热休克与ConA激活对T淋巴细胞的双重作用

为模拟天然免疫条件下,病毒等抗原对T淋巴细胞激活同时伴有体温升高的环境,我们建立了人外周血T淋巴细胞体外激活和热休克的模型。热休克对ConA激活细胞中多肽的合成既有协同也有抑制作用。ConA激活细胞受热休克的影响较静止细胞小,而其热休克蛋白(HSP)的诱导合成则较强,为了解HSP在淋巴细胞中的作用提供了线索。     

升温(热休克)诱导的T淋巴细胞多肽合成

将人外周血富集的T淋巴细胞置于40—42℃(热休克)的环境中培养,以模拟机体发热时细胞所处的环境温度,通过标记氨基酸参入实验发现热休克至少可诱导十余种分子量不同的多肽合成,其中以71,000和90.000d分子量的多肽合成最为旺盛。本文还对主要热休克蛋白的诱导特异性和动力学方面的特点进行了研究和讨论。     

二化螟热休克蛋白70基因的克隆及热胁迫下的表达分析

热休克蛋白70是已知热休克蛋白家族中最重要的一种, 它在细胞内的大量表达可以明显改善细胞的生存能力, 提高对环境胁迫的耐受性。为探讨热胁迫对二化螟Chilo suppressalis幼虫热休克蛋白70表达的影响, 采用RT-PCR及RACE技术从二化螟血淋巴细胞中克隆了热休克蛋白70基因全长cDNA序列。该基因全长2 102 bp, 开放阅读框 (open reading frame, ORF)为1 959 bp, 编码652个氨基酸; 5′非编码区（untranslated region, UTR)为81 bp, 3′UTR为62 bp。从该基因推导的氨基酸序列与其他昆虫的同源序列比较有很高的相似性（73%~97%)。实时定量PCR显示二化螟HSP70基因能被热胁迫诱导表达, 幼虫血淋巴细胞的HSP70基因在36℃时表达量最高。流式细胞术研究发现HSP70在蛋白质水平上的表达变化与在mRNA水平上高度一致, 说明二化螟HSP70基因在转录及翻译水平上受到热应激的调节。     

热胁迫对二化螟幼虫血淋巴细胞内活性氧、HSP90及细胞凋亡的影响

为探讨热激条件下二化螟Chilo suppressalis幼虫体内生理上的保护反应,本研究应用流式细胞术分析了热胁迫对二化螟幼虫血淋巴细胞内活性氧（ROS）、热休克蛋白90（HSP90）的产生和对细胞凋亡的影响。结果表明：暴露于33℃,36℃和39℃的二化螟5龄幼虫的ROS与对照（28℃）相比显著提高,分别增加了1.71,1.69和1.38倍;当温度达到33℃以后,ROS不再显著增加。实时定量PCR结果显示,二化螟HSP90基因在热胁迫诱导下表达。流式细胞术检测表明,HSP90的变化与在mRNA水平上的变化高度一致,热胁迫处理没有造成血淋巴细胞凋亡的显著变化。这些研究结果进一步证明热胁迫产生的ROS激活HSP90基因的表达,HSP90蛋白在保护机体免受ROS引起的伤害中起着重要作用,能够抑制血淋巴细胞凋亡的发生。     

热休克反应中小鼠肾HSP70和乳酸脱氢酶同工酶表达变化的研究

用免疫组织化学和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶同工酶电泳方法研究了小鼠肾在热休克(46℃,30分钟)恢复期(4h和12h)HSP70的表达和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶的变化。结果表明:(1)HSP70主要定位于肾小管上皮细胞胞质中,细胞核内未见表达;(2)HSP70免疫阳性反应在肾髓质较肾皮质强,肾小管较肾小球强;(3)热休克诱导小鼠肾LDH同工酶活性增强。提示:LDH同工酶可能对细胞热耐受性的建立有重要作用。     

麻醉对大鼠应激反应的影响

用40、42、44℃分别处理清醒状态和麻醉状态大鼠30min,于正常饲养条件下恢复24h后,检测其肝脏热休克蛋白70（HSP70）的表达差异及酸性和中性蛋白水解酶活性变化。结果表明,当热休克温度为40-44℃时,清醒状态大鼠肝脏的HSP70合成能力逐渐下降,而麻醉大鼠肝脏HSP70合成能力逐渐增加,在42℃热休克条件下,麻醉状态大鼠肝脏的酸性蛋白水解酶活性最强,在44℃热休克条件下,清醒状态大鼠肝脏的酸性蛋白水解酶活性最强,在40-44℃热休克条件下,麻醉状态和清醒状态大鼠肝脏的45kD中性蛋白水解酶活性与对照相似,但40kD的中性蛋白水解酶活性随热休克温度升高而降低,另外,40℃热休克诱导麻醉状态大鼠肝脏出现一个高活性的35kD中性蛋白水解酶,根据实验结果推测,麻醉状态大鼠肝脏的热耐受性大于清醒大鼠,大鼠的热休克反应受整体水平和细胞水平的双重调控,并涉及除HSP70合成以外的其他生化活动。     

热休克预处理对TNF-α诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞迁移的影响

热休克反应是机体中一个重要的内源性保护机制,但其对TNF-α诱导的单核/巨噬细胞迁移有无影响目前尚不清楚.采用酶联免疫吸附实验观察TNF-α(20μg/L)刺激RAW264.7巨噬细胞4h后炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、IL-15的表达情况;Western blot验证热休克预处理诱导热休克蛋白表达的增加;利用细胞趋化实验观察热休克预处理(42℃,1h)对TNF-α所致巨噬细胞迁移的影响.研究发现,TNF-α可明显促进RAW264.7细胞株中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-15等炎症因子的释放;热休克预处理诱导热休克蛋白HSP70、HSP90、HSP25表达增加;细胞趋化实验发现TNF-α处理的RAW264.7细胞迁移能力较正常对照组明显增强,而热休克预处理组巨噬细胞的迁移能力较单纯TNF-α处理组明显减弱.上述结果表明,热休克预处理抑制TNF-α所致巨噬细胞的迁移.     

热休克蛋白的产生,分布及功能

生物体在各种应激条件下,诸如高温、缺氧、机体损伤、接触某些重金属离子和其它化学物质时,都可能引起的一种生理效应,称之为“热休克反应”(heat shock response)。在热休克反应过程中,细胞内正常蛋白质合成关闭,热休克基因(heat shock gene)的转录被激活,并诱导产生一组特殊蛋白质——热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins,HSP)。     

TNF-a在乳鼠心肌细胞中诱导HSP70蛋白表达的研究

热休克蛋白70 (HSP70) 在细胞修复、存活和维持细胞正常功能方面有着重要作用。作为分子伴侣,它起着心肌保护的作用。已经对重症心脏病人的心肌组织进行了蛋白组学研究,得到了HSP70在心衰病人心肌组织中较正常人心肌组织表达升高的结论,并且在血液中得到了进一步的验证。在进一步的离体细胞实验中用不同剂量的肿瘤坏死因子-alpha (TNF-α) 刺激乳鼠心肌细胞,以观察不同时间点HSP70的动态表达情况。培养乳鼠心肌细胞,分别对细胞进行热休克（42 ℃）、TNF-α和缺血缺氧处理,在不同的时间点收获细胞,以观察HSP70的动态表达情况。用免疫化学、ELISA以及Western blotting的方法对HSP70蛋白进行分析。结果表明,在正常对照细胞中基本没有阳性信号出现,而在经缺血缺氧、热休克（42 ℃）以及TNF-α处理的细胞中有明显的阳性表达。以上研究首次在乳鼠心肌细胞中证明TNF-α诱导的HSP70表达具有时间和浓度依赖性。通过运用TNF-α对HSP70蛋白表达影响的研究,初步推断HSP70的表达模式,为体内诱导产生HSP70从而发挥心肌保护作用的研究提供一定的理论基础。     

热休克预处理提高猪成肌细胞自体正常肌肉移植后的生存率

研究表明成肌细胞移植有可能用于治疗Duchenne型肌营养不良(Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD)、心衰和严重肌肉损伤. 移植后成肌细胞快速大量的死亡是影响该方法疗效的一个主要难题. 细胞在受到各种刺激后会过度表达热休克蛋白(heat shock protein, HSP). 体外和体内实验均已证实HSP能帮助细胞对抗多种有害刺激. 本实验针对HSP的过度表达能否提高猪成肌细胞自体正常肌肉移植后的存活率进行研究. 猪成肌细胞经过42℃, 1 h的热休克后会过度表达HSP. 通过Western blot 和流式细胞仪来定量检测猪成肌细胞中HSP的表达; 同时分析细胞中的CD56和结合蛋白含量, 从而了解休克后细胞的肌源性有无变化. 利用放射性H³定量分析移植后细胞的生存率. 借助慢病毒载体(Lentivector Lac Z)监测移植后成肌细胞与宿主细胞的融合情况. 结果表明热休克预处理后成肌细胞的HSP70显著增高(P<0.01), 并且细胞的肌源性无变化. 成肌细胞体内移植后(n=7), 24 h时热休克组和非热休克组的细胞存活率无显著性差异((67.69 ± 8.35)% vs (58.79 ± 8.35)%, P>0.05). 48 h时热休克组细胞存活率比非热休克组的高2倍((53.32 ± 8.22)% vs (28.27 ± 6.32)%, P<0.01). 120 h时热休克组细胞存活率比非热休克组的高3倍((26.33 ± 5.54)% vs (8.79 ± 2.51)%, P<0.01). 组织学检查显示; 热休克细胞和非热休克细胞均能与宿主细胞融合. 这些结果提示热休克预处理能增强成肌细胞HSP70的表达, 并可提高成肌细胞自体移植后的生存率. 体外热休克预处理是一个简单有效的能改善猪成肌细胞自体移植生存率的方法. 这也许是一个解决成肌细胞移植后存活率低的方法.     

Keap1/Nrf2/ARE通路相关基因在热诱导的氧化应激小鼠肝脏中的表达

为了研究热应激对小鼠肝脏抗氧化功能及Keap1 (kelch-like ECH-associated protein- 1)/Nrf2（NF-E2-related factor 2）/ARE (antioxidant response element)通路相关基因表达的影响,选用30只8周龄雄性小鼠随机分成6组,每 d连续42 ℃热处理2 h,分别在热处理0 d(对照组)、1 d、2 d、4 d、8 d和12 d时观察肝脏组织形态学和免疫组织化学分析,另取一部分肝脏组织保存于-80 ℃用于后续荧光定量PCR实验,检测肝脏抗氧化指标及Keap1/Nrf2/ARE通路相关基因的表达．结果显示：小鼠的体表温度和直肠温度在热处理后都极显著高于热处理前．组织形态学观察发现,热处理导致小鼠肝脏组织充血和肝细胞水肿．小鼠肝脏氧化应激指标 MDA (malondialdehyde)含量在热处理第2 d较对照组显著升高,GSH (glutathione)含量、GSH-PX (glutathione peroxidase)活力和总SOD (superoxide dismutase)活力在第4 d和12 d都有升高．免疫组织化学发现,与对照组和第12 d组相比,Nrf2蛋白在第1 d,2 d,4 d,8 d表达明显,其中Nrf2蛋白在第4 d表达最为显著. 荧光定量RT PCR结果表明,与对照组比较Keap1基因的表达量从热处理第1 d开始显著降低,Nrf2基因的表达量在第4 d和12 d显著升高,HO-1 (Heme oxygenase-1)基因的表达量在第1 d显著升高,NQO1 (Quinone oxidoreductase)和GCLC (Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic)基因的表达量在第1 d和4 d显著升高．上述结果表明,热应激引起了小鼠肝脏氧化损伤, Keap1/Nrf2/ARE通路可能参与了肝脏自身缓解热应激的过程.     

Glucocorticoids stimulate the production of preprocalcitonin-derived secretory peptides by a rat medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line

A rat medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line, CA-77, has been established as a model system for investigating calcitonin biosynthesis and secretion. Growth of this cell line in serum-free defined medium provided suitable conditions for studying steroid hormone effects on the production of calcitonin and related peptides. After exposure for 5 days to a variety of steroids, only dexamethasone and corticosterone increased cellular content of calcitonin and a second secretory peptide (CCAP) derived from the same mRNA translation product as calcitonin. Glucocorticoids had no effect on cellular somatostatin, another secretory product of these cells. Increasing doses of dexamethasone progressively elevated cellular calcitonin and CCAP, with a maximal effect at 10(-8) M; 10(-9) M and lower doses were ineffective. On a molar basis, corticosterone was approximately 50-fold less potent than the synthetic glucocorticoid. An increase in cellular calcitonin content was observed only after 48 h of glucocorticoid treatment; a maximum increase (13-fold) occurred after 7 days. Glucocorticoids also increased basal calcitonin secretion. Similar effects were observed for cellular and secreted CCAP. Withdrawal of dexamethasone after 4 days of treatment lowered cellular calcitonin toward the level of control cultures. Dexamethasone pretreatment potentiated the acute secretory response to calcium for both calcitonin and CCAP, while no such enhancement was noted for calcium stimulation of somatostatin secretion. We conclude that the glucocorticoids specifically stimulate the production and secretion of calcitonin and CCAP, two secretory peptides derived from preprocalcitonin.     

Altered translatability of messenger RNA from suspended anchorage-dependent fibroblasts: Reversal upon cell attachment to a surface

Anchorage-dependent cells, when forced into suspension culture, display a repertoire of dramatic, coordinated regulatory phenomena. Message production promptly decreases 5 fold but the cells maintain a constant amount of poly(A)⁺ by means of a concomitant stabilization of mRNA against decay. Protein synthesis shuts down much later and the mRNA is stored in a nonfunctioning state. In this study, the inactive mRNA is extracted from suspended cells and shown to have aberrant translation properties. Well defined polypeptides are apparently no longer synthesized when this mRNA directs protein formation in either reticulocyte or wheat germ-derived heterologous translation systems. Rather, shortened peptides are formed by this mRNA and these become smaller as mRNA is used from cells suspended for longer periods of time. Very few focused spots are formed when the aberrant polypeptides are analyzed in two-dimensional electrophoresis.The sedimentation properties of suspended cell mRNA and the size of poly(A) are unchanged from control monolayer cells. Cross-hybridization of cDNA transcribed from a control cell message population with suspended cell mRNA shows that all sequences are present in normal concentrations. While most identifiable spots disappear from the two-dimensional gel electropherograms of the protein products produced by suspended cell mRNA, a few polypeptides are still synthesized in relatively normal amounts. Conserved polypeptides are found in products of both the reticulocyte and wheat germ systems, but they are different products in each case. The lesion in the suspended cell mRNA does not seem to be at the 5′ termini, since synthesis of the shortened peptides is fully sensitive to inhibition by pm⁷G.Cells that contain extensively modified message can resume protein synthesis when allowed to reattach to a solid substrate. There is an apparent remodification of mRNA to normal translatability within a few hours of cell reattachment, since mRNA from recovering cells quickly resumes directing relatively normal patterns of polypeptide synthesis in vitro. The restoration of normal message function occurs even when new message formation is blocked with actinomycin.Cells recovering after reattachment synthesize supranormal amounts of a few major proteins involved with cell structure, as shown in these studies by an increased amount of translatable sequences which encode these proteins. The most apparent enhanced message is that coding for actin. mRNA from recovering cells produces in vitro several times more actin relative to other proteins than does control cell mRNA. The enhancement of actin mRNA is not seen in the message population of cells that reattach in the presence of actinomycin. The results suggest a morphologically related induction of gene expression.