomic conditions in a P-rich environment. These two treatments were compared to infection by the natural AMF population (NAT). Soil inoculation with AMF almost doubled wheat root colonization by AMF and decreased the root concentrations of most compounds in all metabolic pathways, especially amino acids (AA) and saturated fatty acids, whereas inoculation with AMF+PGPR increased the concentrations of such compounds compared to inoculation with AMF alone. Enrichment metabolomics analyses showed that AA metabolic pathways were mostly changed by the treatments, with reduced amination activity in roots most likely due to a shift from the biosynthesis of common AA to γ-amino butyric acid. The root metabolome differed between AMF and NAT but not AMF+PGPR and AMF or NAT. Because the PGPR used were potent mineralisers, and AMF can retain most nitrogen (N) taken as organic compounds for their own growth, it is likely that this result was due to an increased concentration of mineral N in soil inoculated with AMF+PGPR compared to AMF alone.     

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers

Numerous species of soil bacteria which flourish in the rhizosphere of plants, but which may grow in, on, or around plant tissues, stimulate plant growth by a plethora of mechanisms. These bacteria are collectively known as PGPR (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria). The search for PGPR and investigation of their modes of action are increasing at a rapid pace as efforts are made to exploit them commercially as biofertilizers. After an initial clarification of the term biofertilizers and the nature of associations between PGPR and plants (i.e., endophytic versus rhizospheric), this review focuses on the known, the putative, and the speculative modes-of-action of PGPR. These modes of action include fixing N₂, increasing the availability of nutrients in the rhizosphere, positively influencing root growth and morphology, and promoting other beneficial plant–microbe symbioses. The combination of these modes of actions in PGPR is also addressed, as well as the challenges facing the more widespread utilization of PGPR as biofertilizers.     

植物根际促生菌及丛枝菌根真菌协助植物修复重金属污染土壤的机制

植物修复是一种前景广阔的重金属污染土壤的主要修复技术,在微生物的协助下效果更为显著。植物根际促生菌可通过分泌吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、产铁载体、固氮溶磷等方式促进植物生长、改善植物重金属耐受性,从而有效提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率。菌根真菌是土壤-植物系统中重要的功能菌群之一,可侵染植物根系改变根系形态和矿质营养状况,通过菌丝体吸附重金属,也可产生球囊霉素、有机酸、植物生长素等次生代谢产物改变重金属生物有效性。植物根际促生菌与丛枝菌根真菌可对植物产生协同促生作用,在重金属污染土壤修复中具有一定应用潜力。目前,国内外关于植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌互作已有大量研究,而二者的相互作用机理仍处于探索阶段。本文综述了近年来国内外植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的作用机制,并对其研究前景进行展望。     

Plant growth promoting microorganisms as alternative to chemical protection from pathogens (review)

The review analyses data on physiological and biochemical influence of rhizospheric and endophytic microorganisms promoting plant growth (PGPR-plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) on induced resistance of plants and the possibility of its use in plant cultivation to protect crops from pathogens and phytophages. Resistance of plants provided by PGPR due to their endosymbiotic interrelationships is directly achieved because they produce peptide antibiotics and hydrolases ofchitin and glucan and also because plants form their own system of induced resistance, followed by changes in the balance of defensive proteins, phytohormones, and pro-/antioxidant status.     

Response and interaction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bradyrhizobium japonicum</Emphasis> and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soybean rhizosphere

Regulatory response and interaction of Bradyrhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a vital role in rhizospheric soil processes and productivity of soybean (Glycine max L.). Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential nutrients for plant growth and productivity, the synergistic interaction(s) of AMF and Bradyrhizobium along with rhizospheric beneficial microorganisms stimulate soybean growth and development through enhanced mineral nutrient acquisition (N and P) and improved rhizosphere environment. Such interactions are crucial, especially under low-input eco-friendly agricultural cropping systems, which rely on biological processes rather than agrochemicals to maintain soil quality, sustainability, and productivity. Furthermore, enhancement of N-fixation by root nodules along with AMF-mediated synergism improves plant P nutrition and uptake, and proliferation of phosphate-solubilizing fungi. However, the genetic and/or allelic diversity among native strains, their genes/enzymes and many environmental factors (e.g., soil organic matter, fertilizers, light, temperature, soil moisture, and biotic interactors) affect the interactions between AMF and Bradyrhizobium. New information is available regarding the genetic composition of elite soybean inoculant strains in maximizing symbiotic performance, N-fixing capabilities and depending on N and P status the host-mediated regulation of root architecture. Overall, for sustainable soybean production systems, a deeper understanding of the interaction effects of Bradyrhizobium and AMF co-inoculation are expected in the future, so that optimized combinations of microorganisms can be applied as effective soil inoculants for plant growth promotion and fitness. The objective of this review is to offer insights into the mechanistic interactions of AMF and Bradyrhizobium and rhizopheric soil health, and elucidate the role of environmental factors in regulating growth, development and sustainable soybean productivity.     

Interaction between Earthworms and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plants: A Review

Different kinds of soil animals and microorganisms inhabit the plant rhizosphere, which function closely to plant roots. Of them, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and earthworms play a critical role in sustaining the soil-plant health. Earthworms and AMF belong to the soil community and are soil beneficial organisms at different trophic levels. Both of them improve soil fertility and structural development, collectively promoting plant growth and nutrient acquisition capacity. Earthworm activities redistribute mycorrhizal fungi spores and give diversified effects on root mycorrhizal fungal colonization. Dual inoculation with both earthworms and AMF strongly magnifies the response on plant growth through increased soil enzyme activities and changes in soil nutrient availability, collectively mitigating the negative effects of heavy metal pollution in plants and soils. This thus enhances phytoremediation and plant disease resistance. This review simply outlines the effects of earthworms and AMF on the soil-plant relationship. The effects of earthworms on root AMF colonization and activities are also analyzed. This paper also summarizes the interaction between earthworms and AMF on plants along with suggested future research.     

Physiological and biochemical changes in tomato cultivar PT-3 with dual inoculation of mycorrhiza and PGPR against root-knot nematode

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have potential to control soil-borne diseases including plant-parasitic nematodes. First, the effects of dual inoculation of mycorrhiza (Rhizophagus irregularis) and two stains of pseudomonads (Pseudomonas jessenii strain R62 and Pseudomonas synxantha strain R81) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. PT-3) growth were tested. Further, the physiological and biochemical changes caused by these beneficial organisms during infection by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita were studied. The experiment was conducted under glass house conditions and carried out up to one month after nematode inoculation. Plants treated with dual or individual inoculation of AMF and PGPR showed significantly enhanced plant growth and reduced nematode infection. In addition, they exhibited potent activity of phenolics (28 %) and defensive enzymes i.e. peroxidase (PO; 1.26 fold), polyphenyloxidase (PPO; 1.35 fold) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; 1.09 fold) while a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA; 1.63 fold) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; 1.30 fold) content was recorded when compared to the nematode-infected plants. These findings indicate the feasibility of AMF and PGPR individually or in combinations as potential biocontrol agents for the management of root-knot nematodes.     

Cultivation of high-biomass crops on coal mine spoil banks: can microbial inoculation compensate for high doses of organic matter?

Two greenhouse experiments were focused on the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in planting of high-biomass crops on reclaimed spoil banks. In the first experiment, we tested the effects of different organic amendments on growth of alfalfa and on the introduced microorganisms. While growth of plants was supported in substrate with compost amendment, mycorrhizal colonization was suppressed. Lignocellulose papermill waste had no negative effects on AMF, but did not positively affect growth of plants. The mixture of these two amendments was found to be optimal in both respects, plant growth and mycorrhizal development. Decreasing doses of this mixture amendment were used in the second experiment, where the effects of microbial inoculation (assumed to compensate for reduced doses of organic matter) on growth of two high-biomass crops, hemp and reed canarygrass, were studied. Plant growth response to microbial inoculation was either positive or negative, depending on the dose of the applied amendment and plant species.     

湿地植物与丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)相互关系的研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是湿地植物主要共生菌之一,在湿地生态系统中具有重要的作用.本文就近年来AMF对湿地植物的营养物质吸收、生长发育、抗逆境胁迫和抗污染能力等的作用,湿地植物、水分、季节、土壤理化性质因素对根际AMF的多样性、侵染能力、空间分布、生长发育、孢子密度的影响,以及植物与AMF之间相互作用关系的研究进展进行综述.     

The role of mycorrhizae and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in improving crop productivity under stressful environments

Both biotic and abiotic stresses are major constrains to agricultural production. Under stress conditions, plant growth is affected by a number of factors such as hormonal and nutritional imbalance, ion toxicity, physiological disorders, susceptibility to diseases, etc. Plant growth under stress conditions may be enhanced by the application of microbial inoculation including plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungi. These microbes can promote plant growth by regulating nutritional and hormonal balance, producing plant growth regulators, solubilizing nutrients and inducing resistance against plant pathogens. In addition to their interactions with plants, these microbes also show synergistic as well as antagonistic interactions with other microbes in the soil environment. These interactions may be vital for sustainable agriculture because they mainly depend on biological processes rather than on agrochemicals to maintain plant growth and development as well as proper soil health under stress conditions. A number of research articles can be deciphered from the literature, which shows the role of rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae alone and/or in combination in enhancing plant growth under stress conditions. However, in contrast, a few review papers are available which discuss the synergistic interactions between rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae for enhancing plant growth under normal (non-stress) or stressful environments. Biological interactions between PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi are believed to cause a cumulative effect on all rhizosphere components, and these interactions are also affected by environmental factors such as soil type, nutrition, moisture and temperature. The present review comprehensively discusses recent developments on the effectiveness of PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi for enhancing plant growth under stressful environments. The key mechanisms involved in plant stress tolerance and the effectiveness of microbial inoculation for enhancing plant growth under stress conditions have been discussed at length in this review. Growth promotion by single and dual inoculation of PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi under stress conditions have also been discussed and reviewed comprehensively.