基于同步辐射技术研究土壤铁氧化物固定重金属分子机制的进展

铁氧化物在土壤中广泛赋存,因其比表面积大,对重金属具有很强的吸附固定能力,深刻影响着土壤重金属的形态转化过程.因此,研究土壤铁氧化物对重金属的固定机制,对于深入理解重金属在土壤系统中的环境化学行为以及评估污染土壤重金属生物有效性具有重要意义.然而,采用传统的吸附模型和化学提取法研究土壤铁氧化物固定重金属的机制具有明显的局限性,无法从分子水平上阐明其固定机制.同步辐射技术在环境土壤学的应用显著推进了在分子水平上认识土壤铁氧化物吸附重金属及其受典型环境因子影响的分子机制.本文主要从同步辐射技术的发展历程、模拟系统和实际土壤系统中铁氧化物在多种因素影响下对重金属固定的分子机制等方面进行了综述,同时对同步辐射技术的未来发展趋势及其在该研究领域的应用进行了展望.     

rRNA技术及其在分子微生物生态上的应用

传统的基于微生物培养与纯种分离的技术所具有的局限性,以及分子生物学及其有关技术的长足进展,使微生物生态学的研究进入了分子的阶段.其中rRNA技术的建立、发展及其成功应用,为分子微生物生态和微生物系统分类学的研究掀开了崭新的一页.对rRNA分子技术的研究进展、以之为基础的主要方法及其在环境微生物研究中的应用,以及应用过程中所存在的一些潜在问题及其解决办法等作了详细综述.     

基于多智能体与元胞自动机的上海城市扩展动态模拟

利用元胞自动机模型和多智能体模型相结合的方法,在GIS技术手段的支持下构建了一个能够兼顾两种模型优点的城市扩展动态模型,并以上海市为实证对象,模拟了上海市2005年的城市扩展动态,分别预测了2010年和2020年上海城市扩展的动态演化结果。在元胞自动机模型中定义城市系统中的各种自然、社会和交通等要素,在智能体模型中定义政府和居民智能体的行为。模型将二者结合起来,模拟上海中心城区、城郊区及外围区的城市用地扩展模式。对模型模拟的上海2005年土地利用状态和实际土地利用状态进行验证,Kappa系数的平均值达到0.75以上,说明模型具有较高的可信度。对预测出2010年和2020年上海市土地利用状态分析表明,城镇用地以向东部和南部扩张最为明显。     

环境投入产出分析在产业生态学中的应用

综述了环境投入产出分析的基本知识及其在产业生态学领域的应用。环境投入产出分析的核心是投入产出模型,包括价值型投入产出模型、实物型投入产出模型和混合型投入产出模型。环境投入产出分析在产业生态学领域主要用于环境压力核算、生命周期评估、社会经济因素相对贡献分析、产业链路径分析、风险影响分析和环境网络分析。同时,相关学者进行环境投入产出数据库开发,给环境投入产出分析提供便捷、标准化的数据渠道。讨论了环境投入产出分析的若干发展趋势。     

连接景观异质性与社会环境系统——2017年美国景观生态学年会（The US-IALE 2017 Annual Meeting）会议述评

美国景观生态学年会于2017年4月9日至13日在美国马里兰州巴尔的摩举行。此次会议内容丰富、气氛活跃、交流形式多样,讨论了景观生态学领域的最新研究进展。会议中关于景观异质性与社会环境系统关系的探讨主要从景观格局与社会环境系统耦合方法、景观格局和社会环境系统变化过程、景观异质性与社会环境系统研究在政策制定中的应用三方面展开。对我国景观生态学研究的启示主要有以下方面:(1)重视景观格局变化和社会环境系统的耦合研究;(2)加强景观格局-过程-服务的多尺度综合集成研究;(3)加强景观生态学研究在实际中的应用,为政策制定和实际管理提供支持。     

基于FvCB模型的叶片光合生理对环境因子的响应研究进展

为提高叶片光合速率并更好地理解叶片光合生理对环境因子变化的响应机制,FvCB模型(C_3植物光合生化模型)常用于分析不同环境条件下CO_2响应曲线并预测叶片活体内光合系统的内在变化状况。系统介绍了FvCB模型的建立、发展过程和拟合方法等基本理论,综述了该模型在叶片光合生理对光、CO_2、水、温度和N营养等环境因子变化的响应机制中的应用研究。为进一步完善FvCB模型并更好地理解叶片活体内光合系统对环境因子变化的响应机制,未来拟加强以下研究:1)羧化速率与光合电子传递速率之间的联系;2)叶肉导度的具体组分及其对FvCB模型参数估计的影响;3)叶片气孔导度和叶肉导度对环境因子变化的调控机制。     

植物气孔导度的环境响应模拟及其尺度扩展

气孔导度是衡量植物和大气间水分、能量及CO2平衡和循环的重要指标,探讨气孔导度与环境因子的关系及其模拟,以及气孔导度在叶片、冠层及区域尺度间的尺度转换及累积效应,对更好地认识植被与大气间的水热运移过程,合理评价植被在陆面过程中的地位和作用都具有重要意义。从植物气孔导度与环境因子的关系、气孔导度模拟以及尺度扩展三个方面,对前人的研究成果进行了概括总结。从叶片和冠层两个尺度出发,归纳总结了前人对于不同植物气孔导度与环境因子关系的研究成果,发现由于不同植物的遗传特性、测定时的环境、时间尺度的不同,以及未考虑各个环境因子的相互作用对气孔导度的影响,由此得到的气孔导度与环境因子之间的关系也不尽一致。对各单一环境因子与气孔导度的关系,给出了生理学解释,从根本上说明了环境因子变化对气孔导度的影响,而研究环境因子对气孔导度的综合影响时,应对各环境因子进行系统控制与同步观测。模拟计算植物气孔导度的模型主要有Jarvis模型和BWB模型两类,这些模型的模拟能力随着研究对象、试验区域、环境条件的改变而存在一定的差异,在具体使用时应结合实际情况选择最优模型进行模拟。除上述常用模型外,还总结了其他学者分别从不同角度提出的新的模型,对现有气孔导度模型进行了全面的总结。从叶片-冠层、冠层-区域两个方面归纳总结了前人关于气孔导度尺度扩展的研究成果,发现叶片-冠层的尺度扩展研究较成熟而冠层-区域的尺度扩展在模拟精度的验证方面存在困难。针对以下几个方面提出了今后气孔导度的研究重点:(1)结合研究对象所在的区域及环境条件,选择最优模型进行模拟;(2)综合考虑环境因子之间的相互作用及其对气孔导度的累积影响;(3)BWB模型与光合模型的耦合;(4)提高大尺度范围内的气孔导度模拟精度。     

表面自由能在环境微生物粘附研究中的应用进展

在环境领域中,对微生物粘附的利用和控制越来越受到研究者的关注。其中,微生物的表面自由能作为细胞表面重要特性,对微生物的粘附行为有重要影响。本文总结了微生物粘附过程中涉及的热动力学理论、Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek(DLVO)以及扩展DLVO理论,阐述了微生物表面自由能在该过程的重要性。基于此,介绍了接触角表征微生物表面自由能的方法体系及影响因素;分析了微生物表面自由能及其分量的分布特征、与物质组成的关系。最后根据被粘附对象的不同,总结了环境微生物表面自由能在固体基质、液体基质或者微生物相互之间粘附中的应用;指出未来研究发展的方向应关注环境微生物表面自由能的标准化表征及其在复杂环境中的应用。     

模型分析在动物进化生物学研究中的应用

早期的生态学研究往往局限于对野外观察现象的基本描述。随着模型分析方法的引入,可以通过建立数学模型寻找描述性材料中蕴藏的一般性规律,探讨某一现象产生的原因及其制约因素。近年,随着计算机技术的飞速发展和普及,模型分析方法应用越来越广泛。动物行为的进化及其对环境的适应性一直以来都是生态学研究的热点,根据应用不同的理论基础,人们发展了许多不同的建模方法,主要包括种群遗传学模型、最优化模型、博弈模型、基于个体的模拟模型和系统发育对比分析模型等。本文主要介绍了以上5种模型方法,及其在动物进化生物学研究中的应用现状。     

相关遗传力抽样方差的估计

本文给出了单因子组和系统模型下有关相关传力及相关环境力抽样方差的估计方法。有关该参数在育种中的潜在应用其它与遗传相关之产间的相互关系也给予了一定的讨论。概括地来讲,相关遗传力具有遗传力和遗传相关的双重特征。遗传力是相关遗传力的一个特例而相关遗传力则是遗传力概念本身的扩展。用相关遗传力来表达性状间的相关遗传变异要比通常所用的遗传相关更准确一些。     

The ecology of social transitions in human evolution

We know that there are fundamental differences between humans and living apes, and also between living humans and their extinct relatives. It is also probably the case that the most significant and divergent of these differences relate to our social behaviour and its underlying cognition, as much as to fundamental differences in physiology, biochemistry or anatomy. In this paper, we first attempt to demarcate what are the principal differences between human and other societies in terms of social structure, organization and relationships, so that we can identify what derived features require explanation. We then consider the evidence of the archaeological and fossil record, to determine the most probable context in time and taxonomy, of these evolutionary trends. Finally, we attempt to link five major transitional points in hominin evolution to the selective context in which they occurred, and to use the principles of behavioural ecology to understand their ecological basis. Critical changes in human social organization relate to the development of a larger scale of fission and fusion; the development of a greater degree of nested substructures within the human community; and the development of intercommunity networks. The underlying model that we develop is that the evolution of ‘human society’ is underpinned by ecological factors, but these are influenced as much by technological and behavioural innovations as external environmental change.     

Freshwater as shared between society and ecosystems: from divided approaches to integrated challenges

The paper has its focus on water's key functions behind ecosystem dynamics and the water-related balancing involved in a catchment-based ecosystem approach. A conceptual framework is being developed to address fundamental trade-offs between humans and ecosystems. This is done by paying attention to society's unavoidable landscape modifications and their unavoidable ecological effects mediated by water processes. Because the coevolution of societal and environmental processes indicates resonance rather than a cause-effect relationship, humanity will have to learn to live with change while securing ecosystem resilience. In view of the partial incompatibility of the social imperative of the millennium goals and its environmental sustainability goal, human activities and ecosystems have to be orchestrated for compatibility. To this end a catchment-based approach has to be taken by integrating water, land use and ecosystems. It is being suggested that ecosystem protection has to be thought of in two scales: site-specific biotic landscape components to be protected for their social value, and a catchment-based ecosystem approach to secure sustainable supply of crucial ecosystem goods and services on which social and economic development depends.     

The IPAT Equation and Its Variants

In the early 1970s Ehrlich and Holdren devised a simple equation in dialogue with Commoner identifying three factors that created environmental impact. Thus, impact (I) was expressed as the product of (1) population, (P); (2) affluence, (A); and (3) technology, (T). This article tracks the various forms the IPAT equation has taken over 30 years as a means of examining an underlying shift among many environmentalists toward a more accepting view of the role technology can play in sustainable development. Although the IPAT equation was once used to determine which single variable was the most damaging to the environment, an industrial ecology view reverses this usage, recognizing that increases in population and affluence can, in many cases, be balanced by improvements to the environment offered by technological systems.     

Epigenetic variation and inheritance in mammals

What determines phenotype is one of the most fundamental questions in biology. Historically, the search for answers had focused on genetic or environmental variants, but recent studies in epigenetics have revealed a third mechanism that can influence phenotypic outcomes, even in the absence of genetic or environmental heterogeneity. Even more surprisingly, some epigenetic variants, or epialleles, can be inherited by the offspring, indicating the existence of a mechanism for biological heredity that is not based on DNA sequence. Recent work from mouse models, human monozygotic twin studies, and large-scale epigenetic profiling suggests that epigenetically determined phenotypes and epigenetic inheritance are more common than previously appreciated.     

弘扬生态文明深化学科建设

阐述了"生态"的"耦合关系、整合功能与和谐状态"三大内涵;提出了以气候变化、经济振荡和社会冲突为标志的全球生态安全问题,以资源耗竭、环境污染和生态胁迫为特征的区域生态服务问题,以及以贫穷落后、超常消费和野蛮开发为诱因的人群生态健康和社会生态福祉下降等世界三大生态焦点议题;探讨了生态文明的认知、体制、物态和心态内涵及其研究、发展和管理战略.提出了深化与创新基础生态学和应用生态学研究、献身生态学教育与科普工作、参与生态学决策与管理的对策和倡议.     

Scenario Analysis and Path Selection of Low-Carbon Transformation in China Based on a Modified IPAT Model

This paper presents a forecast and analysis of population, economic development, energy consumption and CO₂ emissions variation in China in the short- and long-term steps before 2020 with 2007 as the base year. The widely applied IPAT model, which is the basis for calculations, projections, and scenarios of greenhouse gases (GHGs) reformulated as the Kaya equation, is extended to analyze and predict the relations between human activities and the environment. Four scenarios of CO₂ emissions are used including business as usual (BAU), energy efficiency improvement scenario (EEI), low carbon scenario (LC) and enhanced low carbon scenario (ELC). The results show that carbon intensity will be reduced by 40–45% as scheduled and economic growth rate will be 6% in China under LC scenario by 2020. The LC scenario, as the most appropriate and the most feasible scheme for China’s low-carbon development in the future, can maximize the harmonious development of economy, society, energy and environmental systems. Assuming China''s development follows the LC scenario, the paper further gives four paths of low-carbon transformation in China: technological innovation, industrial structure optimization, energy structure optimization and policy guidance.     

Culture and geographic variation in orangutan behavior

Although geographic variation in an organism's traits is often seen as a consequence of selection on locally adaptive genotypes accompanied by canalized development [1], developmental plasticity may also play a role [2, 3], especially in behavior [4]. Behavioral plasticity includes both individual learning and social learning of local innovations ("culture"). Cultural plasticity is the undisputed and dominant explanation for geographic variation in human behavior. It has recently also been suggested to hold for various primates and birds [5], but this proposition has been met with widespread skepticism [6-8]. Here, we analyze parallel long-term studies documenting extensive geographic variation in behavioral ecology, social organization, and putative culture of orangutans [9] (genus Pongo). We show that genetic differences among orangutan populations explain only very little of the geographic variation in behavior, whereas environmental differences explain much more, highlighting the importance of developmental plasticity. Moreover, variation in putative cultural variants is explained by neither genetic nor environmental differences, corroborating the cultural interpretation. Thus, individual and cultural plasticity provide a plausible pathway toward local adaptation in long-lived organisms such as great apes and formed the evolutionary foundation upon which human culture was built.     

How Elephants are Opening Doors: Developmental Neuroethology, Attachment and Social Context

Ethology's renewed interest in developmental context coincides with recent insights from neurobiology and psychology on early attachment. Attachment and social learning are understood as fundamental mechanisms in development that shape core processes responsible for informing behaviour throughout a lifetime. Each field uniquely contributes to the creation of an integrated model and encourages dialogue between Tinbergen's four analytical levels: ethology in its underscoring of social systems of behaviour and context, psychology in its emphasis on socio‐affective attachment transactions, and neuroscience in its explication of the coupled development of brain and behaviour. We review the relationship between developmental context and behaviour outcome as a topic shared by the three disciplines, with a specific focus on underlying neuroethological mechanisms. This interdisciplinary convergence is illustrated through the example of abnormal behaviour in wild African elephants (Loxodonta africana) that has been systematically observed in human‐caused altered social contexts. Such disruptions impair normative socially mediated neuroendocrinological development leading to psychobiological dysregulation that expresses as non‐normative behaviour. Aberrant behaviour in wild elephants provides a critical field example of what has been established in ex situ and clinical studies but has been largely absent in wild populations: a concrete link between effects of human disturbance on social context, and short‐ and long‐term neuroethology. By so doing, it brings attention to the significant change in theories of behaviour that has been occurring across disciplines – namely, the merging of psychobiological and ethological perspectives into common, cross‐species, human inclusive models.     

新生隐球菌细胞通讯研究进展

细胞通讯系统调控多细胞生物的细胞增殖与分化等多种基础生物学过程,也是调控单细胞生物群体或社会性行为的重要策略。新生隐球菌是一种重要的环境来源病原真菌,主要感染免疫缺陷人群,具有很高的致死率。作为环境致病真菌,新生隐球菌进化出丰富的环境适应性策略。新生隐球菌细胞呈现出高度的异质性和社会性,不同形态的细胞承载着不同生物学功能和病原学特征。越来越多的研究表明,通过细胞通讯系统调控其群体或社会性行为,既是新生隐球菌适应多变的外界环境和宿主环境的关键策略,也与其致病能力密切相关。本文介绍新生隐球菌中细胞通讯系统的研究进展及其在有性生殖、细胞形态转换、适应环境及宿主压力等社会性行为中的调控作用。     

基于CA-Markov模型的城市生态分区构建研究——以晋中主城区为例

正确看待城市建设发展与生态安全的权衡与协同关系,合理划定城市生态空间的用途管控等级,是推进生态文明建设和生态环境保护的重要途径之一。以山西省晋中主城区为例,从生物多样性保护、自然灾害预警和人为活动干扰3方面出发,判定其城市环境的生态敏感度,采用CA-Markov模型分析和模拟土地类型的演变趋势,合理划分城市生态分区。在此基础上,综合现有城市总体规划,针对各分区提出相应管控措施与建议,以期为优化晋中主城区的生态空间布局和保障其生态安全提供参考。