三个日太阳总辐射估算模型的比较

利用东北三省及内蒙古东部13个气象站1982—2012年的数据,分析比较了3个估算日太阳总辐射的模型(-P模型、Thornton-Running模型和刘可群等提出的模型).经交叉验证分析的结果表明:3个模型的平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为1.71、2.83和1.68 MJ·m-2·d-1,表明利用了日照百分率的-P模型和刘可群等提出的模型对于日太阳总辐射的估算效果明显优于没有利用日照百分率的Thornton-Running模型.刘可群等提出的模型对无日照情况的处理起到了很好效果,其无日照情况下的MAE和偏差百分比分别比-P模型小18.5%和33.8%.在有日照情况下利用-P的简单线性模型计算日太阳总辐射即可获得较高精度.-P模型、Thornton-Running模型和刘可群等提出的模型对日太阳总辐射分别高估12.2%、19.2%和9.9%.各气象站MAE随地理位置的变化不大,MAE随年代的推移呈递减趋势,原因可能是1993年更换辐射观测仪器后所导致的观测精度的变化.3个模型在有雨日、无日照和暖季情况下的MAE均远大于无雨日、有日照和冷季,说明利用气象要素推算太阳辐射的模型有待对不同的天气情况进行不同处理.     

长白山地区散射辐射与云的关系

根据中国科学院长白山森林生态系统定位站1982—2001年太阳辐射和云的观测资料对散射辐射及散射比进行了分析,探讨了散射辐射及散射比的日、季节、年际变化特征以及云量、云状、太阳高度角与散射辐射及散射比的关系。结果表明：1)散射辐射日变化特点是,中午最大,早晚较小;季节变化特点是,7月最大,年初和年末较小;年际变化特点是从1982—2001年呈减少趋势;散射比1 d中中午最小,7月达到最大值,年际变化为0.38～0.55;2)散射辐射及散射比均随高云量或低云量增加而呈增加趋势;散射辐射日平均量及散射比与总云量和低云量的日平均值均呈线性正相关关系,且与总云量的关系比与低云量的关系更密切;3)不同云相比较,散射辐射和散射比最大的是高积云（Ac）,卷云（Ci）次之,较小为对流性积云(积雨云Cb、积云Cu),碧空时散射辐射及散射比最小;4)散射辐射随太阳高度角增加而增大,呈二次函数关系;散射比随太阳高度角增加而减小且呈二次函数关系。     

库姆塔格沙漠东南部生长季胡杨液流速率动态与气象因子的关系

通过对库姆塔格沙漠东南部胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)液流速率及气象因子(太阳总辐射、风速、空气相对湿度、空气温度、饱和水汽压差)持续5个月的同步观测,揭示气象因子在不同时间尺度对胡杨液流的影响。结果显示:在月尺度下,太阳总辐射是液流速率变化的主要影响因子,单独能解释98.3%的液流速率变化;在日尺度下,空气温度、空气相对湿度、风速、太阳总辐射对液流速率变化影响最大,空气温度可以解释液流速率变化的33.0%,4个因子共同可以解释55.2%的液流速率变化;在小时尺度下,对2018年5-9月液流速率的影响最大的是太阳总辐射。随着时间尺度的扩大,对液流速率变化的影响因子由多变少。根据气象因子预测小时尺度胡杨液流速率需要较多的参数且可靠性最小,预测月尺度液流速率需要较少的参数且可靠性最大,预测月尺度胡杨液流速率更为合适。     

典型森林生态系统总辐射和光合有效辐射长期观测中的仪器性能衰变和数据校正

利用中国通量网( ChinaFLUX)4个森林台站(长白山、千烟洲、鼎湖山和西双版纳)2003-2008年总辐射和光合有效辐射(PAR)观测资料,研究了CNR1总辐射表和Li-190SB光量子仪在长期观测中可能出现的不确定性和仪器性能变化等问题.结果表明:98％以上的CNR1总辐射观测精度满足技术标准,但在西双版纳站,CNR1观测的总辐射(QCNR1)比高精度短波辐射仪CM11观测的总辐射(QCM11)平均低7％;虽然温度对CNR1观测的总辐射有一定影响,但其影响大都在仪器允许的精度范围内,在西双版纳站,CNR1除了受温度影响外,还受到热带雨林特有的季节性雾的影响;通过分析光合有效辐射数据(特别是其与总辐射比值)的长期变化发现,光量子仪Li-190SB的性能衰减较明显,平均年衰减率达4％左右,为了校正PAR仪器性能衰减产生的系统误差,本文尝试给出了PAR的后期补偿校正方法,该方法可基本消除由于野外长期使用所造成的Li-190SB性能衰减.     

长白山阔叶红松林太阳辐射分光谱特征

根据对林冠上方和林下太阳辐射的观测及气象站资料,分析了长白山阔叶红松林太阳辐射分光谱特征。结果表明,长白山阔叶红松林区太阳总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射的光合有效辐射系数有一定的日变化和年变化,年平均值分别为０．４６、０．４３、０．５６。阔叶红松林中不同树种的单叶对于太阳总辐射的反射率、透射率、吸收率的平均值分别为２７．０％、２３．４％、４９．６％。单叶的分光谱反射、透射和吸收的特点是,单叶对紫外辐射     

太阳辐射对玉米农田土壤呼吸作用的影响

水热因子通常被认为是影响土壤呼吸作用的主导因子。对2004-2005年东北地区玉米农田土壤呼吸作用的观测资料分析表明:太阳辐射对土壤呼吸作用有促进作用,使得白天的土壤呼吸速率高于夜间,并导致土壤呼吸作用与土壤温度的关系发生变化。太阳总辐射对玉米(Zea mays L.)生长后期的土壤呼吸作用具有显著影响(9月7日:R2=0.80,P0.0001;9月29日:R2=0.82,P0.0001)。地上生物量和叶面积指数制约着太阳总辐射对土壤呼吸作用的贡献,可解释太阳总辐射与土壤呼吸作用关系变异的83.5%。在玉米生长初期,散射辐射间接地促进了土壤呼吸作用,但随着叶面积指数的增加,散射辐射的透射作用减弱,使得直射辐射对土壤呼吸作用的影响超过散射辐射;进入玉米生长后期,由于叶子枯黄,叶面积指数减小,散射辐射又对土壤呼吸起到促进作用。     

江西千烟洲地区散射辐射的模拟与验证

散射辐射的准确估算对于评价其对陆地生态系统碳交换的影响具有重要意义.基于我国中亚热带江西千烟洲气象观测场2012年3月1日—2013年2月28日散射辐射实际观测数据对目前常用的5个散射辐射分解模型（Reindl-1、Reindl-2、Reindl-3、Boland、BRL）的模拟结果进行验证.结果表明： 在30 min尺度上,虽然5个模型在总体上都可以较好地模拟该地区的散射辐射,但模型模拟效果随着晴空指数（k_t）的升高而显著降低.特别是当k_t>0.75时,各模型已无法模拟该地区散射辐射.从散射辐射季节变化的模拟来看,5个模型能够很好地模拟大多数月份的散射辐射.5个模型年尺度散射辐射模拟值与观测值的相对偏差最高为7.1%（BRL）,最低为0.04%（Reindl-1）,平均为3.6%.在全年辐射最强、温度最高和降水偏少的夏季,5个模型的模拟值均出现了过高估计.以7月为例,散射辐射被高估14.5%～28.2%,平均高估21.2%.这可能与高k_t条件下散射辐射的估算方法有关,这种不确定性需要在模型应用中做进一步深入评价.根据验证结果并考虑模拟精度和输入变量的易获取性,5个模型的模拟效果依次为BRL>Reindl-3>Reindl-2>Reindl-1>Boland.     

散射辐射对中国东部典型人工林总初级生产力的影响

散射辐射是影响森林碳吸收的重要因子。然而,有关生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)对散射辐射响应机理的理解仍有限。该研究利用中国东部6个人工林生态系统2019–2020年观测的碳通量数据和气象数据,估算了散射辐射,区分了直接辐射和散射辐射条件;基于直角双曲线方程获取了不同辐射条件下生态系统光响应参数;量化了GPP对散射辐射和直接辐射变化的响应;采用偏相关方法分析了光照和环境因子对GPP日变化的贡献,旨在探究生长季散射辐射对人工林生态系统GPP的影响机理。研究表明:散射辐射增加可以有效促进冠层光合作用,初始量子效率(α)和光合有效辐射(PAR)为1 000μmol·m^–2·s^–1时的GPP (P₁₀₀₀)分别提高了47%–150%和2%–65%。与直接辐射条件相比,散射辐射条件下的PAR每增加1μmol·m^–2·s^–1,GPP增加0.86%–1.70%,森林植被类型和站点物候变化会影响这一过程,具有较低归一化植被指数(NDVI)的樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mo...     

辐射变化对中亚热带杉木人工林净CO2交换的影响

太阳总辐射是影响森林生态系统碳交换的重要因子.为认识辐射变化对杉木人工林碳交换的影响,本研究利用开路式涡度相关系统和气象梯度观测系统测得的CO2通量和气象因子长期定位监测数据,用晴空指数(kt)表示太阳辐射情况,分析了kt对中亚热带杉木人工林生长季(4-10月)净C02交换(NEE)的影响.结果 表明:晴天时的太阳总辐...     

散射辐射对亚热带人工针叶林光能利用率的影响

地表接受的太阳辐射中散射辐射的改变是影响森林生态系统光能利用率(Light Use Efficiency,LUE)的重要因素。以千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林为研究对象,利用30 min通量和常规气象观测数据,以晴空指数(kt)和地表接受的散射辐射(S_f)占太阳总辐射(S_0)的比值(S_f/S_0)为指标,分析了2003—2012年生长旺季(6—8月)散射辐射变化对千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林光能利用率的影响,并利用改进的光响应曲线模型分析了散射辐射变化对植被光合特性的影响。研究结果表明:2003—2012年生长旺季中,kt在0.6—0.7范围内的LUE比kt在0.4—0.5范围内的LUE平均减少了44.66%;S_f/S_0在70%—85%之间的LUE比S_f/S_0在55%—70%之间的LUE平均提高了22.24%。由此可以看出,与晴朗天空相比,多云及气溶胶增加导致的散射辐射增加可使该生态系统的LUE提高。并且,未受到高温干旱影响的2005、2006、2008、2009、2010及2012年散射辐射下该生态系统的初始量子效率αf比直接辐射下的αr平均增加了0.63 g CO2/mol;而10年间所有年份散射辐射下的光饱和时的潜在最大光合作用速率比直接辐射下平均提高了0.81 mg CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1),说明散射辐射可使该生态系统植被光合能力提高。     

Solar radiation transmission in and around canopy gaps in an uneven-aged <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nothofagus betuloides</Emphasis> forest

The transmission of direct, diffuse and global solar radiation in and around canopy gaps occurring in an uneven-aged, evergreen Nothofagus betuloides forest during the growing season (October 2006–March 2007) was estimated by means of hemispherical photographs. The transmission of solar radiation into the forest was affected not only by a high level of horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of the forest canopy, but also by low angles of the sun’s path. The below-canopy direct solar radiation appeared to be variable in space and time. On average, the highest amount of transmitted direct solar radiation was estimated below the undisturbed canopy at the southeast of the gap centre. The transmitted diffuse and global solar radiation above the forest floor exhibited lower variability and, on average, both were higher at the centre of the canopy gaps. Canopy structure and stand parameters were also measured to explain the variation in the below-canopy solar radiation in the forest. The model that best fit the transmitted below-canopy direct solar radiation was a growth model, using plant area index with an ellipsoidal angle distribution as the independent variable (R ² = 0.263). Both diffuse and global solar radiation were very sensitive to canopy openness, and for both cases a quadratic model provided the best fit for these data (R ² = 0.963 and 0.833, respectively). As much as 75% and 73% of the variation in the diffuse and global solar radiation, respectively, were explained by a combination of stand parameters, namely basal area, crown projection, crown volume, stem volume, and average equivalent crown radius.     

Optimizing solar UV-radiation exposures for vitamin D3: comparing global and diffuse spectral UV radiation

Currently, there is a major gap in the knowledge that is needed to optimize the beneficial effects related to ultraviolet (UV) radiation at wavelengths that induce vitamin D(3) synthesis (UV(D3)) compared to reducing the biologically damaging overexposure to UV radiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of diffuse (radiation that is scattered from all directions) UV radiation to optimize exposures to UV(D3) radiation and maximize the reduction of exposure to UVA radiation. Data on global and diffuse solar UV-radiation spectra were collected at 10-min intervals in the Southern Hemisphere in the late spring and summer from 1 November 2006 to 28 February 2007. For a solar zenith angle (SZA) of approximately 5 degrees , the observed maximum UV(D3) irradiances were 0.80 W/m(2) and 0.46 W/m(2) for global and diffuse UV radiation, respectively. The observed maximum UVA irradiances were 79.0 W/m(2) and 36.2 W/m(2) for global and diffuse UV radiation, respectively. For diffuse UV radiation, the maximum ratio of vitamin D(3) to UVA radiation was 1.75% at a SZA of approximately 10 degrees , whereas the maximum ratio for global UV was 1.27% at 10 degrees . For SZAs of 25 degrees and less, more UV radiation is in the wavelength region contributing to vitamin D(3) synthesis (UV(D3)) than in the UVA region for diffuse UV radiation than for global UV radiation.     

Estimating mean monthly incident solar radiation on horizontal and inclined slopes from mean monthly temperatures extremes

Although satellite-borne sensors are now available to estimate cloud cover and incoming short-wave radiation across the Earth’s surface, the study of climatic variation and its impact on terrestrial and marine ecosystems involves historical analyses of data from networks of weather stations that only record extremes in temperatures and precipitation on a daily basis. Similarly, when projections are made with global atmospheric circulation models, the spatial resolution of predicted radiation is too coarse to incorporate the effects of heterogeneous topography. In this paper, we review the development and set forth a set of general equations that allow both diffuse and direct solar radiation to be estimated for each month on the basis of mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures, latitude, elevation, slope, and aspect. Adjustments for differences in slope, aspect, and elevation are made by varying the fraction of diffuse and direct solar beam radiation. To test the equations on various slopes and under different climatic conditions, we drew on high-quality radiation data recorded at a number of sites on three continents. On horizontal surfaces the set of equations predicted both direct and diffuse components of solar radiation within 1%–7% of recorded values. On slopes, estimates of monthly mean solar radiation were with 13% of observed values with a mean error of less than 2 MJ m^–2day^–1 over any given month. Received: 22 October 1999 / Revised: 14 May 2000 / Accepted: 5 June 2000     

Reconstruction of daily solar UV irradiation from 1893 to 2002 in Potsdam,Germany

Long-term records of solar UV radiation reaching the Earth’s surface are scarce. Radiative transfer calculations and statistical models are two options used to reconstruct decadal changes in solar UV radiation from long-term records of measured atmospheric parameters that contain information on the effect of clouds, atmospheric aerosols and ground albedo on UV radiation. Based on earlier studies, where the long-term variation of daily solar UV irradiation was derived from measured global and diffuse irradiation as well as atmospheric ozone by a non-linear regression method [Feister et al. (2002) Photochem Photobiol 76:281–293], we present another approach for the reconstruction of time series of solar UV radiation. An artificial neural network (ANN) was trained with measurements of solar UV irradiation taken at the Meteorological Observatory in Potsdam, Germany, as well as measured parameters with long-term records such as global and diffuse radiation, sunshine duration, horizontal visibility and column ozone. This study is focussed on the reconstruction of daily broad-band UV-B (280–315 nm), UV-A (315–400 nm) and erythemal UV irradiation (ER). Due to the rapid changes in cloudiness at mid-latitude sites, solar UV irradiance exhibits appreciable short-term variability. One of the main advantages of the statistical method is that it uses doses of highly variable input parameters calculated from individual spot measurements taken at short time intervals, which thus do represent the short-term variability of solar irradiance.     

Comparison of different methods of estimating the mean radiant temperature in outdoor thermal comfort studies

Correlations between outdoor thermal indices and the calculated or measured mean radiant temperature T_mrt are in general of high importance because of the combined effect on human energy balance in outdoor spaces. The most accurate way to determine T_mrt is by means of integral radiation measurements, i.e. measuring the short- and long-wave radiation from six directions using pyranometers and pyrgeometers, an expensive and not always an easily available procedure. Some studies use globe thermometers combined with air temperature and wind speed sensors. An alternative way to determine T_mrt is based on output from the RayMan model from measured data of incoming global radiation and morphological features of the monitoring site in particular sky view factor (SVF) data. The purpose of this paper is to compare different methods to assess the mean radiant temperature T_mrt in terms of differences to a reference condition (T_mrt calculated from field measurements) and to resulting outdoor comfort levels expressed as PET and UTCI values. The T_mrt obtained from field measurements is a combination of air temperature, wind speed and globe temperature data according to the forced ventilation formula of ISO 7726 for data collected in Glasgow, UK. Four different methods were used in the RayMan model for T_mrt calculations: input data consisting exclusively of data measured at urban sites; urban data excluding solar radiation, estimated SVF data and solar radiation data measured at a rural site; urban data excluding solar radiation with SVF data for each site; urban data excluding solar radiation and including solar radiation at the rural site taking no account of SVF information. Results show that all methods overestimate T_mrt when compared to ISO calculations. Correlations were found to be significant for the first method and lower for the other three. Results in terms of comfort (PET, UTCI) suggest that reasonable estimates could be made based on global radiation data measured at the urban site or as a surrogate of missing SR data or globe temperature data recorded at the urban area on global radiation data measured at a rural location.     

Cooling streams with riparian trees: Thermal regime depends on total solar radiation penetrating the canopy

Riparian planting is often recommended for stream restoration, notably to mitigate solar heating of stream waters. However, plant leaves shade photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) more efficiently than the near-infrared (NIR, 700–3000 nm) wavelengths that comprise about half of incident solar radiation and so contribute equally to water heating. Total solar radiation (NIR + PAR) exposure at the reach scale is needed to avoid bias when predicting the thermal response of streams. In this article, we alert stream ecologists and riparian restorers to the water heating contribution of NIR and provide a means to account for both NIR and PAR in total solar radiation penetrating riparian canopies. We used spectral pyranometers to simultaneously measure total solar radiation and its NIR component under different tree canopies over a wide range of shade conditions as indexed by PAR exposure. Measurements were made during full overcast (diffuse lighting) conditions so as to ‘sample’ transmission of radiation through the complete canopy. The NIR proportion of sub-canopy solar radiation increased steadily with increasing shade and was appreciably greater under willow than pine canopies, while NZ native broadleaf rainforest had intermediate (rather variable) NIR content. Our trend lines for different tree canopies permit total sub-canopy solar radiation to be estimated from PAR exposure for unbiased modelling of stream thermal regimes.     

An improved estimation of daily clear-sky biologically EER from broadband global solar radiation

To establish a relation between biologically effective erythemal radiation (EER) and global solar radiation, the hourly and daily clear-sky broadband (310–2,800 nm) global solar radiation (G) and spectral ultraviolet radiation incident on a horizontal surface at Esfahan, Iran (32°37′N, 51°40′E) were measured during the period 2001–2005. Good correlations at statistically significant levels between the daily values of EER and the daily G were found. The seasonal variability of EER/G is also discussed and the correction factors are determined for inclusion of vertical column ozone and solar zenith angle (SZA) cycles. The comparison of the estimated daily EER against the independent observed EER revealed that under clear sky conditions the estimations are accurate to 10% or better over SZA of 10–60° and column ozone of 250–350 Dobson. The comparison of the results with the similar works that have used shorter period of experimental data showed more accurate estimates. The deduced relations could be used to a rough estimate of the daily EER from G in arid climate regions, where there is no measured UV radiation or there are instrumental and other difficulties encountered in measuring UV radiation.     

Calculating solar and longwave radiation for a Mediterranean lake under various weather conditions

Two years of hourly measurements of global solar radiation and downward longwave radiation were used to estimate the radiative balance of Lake Banyoles, a small karstic Mediterranean lake. The performance of several empirical estimation equations on an hourly and a daily basis were evaluated taking into account various meteorological conditions. The new coefficients in the formulae for the effective emittance, which have been derived from meteorological data, demonstrate that these coefficients strongly depend on the radiation climate of the respective area. In the Mediterranean climate of Lake Banyoles, changes in wind direction and relative humidity after the vertical distribution of vapour pressure beneath the cloud layer. Different median experimental errors were found depending on the time scale and cloud cover. Comparison of global solar radiation measured at Banyoles with estimated values shows good agreement for clear skies, especially for daily means. On a daily scale, the root mean squared (r.m.s.) error was found to be 8% for solar radiation and 12% for longwave radiation. On an hourly scale, different r.m.s. errors were obtained depending on the degree of cloud cover.     

Solar UV-B and visible radiation in tropical forest gaps: measurements partitioning direct and diffuse radiation

Solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation penetrates plant canopies to a different degree than photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) because UV-B is diffused to a greater degree by the atmosphere. We measured both global (total) and diffuse solar radiation in canopy gaps of a semideciduous tropical forest in Panama. Measurements were simultaneously made in the UV-B and PAR wavebands. Compared to unobstructed measurements taken outside the forest, the sunlit portions of gaps were depleted in the proportion of UV-B relative to PAR, especially at midday. Shaded areas, in contrast, were always richer in UV-B relative to PAR, but the magnitude of the change varied greatly. Presumably this variation was due to the differences in the directional nature of diffuse solar UV-B radiation as compared to diffuse PAR. Measurements in the gaps showed substantial reductions in the proportion of radiation in the diffuse components of both the UV-B and PAR wavebands. However, because of the greater proportion of UV-B which is diffuse, it tended to predominate in shaded areas. Similar patterns were seen in measurements taken at temperate latitudes. Response of shade- and gap-dwelling plants to these high UV-B:PAR ratios has received little attention.     

Modelling the effects of changes in solar radiation on gross primary production in subtropical evergreen needle-leaf plantations

太阳辐射是陆地生态系统碳水循环的能量来源。太阳辐射的变化对植被吸收大气CO₂具有重要影响。该文通过辐射观测数据建立散射辐射比例与晴空指数的关系, 结合生态过程模型(BEPS)和通量观测数据, 模拟分析了太阳辐射变化对千烟洲常绿针叶林总初级生产力(GPP)的影响。研究结果表明: 千烟洲森林生态系统的阴叶对年GPP总量的贡献达67%, 太阳辐射变化对阴叶光合作用的影响决定了冠层GPP的变化; 太阳辐射强度和分布的年际差异导致年GPP对太阳辐射变化的响应不同, 2003、2004和2005年太阳辐射分别变化-5.44%、-1.83%和6.26%, 可使千烟洲生态系统当年GPP总量达到最大值; 在季节上, 太阳辐射的增加会导致5-6月GPP上升, 7-9月GPP下降, 使年GPP变化程度降低; 在天尺度上, 晴空指数在0.43时, 太阳辐射变化对GPP的影响最小。