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1.
Gabina V. Eguizbal Rupert Palme Mariella Superina Camila J. Asencio María C. García Capocasa Juan M. Busso 《Zoo biology》2019,38(4):334-342
We characterized behavioral and adrenocortical activities of Tamandua tetradactyla under human care driven by the hypothesis that they vary between males and females. We also assessed the potential association between natural or abnormal behaviors and adrenocortical activity. We kept females and males T. tetradactyla in individual, contiguous enclosures at Córdoba Zoo (Argentina), under natural photoperiod and temperature. During 29 consecutive days we monitored the animals’ behavior by recording their activity pattern every 5 min using infrared cameras (8352 records/individual). We collected all feces and measured fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) with an 11‐oxoaetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay. We found individual differences in all behavioral variables. We detected that females exhibited lower total activity than males (23.8 ± 0.2% and 32.3 ± 0.3%, respectively; p = .005). Females were more active at night and males during the day (p < .05) and exhibited less abnormal behaviors than males (p = .05). Although we did not find sex‐related differences for average FGM, we detected individual differences (p < .0001). We found that daily FGM showed negative (?0.39) and positive (0.38) correlations with natural and abnormal behaviors, respectively (p < .0001). Thus, we consider that individual input and sex are factors to be considered in stress responses of the species in captivity. Natural and abnormal behaviors may demand different levels of adrenocortical activity. Our findings may prove useful as normative data for ex situ management of conservation programs. 相似文献
2.
Background
To help conservation programs of the endangered spur-thighed tortoise and to gain better insight into its systematics, genetic variation and evolution in the tortoise species Testudo graeca (Testudines: Testudinidae) was investigated by sequence analysis of a 394-nucleotide fragment of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene for 158 tortoise specimens belonging to the subspecies Testudo graeca graeca, Testudo graeca ibera, Testudo graeca terrestris, and a newly recognized subspecies Testudo graeca whitei. A 411-nucleotide fragment of the mitochondrial D-loop was additionally sequenced for a subset of 22 T. graeca, chosen because of their 12S gene haplotype and/or geographical origin. 相似文献3.
Constanza L. Quiroz Lohengrin A. Cavieres Aníbal Pauchard 《Biological invasions》2011,13(12):2889-2899
Several factors have been identified as relevant in determining the abundance of non-native invasive species. Nevertheless,
the relative importance of these factors will vary depending on the invaded habitat and the characteristics of the invasive
species. Due to their harsh environmental conditions and remoteness, high-alpine habitats are often considered to be at low
risk of plant invasion. However, an increasing number of reports have shown the presence and spread of non-native plant species
in alpine habitats; thus, it is important to study which factors control the invasion process in these harsh habitats. In
this study, we assessed the role of disturbance, soil characteristics, biotic resistance and seed rain in the establishment
and abundance of the non-native invasive species Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) in the Andes of central Chile. By focusing on human-disturbed patches, naturally disturbed patches, and undisturbed
patches, we did not find that disturbance per se, or its origin, affected the establishment and abundance of T. officinale. The abundance of this non-native invasive species was not negatively related to the diversity of native species at local
scales, indicating no biotic resistance to invasion; instead, some positive relationships were found. Our results indicate
that propagule pressure (assessed by the seed rain) and the abiotic soil characteristics are the main factors related to the
abundance of this non-native invasive species. Hence, in contrast to what has been found for more benign habitats, disturbance
and biotic resistance have little influence on the invasibility of T. officinale in this high-alpine habitat. 相似文献
4.
A. A. B. Shahin 《Acta zoologica》2005,86(2):81-90
The development of metatarsals in Allactaga tetradactyla, Jaculus jaculus jaculus and J. orientalis was studied and their taxonomic significance was elucidated. The five metatarsals, as a rule, are developed and ossified in the three species, but variation in the fate of the first and fifth metatarsals was found. Ossification begins in the median part of the metatarsals; however, it appears in the distal part of the digits’ phalanges, beginning with the third phalanx. The first metatarsal appears just distal to the entocuneiform and develops as a small, separate bone located either in close contact with the distal end of the entocuneiform in A. tetradactyla or completely fused with it, forming a compound bone, in both of J. j. jaculus and J. orientalis. The second, third and fourth metatarsals differentiate distal to the mesocuneiform, ectocuneiform and cuboid, respectively, and fuse with one another into a single long cannon bone in all species. Nevertheless, the fifth metatarsal differentiates ventro‐lateral to the head of the fourth metatarsal and ossifies ventral to the head process of the developing cannon bone. The fifth metatarsal either extends to articulate with the phalanges of the fourth digit in A. tetradactyla or persists as a separate, small bone in both of J. j. jaculus and J. orientalis. On this basis, it is concluded that J. jaculus and J. orientalis are both distinct congeneric species and are somewhat more distant from A. tetradactyla. 相似文献
5.
A specimen of tripletail Lobotes surinamensis (total length: 402 mm, total mass: 1262 g) was caught in the shallow waters of the inner Bristol Channel on September 2, 2019, with this only the second known capture of this species from the British Isles. Given the cosmopolitan distribution of this species, the potential origin of this specimen is uncertain. 相似文献
6.
Roy Watling 《Plant Ecology & Diversity》2013,6(1):100-120
Summary A key to the British species of the genus Suillus based on habitat, microscopic and macroscopic characters is discussed. Some species as yet unrecorded for the British Isles are included for completeness. Also included in the key are the only W. European member of Fuscoboletinus, the single British species of Bolentis, and two Xerocomus spp., X. badius and X. rubinus, both of which are superficially similar (in some characters) to members of the genus Suillus. The genera Chalciporus and Fuscoboletinus are reviewed and the taxonomic status of Boletus grevillei is discussed in detail. 相似文献
7.
Emma Morrissey-McCaffrey Samuel Shephard Fiona L. Kelly Mary Kelly-Quinn 《Journal of fish biology》2019,94(1):5-16
This study finds that non-native species and warming temperatures have significant negative effects on Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus abundance in Irish lakes. Eutrophication was not important at the range of total phosphorus tested (0.005–0.023 mg l−1). Model results predict that S. alpinus occur across the temperature range sampled (8.2–19.7°C) when non-natives are absent, but S. alpinus catch is predicted to be close to zero irrespective of temperature when non-native catch is high. This result indicates that to persist, S. alpinus may require a habitat where non-natives are at low abundance or absent. Salvelinus alpinus segregated from other species along the thermal axis, inhabiting significantly colder water and actively avoided non-native species, which appeared to limit their distribution. The thermal niche realized by S. alpinus in non-native dominated lakes was thus compressed relative to native dominated lakes and S. alpinus population density was significantly lower. These findings were consistent even when the only non-native present was Perca fluviatilis. Temperature appeared to limit the distribution of non-native species, such that the presence of deep thermal refugia is currently facilitating S. alpinus co-existence with non-natives in associated lakes. Diet analysis identified P. fluviatilis as potential predators and competitors. This study provides strong evidence that non-native species are a key driver of low S. alpinus abundance in Irish lakes. Temperature increases associated with climate change are identified as a secondary concern, as they could erode S. alpinus' thermal niche and lead to their extirpation. The lower thermal buffering capacity of shallow lakes identifies these as higher risk systems. Salvelinus alpinus conservation in Ireland should focus on preventing future illegal non-native species introductions because unlike other stressors (e.g., eutrophication etc.), species introductions are rarely reversible. 相似文献
8.
《Journal of bryology》2013,35(2):341-347
Abstract Sematophyllum substrumulosum (Hampe) Broth. was found in 1995 on a decaying trunk of Pinus in Tresco, Isles of Scilly, the first report of the species in the British Isles. 相似文献
9.
Trocha LK Kałucka I Stasińska M Nowak W Dabert M Leski T Rudawska M Oleksyn J 《Mycorrhiza》2012,22(2):121-134
Non-native tree species have been widely planted or have become naturalized in most forested landscapes. It is not clear if
native trees species collectively differ in ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) diversity and communities from that of non-native
tree species. Alternatively, EMF species community similarity may be more determined by host plant phylogeny than by whether
the plant is native or non-native. We examined these unknowns by comparing two genera, native and non-native Quercus robur and Quercus rubra and native and non-native Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra in a 35-year-old common garden in Poland. Using molecular and morphological approaches, we identified EMF species from ectomycorrhizal
root tips and sporocarps collected in the monoculture tree plots. A total of 69 EMF species were found, with 38 species collected
only as sporocarps, 18 only as ectomycorrhizas, and 13 both as ectomycorrhizas and sporocarps. The EMF species observed were
all native and commonly associated with a Holarctic range in distribution. We found that native Q. robur had ca. 120% higher total EMF species richness than the non-native Q. rubra, while native P. sylvestris had ca. 25% lower total EMF species richness than non-native P. nigra. Thus, across genera, there was no evidence that native species have higher EMF species diversity than exotic species. In
addition, we found a higher similarity in EMF communities between the two Pinus species than between the two Quercus species. These results support the naturalization of non-native trees by means of mutualistic associations with cosmopolitan
and novel fungi. 相似文献
10.
Brian J. Coppins 《Plant Ecology & Diversity》2013,6(1):27-38
Summary The significance of the Scottish lichen flora is outlined within the context of the British Isles and Europe, prompting a cautionary note on an over-reliance of assessing conservation importance using national Red Data Book categorisations. The conservation needs of lichens and their habitats, from ‘gardening’ to landscape management are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Summary The speciesFormica aquilonia andF. lugubris of the mound-building red wood ants have a disjunct boreoalpine distribution in Europe. The populations ofF. aquilonia in Finland, Switzerland and the British Isles show little genetic differentiation, whereas the populations ofF. lugubris show considerable differentiation. The Central European populations morphologically identified asF. lugubris can be genetically divided into two groups (here called types A and B). Type B is found in the Alps and the Jura mountains, and is genetically inseparable fromF. aquilonia. Type A lives sympatrically with type B in the Jura mountains and is also found in the British Isles. Sympatry of the two types in the Jura shows that these are separate species. It remains open whether type B is morphologically atypicalF. aquilonia or whether it is a separate species, perhaps with a past history of introgression betweenF. aquilonia andF. lugubris. The gene frequencies in the Finnish populations ofF. lugubris differ from those of both types A and B. Genetic differences withinF. lugubris indicate that the populations have evolved separately for a long time. The social structure ofF. lugubris colonies also shows geographic variation. The nests in Finland and the British Isles seem to be mainly monogynous and monodomous, whereas the nests in Central Europe are polygynous and form polydomous colonies.F. aquilonia has polygynous and polydomous colonies in all populations studied. 相似文献
12.
《Journal of bryology》2013,35(4):635-647
AbstractThe results of a comparative study of Pohlia muyldermansii from Continental Europe and the British Isles are presented. Two varieties are recognized, var. muyldermansii from Belgium and the Netherlands and var. pseudomuyldermansii var. nov. from Great Britain, Ireland, Austria and Switzerland. P. camptotrachela is reported from Belgium and differences between this species and P. muyldermansii discussed. 相似文献
13.
The marine red alga Pikea californica Harvey, previously known only from the east coast of Japan and the west coast of North America, was found in 1983 to be abundant in the surge zone throughout the Isles of Scilly archipelago, off SW England. Examination of herbarium material showed that the population was present in 1967. All plants observed in July 1983 and September 1984 were sterile, but reproductive male and female plants were collected in November 1983. The habitat and phenology of P. californica in the Isles of Scilly closely resemble those of Pacific populations. English plants are vegetatively and reproductively identical to the type and other California specimens. They can easily be distinguished from Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse (Sphaerococcaceae, Gigartinales), the most similar species in the flora of the British Isles, by the presence in transverse sections of several lacunae, representing axial and whorl-branchlet filaments, in contrast to the single axial filament of S. coronopifolius. It is possible that the Isles of Scilly population of P. californica is a relict of a species once more widespread, but it seems more likely that it is another example of the well-established pattern of marine introductions into the British Isles from the North Pacific. The range of temperature regimes occupied by P. Californica in the Pacific suggests that the species could become more widespread in Europe, but at present it appears to be confined to the Isles of Scilly. 相似文献
14.
Friederike Gabel Martin T. Pusch Philippa Breyer Vanessa Burmester Norbert Walz Xavier-François Garcia 《Biological invasions》2011,13(8):1843-1853
In fresh waters, non-native invertebrate species preferentially spread via navigation waterways, where they often dominate
assemblages. Littoral habitats in navigation waterways are regularly exposed to ship-induced waves. We conducted experiments
to test the effects of artificial wave exposure on the relative performance of wide-spread native and non-native species.
We compared physiological and behavioural response variables (i.e. growth rate, glycogen content, feeding and swimming activity)
of two amphipods (native Gammarus roeselii and non-native Dikerogammarus villosus) and two gastropods (native Bithynia tentaculata and non-native Physella acuta) subject to wave and control (i.e. no wave) treatment flumes across a 6-week period. Growth, and in part glycogen content
(as a measure of energy storage), were significantly reduced after exposure to waves in native invertebrates, but not in non-native
invertebrates. The reduction in growth may be associated with the disturbance effects of waves, such as the higher swimming
activity of G. roeselii and lower food uptake of B. tentaculata. In comparison, the effective hiding behaviour observed for D. villosus and good swimming ability of P. acuta, were identified as important traits facilitating the successful colonisation of the harsh habitat conditions of littoral
waterways. Our study demonstrates that artificial wave regimes may contribute significant selective pressure, thus explaining
the observed dominance of non-native species in navigational waterways. The success of non-native species under the harsh
hydraulic habitat conditions of these socio-economically driven ecosystems may consequently be traced directly to behavioural
and/or physiological traits. 相似文献
15.
M. A. Russello P. Brazaitis J. Gratten G. J. Watkins-Colwell A. Caccone 《Conservation Genetics》2007,8(4):777-787
The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is the largest and most broadly distributed crocodilian species, and thus is of special conservation and economic interest.
Similar to other parts of its range throughout the Indo-Pacific, C. porosus distributed in the Republic of Palau have experienced a severe population decline over the past century primarily due to
commercial hunting and eradication campaigns. In addition, several thousand crocodiles of undocumented species and origin
were imported into Palau during the 1930’s for commercial farming purposes, potentially polluting the gene pool of the endemic
saltwater crocodiles. Analysis of 39 individuals collected throughout the Republic of Palau revealed a single mitochondrial
DNA control region haplotype shared by populations sampled in Sulawesi, Borneo and Australia. The mtDNA results, in combination
with microsatellite genotypic data at six loci, detected no evidence for inter-specific hybridization between endemic Palauan
C. porosus and potentially introduced Crocodylus species. There was no evidence for a genetic bottleneck in the Palauan population, however an excess of rare alleles was
identified, indirectly suggesting a recent history of admixture potentially linked to introductions of non-native C. porosus. Following from these findings, Palauan C. porosus should be included in the single ESU previously established for all saltwater crocodiles given the recovery of a fixed, but
geographically widespread haplotype. Although Palauan C. porosus exhibited significant genetic differentiation relative to all other sampled populations, it’s delineation as a distinct management
unit is precluded at the present time by evidence that the genetic integrity of the population may have been compromised by
the introduction of non-native saltwater crocodiles. 相似文献
16.
Emilie A. Hardouin Miguel Baltazar‐Soares Anna‐Katarina Schilling Helen Butler Oxala García‐Rodríguez Eloise Crowley Wei‐Jun Liang Anna Meredith Peter W. W. Lurz Jane Forster Robert E. Kenward Kathy H. Hodder 《Ecology and evolution》2019,9(11):6547-6558
The Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is an emblematic species for conservation, and its decline in the British Isles exemplifies the impact that alien introductions can have on native ecosystems. Indeed, red squirrels in this region have declined dramatically over the last 60 years due to the spread of squirrelpox virus following the introduction of the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Currently, red squirrel populations in Britain are fragmented and need to be closely monitored in order to assess their viability and the effectiveness of conservation efforts. The situation is even more dramatic in the South of England, where S. vulgaris survives only on islands (Brownsea Island, Furzey Island, and the Isle of Wight). Using the D‐loop, we investigated the genetic diversity and putative ancestry of the squirrels from Southern England and compared them to a European dataset composed of 1,016 samples from 54 populations. We found that our three populations were more closely related to other squirrels from the British Isles than squirrels from Europe, showed low genetic diversity, and also harbored several private haplotypes. Our study demonstrates how genetically unique the Southern English populations are in comparison with squirrels from the continental European range. We report the presence of four private haplotypes, suggesting that these populations may potentially harbor distinct genetic lineages. Our results emphasize the importance of preserving these isolated red squirrel populations for the conservation of the species. 相似文献
17.
H. Dierschke 《Plant Ecology》1985,59(1-3):171-175
Several central European species have failed to reach the British Isles because of the early separation from the continent. The two tree species Fagus sylvatica and Carpinus betulus reached southern England but were unable to spread much further. Other species, such as Acer pseudoplatanus, were only relatively recently introduced. Recent distribution maps for Fagus and Acer show an almost uninterrupted distribution in the whole British Isles. The beech must be considered to be an important element of the present potential natural vegetation; it has been planted widely and regenerates freely. The woodlands of Brittany may provide a model to enable us to visualize the possible species composition and appearance of these potential Atlantic beech woods.Nomenclature of vascular taxa follows Ehrendorfer (1973). 相似文献
18.
Endymion D. Cooper Murray J. Henwood Elizabeth A. Brown 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2012,107(2):425-441
Estimating the temporal origins of lineage diversity adds an important dimension to understanding diversity generating processes. In lineages with a sparse fossil record, molecular phylogenetic methods provide a means for estimating divergence times. In the present study, we use publicly available sequence data from the chloroplast genome of liverworts to simultaneously estimate significant divergence dates across all classes and orders of liverworts (Marchantiophyta). We show that, although there is great potential in synthetic dating analyses of sequence data, missing sequences can reduce the reliability of estimates, and that calibration priors should be interpreted with caution. Using the liverwort dataset as a broad outgroup, we obtain the first divergence time estimates for a large family of leafy liverworts; the Lepidoziaceae (Jungermanniidae). The Lepidoziaceae originated in the early Cretaceous with subsequent establishment of main lineages in the late Cretaceous. Divergence time estimates are consistent with Cenozoic diversification in Lepidozia, Telaranea, and Bazzania. Evidence was found for similar patterns of ancient origins followed by Cenozoic diversification in Ricciaceae (Marchantiopsida), Pelliaceae and Fossombroniaceae (Pelliidae), and Metzgeriaceae (Metzgeriidae), and adds to reports of similar patterns in Lejeuneaceae (Jungermanniidae, Porellales), and Plagiochilaceae (Jungermaniidae, Jungermanniales). The liverworts might be the living relatives of one of the earliest groups of land plants, but much of the extant diversity has evolved in the Cenozoic. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ??, ??–??. 相似文献
19.
The following species of Rhipidocotyle are described: R. minima (Wagener, 1852) from Chelidonichthys gurnardus, C. lastoviza and Aspitrigla cuculus at various localities off the British Isles; R. nicolli n. sp. from A. cuculus off Plymouth, SW England; R. triglae (van Beneden, 1870) from C. lucernus in the Gulf of Marseilles, western Mediterranean; and R. viperae (van Beneden, 1870) from Echiichthys vipera at various localities off the British Isles. The distinguishing features of the species are discussed in detail. A list of the bucephalid species reported from the Mediterranean Sea is appended. 相似文献
20.
Brian P. Bourke Alain C. Frantz Christopher P. Lavers Angus Davison Deborah A. Dawson Terry A. Burke 《Conservation Genetics》2010,11(5):1837-1846
The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) was once widely distributed in the uplands of the British Isles, but is now extinct in Ireland, and largely confined to
the highlands and islands of Scotland. As the precise extent and severity of the reduction in population size are unclear,
it is important to understand how the population was affected by the decline. We therefore genotyped 13 polymorphic microsatellite
loci in 172 individuals from the contemporary British population and compared their genetic diversity to 70 British and 9
Irish museum specimens. Despite the recent population decline, there is only slight evidence for a concomitant loss of genetic
variation. Instead, two likelihood-based Bayesian methods provided evidence for a severe ancient genetic bottleneck, possibly
caused by the fragmentation of a large mainland European population and/or the founding effects of colonising the British
Isles. As the population persisted despite this ancient bottleneck, our conclusion is that there is limited need for intervention
to augment the present-day genetic diversity. The main short-term objective of conservation measures should be to increase
population sizes by continuous safeguarding of individuals and habitat management. Finally, we also confirmed that, for management
purposes, the species should be considered a single population unit and that the extinct Irish population was not differentiated
from the British one. 相似文献