Dialysis cultures

Dialysis techniques are discussed as a means for effective removal of low-molecular-mass components from fermentation broth to reach high cell density. Reactor systems and process strategies, the relevant properties of membranes and examples for high-density fermentation with dialysis, and problems related to scale-up are addressed. The dialysis technique has turned out to be very efficient and reliable for obtaining high cell densities. As in dialysis processes the membranes are not perfused, membrane clogging is not a problem as it is for micro- and ultrafiltration. By applying a “nutrient-split” feeding strategy, the loss of nutrients can be avoided and the medium is used very efficiently. The potential of dialysis cultures is demonstrated on the laboratory scale in a membrane dialysis reactor with an integrated membrane and in reactor systems with an external dialysis loop. In dialysis cultures with different microorganisms (Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, extremophilic microorganisms, Lactobacilli) the cell densities achieved were up to 30 times higher than those of other fermentation methods. The technique enables high cell densities to be attained without time-consuming medium optimization. For animal cell cultures the concept of a fixed bed coupled with dialysis proved to be very effective. Received: 24 March 1998 / Received revision: 18 June 1998 / Accepted: 19 June 1998     

Primary astroglial cultures

Conclusion Primary cultures from neonatal rat brain consist mainly of astroglial cells, immunohistochemically identified by GFAp and S-100. As other cells than astrocytes may survice in the culture, specific markers for the expected cells were used. Cells with phagocytic properties, endothelial-like cells, oligoblasts, ependymal cells and mesenchymal cells were identified. No neurons have so far been detected.The astroglial cells have a high-affinity uptake for glutamate, aspartate GABA, taurine and hypotaurine, while there is probably a non-saturable uptake of norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-HT. The enzymes MAO, COMT, GABA-T and GS have been demonstrated. It thus seems that astrocytes take part in the inactivation of neurotransmitters, although amino acids and monoamines are taken up with different mechanisms.The presence of receptors for different neurotransmitters and neuromodulators has been demonstrated on astrocytes.Astroglial-enriched cultures from various brain regions have shown that the cells express specialized functional properties concerning neurotransmitter uptake, metabolizing enzymes and receptor density.Astroglial cell differentiation in culture is shortly reviewed and one possibility to affect this maturation by co-cultivation with neuronal containing cultures is point out.     

Lipids in plant tissue cultures IV. The characteristic patterns of lipid classes in callus cultures and suspension cultures

Lipids from callus cultures and suspension cultures of higher plants constitute 5 to 8% of the dry tissue's weight.The predominant lipid classes are the sterols, steryl esters, steryl glycosides and esterified steryl glycosides. Considerable amounts of a variety of sterylglycolipids, whose structures are not completely elucidated, are also present. Triglycerides and phospholipids occur in small proportions, whereas monogalactosyl diglycerides, digalactosyl diglycerides and sulfoquinovosyl diglycerides are present only in traces, if at all.β-Sitosterol is the predominant constituent sterol, stigmasterol and campesterol as well as a variety of as yet unidentified sterols occur in smaller proportions. The major constituent fatty acids are palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Saturated very long-chain fatty acids are found in smaller proportions. Unusual fatty acids, such as epoxy acids, which occur in the seed lipids of certain plants, are not found in tissue cultures derived from these plants. Clucose and traces of galactose are the only sugars obtained by acid hydrolysis of the glycolipids occurring in plant tissue cultures.     

Rat hepatocyte primary cultures

Summary Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes survived well for up to 4 days in defined medium in the presence of dexamethasone but not in its absence. The loss of viability was accompanied by a loss of ultrastructural features characteristic of hepatocytes. The cultures began producing plasminogen activator and a neutral protease after 24 hr in culture. Dexamethasone inhibited the production of both of these substances. The deterioration of the cultures appeared not to be related to plasminogen activator, but prolongation of survival by a variety of protease inhibitors suggested that the neutral protease might contribute to deterioration. Dr. Goldblatt was supported by Grant No. SG-87 from the American Cancer Society as an American Cancer Society Scholar while on sabbatical leave from the Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut. This study was supported by Contracts NO1-CP-55705 from the National Cancer Institute and 68-02-2483 from the Environmental Protection Agency.     

Aeration requirements ofRhizobium cultures

Summary To obtain a high concentration ofRhizobium in broth cultures, the process conditions should be adjusted to the medium and strain used. Oxygen may be a growth-limiting factor if the micro-organism requirements are not satisfied. In this work the process conditions in shake flasks and stirred fermenters were established, based on the oxygen supply rate, in relation to the cell oxygen demand of the variousRhizobium strains used in inoculant preparations. The strains used wereRhizobium meliloti B-36,R. phaseoli F-10,R. trifolii A-22,Rhizobium spp. LL-22,R-leguminosarum D-91 andR. japonicum 5019. They had maximum oxygen demand rates from 135 to 360 ml O₂/l/h in media containing 10 g of carbon source/l, 4 g of yeast extract/l and mineral salts. When the operations were conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks with a volume liquid/volume flask of 0.150 in a rotary shaker at 250 rev/min and 2.5 cm eccentricity, the oxygen absorption rate was 355 ml O₂/l/h. In mechanically stirred fermenters with a liquid depth/fermenter diameter of 1, with an agitation rate of 250 to 450 rev/min and an air flow rate of 0.5 v/v/min, the bacteria had oxygen absorption rates of between 233 and 661 ml O₂/l/h. These conditions allowed the attainment of 1.2 to 2.4×10¹⁰ viable cells/ml from between 24 and 72 h.

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Resumen Para obtener alta concentración de células deRhizobium en caldos de fermentación deben ajustarse las condiciones de proceso al medio y cepas utilizadas. El oxígeno puede resultar uno de los factores limitante del crecimiento si no satisfacen las necesidades del microorganismo. En el presente trabajo se establecen condiciones de proceso en Erlenmeyers agitados y en fermentadores en base a la velocidad de absorción de oxígeno y relación a la demanda para los medios y las distintas cepas utilizadas en la preparación de inoculantes. Las cepas empleadas,Rhizobium meliloti B-36;R. phaseoli F-10;R. trifolii A-22;Rhizobium spp. LL-22;R. leguminosarum D-91; yR. japonicum 5019, presentaron máximos valores de demanda de oxígeno en el rango de 135 a 360 ml O₂/l/h en medios que contienen 10g/l de fuente de carbono, 4g/l de extracto de levadura y sales minerales. Para las especies indicadas se estableció que operando en agitador rotatorio a 250 r.p.m. y 2,5 cm de excentricidad deben utilizarse Erlenmeyers con una relación de volumen de líquido a volumen de frasco de 0,150 (para estas condiciones la velocidad de absorción de oxígeno es de 355 ml O₂/l/h) mientras que en fermentadores con agitación mecánica y para una relación de altura de líquido a diámetro de tanque igual a uno las condiciones establecidas se encuentran comprendidas en el ámbito de velocidades de agitación de 250 a 450 r.p.m. y caudal de aire de 0,5 v/v/min (estos valores corresponden a velocidades de absorción de oxígeno comprendidas entre 233 a 61 ml O₂/l/h). Las condiciones indicadas permiten obtener concentraciones celulares de 1,2 a 2,4×10¹⁰ cel/ml en tiempos de 24 a 72 horas de proceso.

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Résumé Pour obtenir une haute concentration de cellules deRhizobium dans des milieux de fermentation, il faut ajuster les conditions de processus au milieu et aux souches utilisés. L'oxygène peut être un des facteurs limitants de la croissance du microorganisme si ses besoins ne sont pas assouvis. Dans ce travail, pour les milieux employés, on établit des conditions de processus dans des Erlenmeyers et dans des fermenteurs. Ces conditions se basent sur la vitesse d'absorption d'oxygène et sur la demande cellulaire, de différentes souches deRhizobium, utilisées dans la préparation d'inoculants. Les souches employées sont:Rhizobium meliloti B-36;R. phaseoli F-10;R. trifolii A-22;Rhizobium spp. LL-22;R. leguminosarum D-91 etR. japonicum 5019. Elles ont presenté des valeurs du besoin maxima d'oxygène entre 135 et 360 ml O₂/l/h dans des milieux contenant 10g/l de source de carbone, 4g/l d'extrait de levure et sels minéraux. Pour les espèces indiquées, en opérant dans un agitateur rotatif à 250 tours/minute et 2,5 cm d'excentricité on a établi qu'il faut utiliser des Erlenmeyers dont le rapport volume de milieu liquide/volume de récipient est 0,150 (pour ces conditions, la vitesse d'absorption d'oxygène est 355 ml O₂/l/h); tandis que dans des fermenteurs avec agitation mécanique et pour un rapport hauteur de milieu liquide/diamètre de tank égal à l, les conditions établies se trouvent entre vitesses d'agitation de 250 à 450 tours/minute et un débit d'air de 0,5 litre par volume de milieu et par minute (ces valeurs d'operation correspondent aux vitesses d'absorption d'oxygène de 233 à 661 ml O₂/l/h). Ces conditions permettent d'obtenir des concentrations cellulaires de 1,2 à 2,4×10¹⁰ cellules viables par millilitre apres 24 à 72 heures de processus.

     

Synchronization of Dunaliella cultures

Summary Dunaliella cells exhibit different temperature optima for photosynthesis and cell division. Using this observation a combined light-dark and highlow temperature treatment is given to synchronize cell suspensions.     

Oxygenation of cell cultures

Submersed cultures are increasingly being used for fermentation with animal cells. Reactor design is particularly important in these operations, because of the sensitivity of the cells to shear. In addition to the usual aeration methods, open-pore membranes or pure diffusion membranes are used for oxygenation in order to avoid gas bubbles. The various oxygenation methods are described in the present article [1]. Design principles for surface aeration, bubble columns, loop reactors, and stirred tanks, as well as oxygenation with Accurel or silicone membranes, are presented and discussed specifically for the low oxygen inputs desired in cell cultures. The scale laws are formulated, and special reference is made to problems of scale up. The various oxygenation methods are finally compared on the basis of the design principles presented, with particular attention to mechanical stress on the cells and to the laws of scale translation.List of Symbols A Interfacial area - a =A/V, Specific interfacial area - c ^* Saturation concentration - c Gas concentration in the liquid phase - d Impeller diameter - d ₂ Outside diameter of tubular membrane - d ₁ Inside diameter of tubular membrane - d Diameter under stretched conditions - d _p Particle diameter - d _L Diameter of sparger holes - D Reactor diameter - D _L Draught tube diameter - Gas/liquid diffusion coefficient - e Eccentricity - Fr Froude number - G Mass flow - g Acceleration due to gravity - h Height of impeller blade - H Filling height - Hy Henry constant for the liquid phase - Hy _s Henry constant of the membrane material - k Overall mass transfer coefficient - k _L Gas-liquid interface mass transfer coefficient - L Length of the tubular membrane - L Length of the streched turbulare membrane - n Impeller speed - Ne P/ n³d⁵, Newton number - O₂-partial pressure in the membrane - O₂-partial pressure in the reactor - P Impeller power - q Gas throughput - r Cell specific respiration rate - Re Reynolds number - Sc , Schmidt number - Sh , Sherwood number - u Liquid velocity - Root mean square velocity of turbulent fluctuations Superficial gas velocity - V Filled reactor volume - V _s Sparged volume - X Cell concentration - Energy dissipation - Dynamic viscosity - Temperature - Kinematic viscosity - Density of the liquid - Surface tension - Shear stress