江豚皮肤及其背部角质结节的组织学研究

分布在我国沿海和长江中的江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)经分类学研究,马洛伊(Pilleri)认为与分布在日本的江豚(Neophocaena sunaraeri)和巴基斯坦的江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)不同,是独立的一个种。其解剖学的研究已有一些报道,组织学方面尚缺乏系统的资料。关于其皮肤的组织学结构在徐凤和周开亚的工作中虽有简略述及,但未见有详细的观察。为此对其显微结构进行了研究,并与白暨豚皮肤作了比较。     

江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)的消化器官Ⅱ. 肠、肝、胰

本篇为江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)消化器官研究的第二部分。 标本来源见李悦民(1984)。肠的长度和肝的重量都由新鲜标本测得。组织学材料用10%甲醛溶液固定,石蜡包埋,切片用苏木精曙红,PAS和Van Gieson法染色。     

白鱀豚(齿鲸亚目、白鱀豚科)的肌学研究——Ⅰ.皮肤肌附肢肌和躯干肌尾肌

肌肉系统是鲸类运动器官的基本组成,有许多适于水中运动的变化。多种齿鲸的肌学已有详文论述,如江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)(Howell,1927)鼠海豚(Phocaena phocaena)(Smith等,1975;1974;等,1974,1978),真海豚(Delphinus delphis)(Lawrence等,1956,1965;Mead,1975;Родионов1974;Соколов等,1974,1978)、大海豚(Tursiops truncatus)(Huder,1934;Lawrence等,1956,1965;Mead,1975;Родионов1974;Соколов等,1974,1978)、白鲸(Delphinapterus leucas) (Клейнеберг, 1964)、一角鲸(Monodon monoce- ros)(Howell, 1930)、抹香鲸(Physeter catodon)(Берэин, 1971)等。在淡水豚类,Pilleri等(1976)曾报道印河豚(Platanista indi)肌肉系统的某些特征,其他淡水豚的肌肉尚未经研究。鉴此,我们对白暨豚(Lipotes vexilifer)的肌肉系统作了较详细的解剖。解剖材料以1头体长2米,体重100公斤的雄性个体为主,以其他个体作补充。     

江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)的消化器官 Ⅰ.舌、食管、胃

江豚是属于鼠海豚科(Phocoenidae)的一种小型齿鲸。我国沿海以及大的江河、湖泊中均有分布。1926年秉志曾报道过江豚某些消化器官的大体结构。以后Howell(1927)和Pilleri等(1972)也分别描述了其胃的构造,可是都缺少组织学的观察,对江豚的舌、肠和胰等的叙述极简短。此外,Arvy等(1972)、Yamasaki等(1976)和Komatsu等(1980)对江豚的舌进行过不同程度的研究。     

观察家兔肺呼吸方法的一点改进

在上解剖家兔实验课时,为了使学生观察呼吸系统——肺在气体交换时扩张和收缩的状态。过去,往往是把玻璃管插入气管,用嘴从玻璃管的另一端往肺里吹气。这种方法虽说能达到观察兔肺扩张和收缩的目的,可是对操作者不卫生。我们试用刻度滴管(除去上面的小胶囊)和洗耳     

江豚的染色体核型研究

江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)是鲸目(Cetacea)鼠海豚科(Phocaenidae)的一种小型齿鲸,在淡水和海洋中均有分布。关于江豚染色体的研究,国外文献中尚未见记载,国内亦无报道。Pilleri和Gihr(1972,1975)根据江豚的形态解剖学的研究,认为我国产的江豚和印度洋的及日本海的江豚不属同一个种,但国际上对此尚有不同意见。因此,搞清江豚染色体的核型,将可有助于澄清江豚属的的分类问题。本文就我国长江产江豚的染色体核型作初步探讨。     

白介素11拮抗剂对实验性小鼠肺纤维化的作用

目的: 观察拮抗白介素11(IL-11)对博来霉素(BLM)诱导的实验性小鼠肺纤维化的作用。方法: 将120只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常对照组、IL-11拮抗剂组、BLM组和BLM+IL-11拮抗剂组(每组各30只)。BLM组和BLM+ IL-11拮抗剂组小鼠一次性气管注射BLM(1.5 mg/kg)诱导肺纤维化。于造模当日开始,IL-11拮抗剂组和BLM+IL-11拮抗剂组小鼠每间隔3 d尾静脉注射IL-11拮抗剂IL-11 Rα FC(2.5 mg/kg)。观察各组小鼠生存状态。于造模后第21日取肺组织进行HE染色、Masson染色以及Ashcroft评分评价肺纤维化程度。通过碱水解法测定肺组织中羟脯氨酸(HYP)的含量;采用Real-time PCR和Western blot检测肺组织中Collagen I、Collagen III和α-SMA 的基因和蛋白表达;采用酶联免疫吸附法测定肺组织中TGF-β1含量。结果: 与正常对照组相比,BLM可降低小鼠存活率(P＜0.05),破坏肺组织结构,导致大量胶原沉积,显著升高HYP含量、肺组织中Collagen I、Collagen III和α-SMA的基因和蛋白表达(P＜0.05),以及TGF-β1含量(P＜0.05)。而IL-11 Rα Fc处理可改善肺纤维小鼠的生存率,减轻肺组织病理学改变以及胶原沉积,减少肺组织中HYP含量(P＜0.05),下调肺组织中Collagen I、Collagen III和α-SMA的基因和蛋白表达(P＜0.05),以及TGF-β1含量(P＜0.05)。结论: IL-11拮抗剂可减轻BLM诱导的小鼠肺纤维化,为临床治疗肺纤维化提供了新思路。     

江豚视网膜结构、神经节细胞计数及其分布特征

江豚(Neophocaena aslaecrientalis)是水生哺乳动物,其最大的特点是具有出色的回声定位能力,因此,对江豚的研究多集中于听觉方面。其视觉所起的作用不大被研究者注意,尤其对视觉系统的解剖学和组织学方面的研究尚未见过报导。本实验对江豚视网膜的神经节细胞进行了某些定量研究,同时还观察了其视网膜的一般组织结构,以分析其视网膜的发达程度。为了探索各种动物的视网膜在视觉信息加工中的作用,一些研究者如马图瑞那(Maturana),雅各布森(Jacobson),卡利尼那(Kalinina),范布伦(Van Buren),斯通(Stone)对青     

长江安庆段航道整治对长江江豚数量和分布的时空影响

栖息地丧失和破碎化是威胁长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)种群长期发展的主要因素之一。航道整治工程是导致江豚栖息地丧失和破碎化的一个主要原因,研究工程施工和运行对江豚数量和分布的影响可为江豚栖息地管护提供有益信息。通过对湖口-吉阳矶水域江豚数量和分布的持续调查,分析了安庆段航道整治工程施工和运行对江豚的影响。12次目视调查共在研究水域发现江豚258群次613头次,工程施工前、施工期和初步运行期单次考察分别平均观察到江豚(67.0±24.3)头次、(35.6±22.2)头次和(50.0±2.8)头次。在主要施工区共发现江豚79群次185头次,施工前、施工期和初步运行期单次考察分别平均观察到江豚(18.60±12.03)头次、(10.4±7.3)头次和(20.0±4.2)头次。工程不同时期主要施工区江豚的数量及占比在统计学上没有显著差异。主要施工区S2和S3工程段施工期江豚平均分布密度((0.18±0.17)头/km、(0.04±0.08)头/km)较施工前((0.62±0.16)头/km、(0.40±0.29)头/km)显著下降,S5和S6工程段施工期平均...     

自然和人工生境被子植物枝木质部结构与功能差异

水是植物生存与生长的基础条件, 水分有效性影响植物木质部解剖结构、水力功能, 使之形成特定的适应特征。因此, 对比自然与人工生境中同一植物的水力功能与解剖结构差异, 有助于理解植物对水分环境的适应机理。该研究以湿润区三角槭(Acer buergerianum)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)为研究材料, 对比分析了自然和人工生境中各物种的栓塞抗性(导水率损失50%时的水势(P₅₀))、输水效率(比导率(K_s))和解剖结构(导管直径(D)、导管壁厚(T)、导管密度(N)、木质部密度(WD)、厚度跨度比(t/b)²)特征, 探究了同生境种内与跨生境、跨物种水平的效率-安全权衡关系, 量化分析了水力功能与解剖结构的关系。结果发现: 1) 3种被子植物在自然生境中K_s更大, P₅₀更小, 与其更大的D、更小的(t/b)²有关。2)同生境种内K_s与P₅₀不存在权衡。3)功能性状和解剖结构相关分析表明: 同生境种内D与P₅₀不存在显著的相关关系; 除自然生境女贞外, T、(t/b)²均与P₅₀正相关。相对于人工生境, 在水分有效性低或无额外浇灌的自然生境中, 植物通过增大导管直径显著提高其输水效率, 从而避免水势下降、降低潜在栓塞风险。     

白暨豚气管和肺的解剖和组织学的研究

白鱀豚的肺分左右2叶,不分小叶,肺门位置高。气管分叉成左右主支气管和气管支气管,气管支气管分叉点的位置较高,情形与拉河豚相近。3条主支气管进入肺以后便成为肺内支气管树的主干,其分支的分布区可暗示假定肺叶的存在(共5叶,左2右3)。从气管起一直到呼吸性支气管都存在软骨组织。气管的粘膜上皮为假复层纤毛柱状上皮,夹有杯状细胞。主支气管为单层柱状上皮,无杯状细胞。小支气管和细支气管又变为假复层纤毛柱状上皮,杯状细胞少。细支气管以下逐步改变为单层柱状上皮和立方上皮。各级支气管均未见腺体存在。从呼吸性细支气管到肺泡管的通道口,有括约肌存在。各级支气管一直到肺泡壁均有平滑肌存在,从断续出现到连续的环层。弹性纤维在整个气管均很丰富。       

人呼吸道禽流感病毒受体的分布趋势

禽类流感病毒和人类流感病毒具有很强的受体识别特异性,分别与唾液酸α-2,3Gal和α-2,6Gal受体分子结合而感染各自的宿主细胞．这种受体结合特异性是流感病毒在禽类和人类之间跨种属传递的主要障碍．应用凝集素组织化学染色技术,探讨人呼吸道各解剖学部位流感病毒唾液酸受体的分布特征．结果显示,唾液酸α-2,3Gal受体, 即禽类流感受体,主要分布在下呼吸道的呼吸部即呼吸细支气管和肺泡, 而在主气管、支气管和细支气管仅少量分布．相反,人类流感病毒受体,唾液酸α-2,6Gal受体在气管、支气管呈高密度分布,随着支气管分级逐渐降低分布减少,至肺泡分布最少．但比较人呼吸道发育成熟过程中,唾液酸α-2,3Gal和α-2,6Gal受体的表达,未发现明显差别．禽流感H5N1病毒体外感染人呼吸道组织试验结果表明,肺泡上皮较支气管和气管上皮易感染,与唾液酸α-2,3Gal受体分布特点相符合．结果提示,人呼吸道可被禽流感病毒感染,目前H5N1病毒极少发生人传人的特点,可能与个体间上呼吸道唾液酸α-2,3Gal受体表达差异有关．     

Tracheobronchial epithelium in the adult rhesus monkey: a quantitative histochemical and ultrastructural study

Previous studies of the intrapulmonary conducting airways of sheep and rabbit have demonstrated marked diversity in the epithelial populations lining them. Because studies of trachea and centriacinar regions of macaque monkeys suggested that primates may be even more diverse, the present study was designed to characterize the epithelial population throughout the airway tree of one primate species, the rhesus monkey. Trachea and intrapulmonary airways of the right cranial and middle lobes of glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde-infused lungs of five adult rhesus monkeys were microdissected following the axial pathway. Each branch was assigned a binary number indicating its specific location within the tree. The trachea and six generations of intrapulmonary airway from the right cranial lobe were evaluated for ultrastructure and quantitative histology as were those of the right middle lobe for quantitative carbohydrate histochemistry. Four cell types were identified throughout the tree: ciliated, mucous goblet, small mucous granule, and basal. The tallest epithelium lined the trachea; the shortest, the respiratory bronchiole. The most cells per unit length of basement membrane were in proximal intrapulmonary bronchi; the least, in the respiratory bronchiole. The nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial or Clara cell was restricted to respiratory bronchioles. Sulfomucins were present in the vast majority of surface goblet cells in the trachea and proximal bronchi. In proximal bronchi, neutral glycoconjugates predominated in glands and acidic glycoconjugates in surface epithelium. In terminal and respiratory bronchioles the ratio of acidic glycoconjugate to neutral glycoconjugate equaled that in proximal bronchi, although glands were not present. Sulfomucins were minimal in terminal airways. We conclude that the characteristics of the epithelial lining of the mammalian tracheobronchial airway tree are very species-specific. The lining of the rhesus monkey does not have the diversity in cell types in different airway generations observed in sheep and rabbit. Also, the populations lining these airways in the rhesus are very different from either the sheep or rabbit in number, proportions of different cell types, glycoconjugate content, and distribution of specific cell types.     

Temporal and spatial distribution of ciliogenesis in the tracheobronchial airways of mice

Little is known about ciliogenesis as it proceeds through the entire airway tree, from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles, especially during the postnatal period. The purpose of this study was to define the spatial and temporal (prenatal and postnatal) pattern of normal cilia development in the mouse. Three airway generations representing the entire airway tree were examined: trachea, lobar bronchi, and terminal bronchiole. Ciliated cells in lung lobe whole mounts were labeled with a fluorescent dye for confocal microscopy, and ciliated cell surface density was measured for each airway generation and age. The same samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy to verify the appearance of ciliated cells among the differentiating epithelium of the airways. Ciliated cells were first detected in the trachea and lobar bronchi at 16 days gestational age (DGA) and in the terminal bronchioles at 18 DGA. Ciliated cell surface density increased with prenatal and postnatal age at all airway levels. However, the ciliated cell surface density of the trachea and lobar bronchi was always greater compared with the terminal bronchiole. In conclusion, the study revealed that in developing tracheobronchial airways of the mouse: 1) Ciliogenesis differs temporally and spatially by airway generation; 2) Ciliated cell surface density increases with age in all airway generations, but density decreases in a proximal to distal direction; and 3) A significant portion of ciliogenesis continues after birth. This study provides a healthy basis for investigations of neonatal pulmonary disease or pollutant toxicity affecting cilia and its functions.     

Prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha-related proteins in Drosophila melanogaster: tissue-specific embryonic expression of the 99F8-9 cluster

Three retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDH1, RALDH2 and RALDH3), which catalyze the oxidation of retinaldehyde into retinoic acid, have been shown to be differentially expressed during early embryogenesis. Here, we report their differential expression patterns throughout later mouse organogenesis. Raldh1 is prominently expressed in developing lung (notably in bronchial and tracheal epithelia), and shows stage-specific expression in stomach and intestine epithelial and mesenchymal layers. Raldh3 expression is specific to the differentiating intestinal lamina propria. Raldh2 is expressed throughout the kidney nephrogenic zone, whereas Raldh1 and Raldh3 are mostly expressed in collecting duct epithelia. Raldh3 expression is more restricted than that of Raldh1 in the urogenital tract and sex gland epithelia, whereas Raldh2 expression is mesenchymal. Raldh1 is coexpressed with Raldh2 in the early heart epicardium, and is later specifically expressed in developing heart valves. All three genes exhibit distinct expression patterns in respiratory and olfactory epithelia and/or mesenchymes, and in developing teeth. Only Raldh1 expression is seen after birth in specific brain structures. These data indicate a requirement for regulated RA synthesis in various differentiating organs.     

黄喉拟水龟消化道的组织学观察

观察黄喉拟水龟消化道的组织结构.采用常规石蜡切片和HE染色方法对黄喉拟水龟的消化道进行观察.除了口咽腔以外,消化道的管壁是由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌肉层和外膜组成;各部分的主要区别在于粘膜层,食道和大肠的是复层柱状上皮,胃和小肠的是单层柱状上皮.黄喉拟水龟的舌桔红色,不能伸缩;食管中无食管腺,扩张性强;胃呈囊状,有大量胃腺,腔面皱襞较多;小肠较长,是消化的主要场所,表面有大量的绒毛,在绒毛中可见肠腺;大肠无绒毛,也存在皱襞.     

CFTR is required for maximal transepithelial liquid transport in pig alveolar epithelia

A balance between alveolar liquid absorption and secretion is critical for maintaining optimal alveolar subphase liquid height and facilitating gas exchange in the alveolar space. However, the role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein (CFTR) in this homeostatic process has remained elusive. Using a newly developed porcine model of cystic fibrosis, in which CFTR is absent, we investigated ion transport properties and alveolar liquid transport in isolated type II alveolar epithelial cells (T2AECs) cultured at the air-liquid interface. CFTR was distributed exclusively to the apical surface of cultured T2AECs. Alveolar epithelia from CFTR(-/-) pigs failed to increase liquid absorption in response to agents that increase cAMP, whereas cAMP-stimulated liquid absorption in CFTR(+/-) epithelia was similar to that in CFTR(+/+) epithelia. Expression of recombinant CFTR restored stimulated liquid absorption in CFTR(-/-) T2AECs but had no effect on CFTR(+/+) epithelia. In ex vivo studies of nonperfused lungs, stimulated liquid absorption was defective in CFTR(-/-) alveolar epithelia but similar between CFTR(+/+) and CFTR(+/-) epithelia. When epithelia were studied at the air-liquid interface, elevating cAMP levels increased subphase liquid height in CFTR(+/+) but not in CFTR(-/-) T2AECs. Our findings demonstrate that CFTR is required for maximal liquid absorption under cAMP stimulation, but it is not the rate-limiting factor. Furthermore, our data define a role for CFTR in liquid secretion by T2AECs. These insights may help to develop new treatment strategies for pulmonary edema and respiratory distress syndrome, diseases in which lung liquid transport is disrupted.     

豚鼠肺内NOS之分布及实验性哮喘对其活性的影响

用组织化学方法对豚鼠肺内一氧化氮合酶（NOS）进行定位研究．并观察正常对照组和支气管哮喘组豚鼠肺内NOS分布及活性变化。结果显示;（1）正常豚鼠各级支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊上皮细胞均成NOS阳性反应,气道上皮下平滑肌细胞呈NOS阴性反应。（2）哮喘豚鼠各级支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊上皮细胞呈NOS强阳性反应,气道上皮下平滑肌细胞里NOS阳性反应。（3）两组肺泡上皮细胞均呈NOS阴性反应。（4）两组肺内动,静脉血管内膜均呈NOS阳性反应。结果提示一氧化氮不仅对肺具有一定的生理作用,而且可能参与哮喘的病理生理过程。     

Tissue injury alters the site of expression of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 in bronchial epithelial cells

Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1) is a Kunitz-type transmembrane serine proteinase inhibitor that inhibits trypsin-like serine proteinases, such as hepatocyte growth factor activator, matriptase, hepsin and prostasin. HAI-1 is expressed in polarized epithelial cells, in which HAI-1 is mainly located on the basolateral membrane. In the present study, we analyzed the expression and distribution of HAI-1 in respiratory epithelium. We found that HAI-1 is expressed by the bronchial respiratory epithelium with basal or basolateral localization and also by the alveolar epithelium. Bronchial expression of HAI-1 was also confirmed using cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. The epithelial expression of HAI-1 was augmented in response to tissue injury such as cancer invasion and inflammation. Surprisingly, in the injured pulmonary tissue, HAI-1 showed distinct apical translocation in ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchiole. We suggest that, in addition to its basolateral surface localization, HAI-1 can transiently localize to the apical surface of respiratory ciliated epithelial cells under conditions of severe inflammation, possibly interacting with a specific cellular proteinase on the apical surface.     

Influenza virus inhibits ENaC and lung fluid clearance

Fluid-free alveolar space is critical for normal gas exchange. Influenza virus alters fluid transport across respiratory epithelia producing rhinorrhea, middle ear effusions, and alveolar flooding. However, the mechanism of fluid retention remains unclear. We investigated influenza virus strain A/PR/8/34, which can attach and enter mammalian cells but is incapable of viral replication and productive infection in mammalian epithelia, on epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) in rat alveolar type II (ATII) cells. In parallel, we determined the effects of virus on amiloride-sensitive (i.e., ENaC-mediated) fluid clearance in rat lungs in vivo. Although influenza virus did not change the inulin permeability of ATII monolayers, it rapidly reduced the net volume transport across monolayers. Virus reduced the open probability of single ENaC channels in apical cell-attached patches. U-73122, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, and PP2, a Src inhibitor, blocked the effect of virus on ENaC. GF-109203X, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, also blocked the effect, suggesting a PKC-mediated mechanism. In parallel, intratracheal administration of influenza virus produced a rapid inhibition of amiloride-sensitive (i.e., ENaC-dependent) lung fluid transport. Together, these results show that influenza virus rapidly inhibits ENaC in ATII cells via a PLC- and Src-mediated activation of PKC but does not increase epithelial permeability in this same rapid time course. We speculate that this rapid inhibition of ENaC and formation of edema when the virus first attaches to the alveolar epithelium might facilitate subsequent influenza infection and may exacerbate influenza-mediated alveolar flooding that can lead to acute respiratory failure and death.