Abundance and Diversity of Psychrotolerant Cultivable Mycobiota in Winter of a Former Aluminous Shale Mine

This paper is a speleomycological report from a former aluminous shale mine in Janowiec, Poland. Fungi were identified morphologically and molecularly. Microclimatic conditions differed significantly between locations of the study. However, the external environment around the mine did not directly increase the community composition and concentration of fungi in the mine. The density of fungi isolated from the air outside the mine was 63.1 colony forming units (CFU) per 1 cm³ of air. Inside the mine, fungal density ranged from 287.5 to 655 CFU per 1 m³ from the air, 28.4 to 131.1 CFU per 1 cm² from the rock surfaces and 288.1 to 335.1 CFU per 1 cm³ from the water. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the levels of fungi isolated from the air were correlated positively with temperature, relative humidity and CO₂ concentration. The concentration of fungi isolated from the rock surfaces showed a positive correlation with air flow. Five species of filamentous fungi were isolated from the sampled external air, 10 species from the internal air, six species from the rock surface and 11 species from the water. The fungi most frequently isolated from the air and water of the mine belonged to Penicillium spp., whereas from the rock surface, Geomyces pannorum was most frequently isolated. Some of the fungi present in the mine can be psychrotolerant and pathogenic for humans and animals, and they can also cause degradation of rocks.     

The Occurrence of Fungi in the Recently Discovered Jarkowicka Cave in the Karkonosze Mts. (Poland)

Our study is one of the very few cases of speleomycological research in recently discovered caves. The aim of this research was to assess the population size of fungal colonies and their species composition in the Jarkowicka cave, discovered in 2012. The air samples were taken from one location outside the cave and from two locations inside of it. Mycological evaluation of the rocks inside the cave was performed usingswab sampling procedure. In the Jarkowicka cave we found 22 species of fungi, including 13 isolated from air at the entrance and from the walls, and 8 species from air inside the cave. Cladosporium spp. were the fungi most frequently isolated from internal atmosphere of the Jarkowicka cave, and from the external air. On the other hand, the fungi most frequently isolated from the rocks were Mucor spp. We found several species not yet described as cave inhabitants: Hypocrea pachybasioides, Cladosporium uredinicola, and Embellisia abundans. Our study may provide a basis for comparison to other similar studies conducted in frequently visited caves by tourists.     

Fungal Communities on Rock Surfaces in Demänovská Ice Cave and Demänovská Cave of Liberty (Slovakia)

This paper is the first geomycological report regarding the fungal communities on rock surfaces in the Demänovská Ice Cave and the Demänovská Cave of Liberty, Slovakia. The samples were collected in June 2014 from five locations from inside both the caves by using sterile swabs wetted with physiological saline (0.85% NaCl). The density of epilithic fungi isolated from the Demänovská Ice Cave ranged from 238.7 to 575.1 CFU (colony-forming units) per m² of the rock surface, and from the Demänovská Cave of Liberty ranged from 88.6 to 347 CFU. Seventeen different free-living culturable fungi (15 filamentous fungi, one yeast, and one yeast-like fungus) were isolated from the rock surfaces of both caves. Generally, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Aspergillus flavus were the most frequently cultured species from the Demänovská Ice Cave and the Demänovská Cave of Liberty, respectively. Free-living fungi found on the rock surfaces of both caves can lead to their slow biodegradation.     

Aerobic microorganisms associated with alfalfa leafcutter bees (megachile rotundata)

Characterization of microorganisms associated with alfalfa leaf-cutter bee (Megachile rotundata) nectar, pollen, provisions, larval guts, and frass (excreta) in Alberta demonstrated a varied aerobic microflora. Yeasts were isolated frequently from nectar, pollen, and provisions but rarely from guts or frass. The most prevalent yeast taxa were: Candida bombicola, Cryptococcus albidus, Metschnikowia reukaufii, and Rhodotorula glutinis. Although few filamentous fungi were found in nectar, they were frequently isolated from pollen and provisions; the predominant taxa were Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. herbarum, Epicoccum nigrum, and Penicillium chrysogenum. Bacteria, including species of Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, and the actinomycete Streptomyces, also were prevalent in provisions and/or on pollen. In general, the diversity of microorganisms isolated from alimentary canals and frass was lower than from nectar, pollen, and provisions. Bacillus firmus, B. licheniformis, B. megaterium, B. pumilus, and Streptomyces spp. were the most frequently isolated bacteria, whereas Trichosporonoides megachiliensis was the most common filamentous fungus isolated from larval guts and/or frass. These taxa may be part of the resident microflora of the alimentary canal. Populations of bacteria and filamentous fungi, but not yeasts, were larger from Ascosphaera aggregata-infected larvae than from healthy larvae. However, with the exception of Aspergillus niger and T. megachiliensis in frass from healthy larvae, no taxon of filamentous fungi was conspicuously present or absent in infected larvae, healthy larvae, or their frass. Offprint reauests to: M.S. Goettel.     

Filamentous Fungi Associated with Bivalve Mollusks from Polluted Biotopes of Ussuriiskii Bay,Sea of Japan

We have studied for the first time the taxonomic composition of filamentous fungi associated with the bivalve mollusks Crenomytilus grayanus (Bunker, 1853) and Modiolus modiolus (Linnaeus, 1758), collected in polluted biotopes of Ussuriiskii Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). One hundred fifty-five strains of higher fungi were isolated, and 35 species of filamentous fungi were identified. Out of these, 28 species were anamorphous fungi of the genera Aspergillus (12), Penicillium (10), Acremonium (1), Alternaria (1), Aureobasidium (1), and Cladosporium (3) (Deuteromycota), and 7 were species of the genera Chaetomium (6) and Myxotrichum (1) (Ascomycota). Twenty-four species of filamentous fungi were isolated from the internal organs of C. grayanus: 8 from the muscles, 8 from the hepatopancreas, 6 from the female gonads, 4 from the mantle, 3 from the kidneys and male gonads, and 1 from the gills. Twenty-one species of filamentous fungi were isolated from the internal organs of Modiolus modiolus: 10 from the muscles, 6 from the hepatopancreas, 5 from the female gonads, 3 from the kidneys, 3 from the mantle, and 1 from the gills. The bulk of the isolated species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Chaetomium were pathogenic and toxigenic fungi.     

Contribution of leaf surface fungi to the air spora

High concentrations of airborne fungal spores frequently occur from spring through fall in temperate areas of the world. Although it is generally assumed that fungi on leaf surfaces are contributors to the air spora, little data are available comparing the types of fungi found on leaf surfaces with those in the atmosphere. Air sampling was carried out with a Burkard Spore Trap located on the roof of a building on the University of Tulsa campus using standard methods. Leaf samples were aseptically collected from Ulmus americana and Quercus palustris trees on campus, placed in sterile plastic bags, and brought to the lab. For each leaf, 4 cm² areas of both upper and lower leaf surfaces were swabbed and plated on malt extract agar with streptomycin. Cultures were incubated at room temperature for 5–7 days and then examined microscopically. Results were expressed as colony forming units (CFU)/cm². Twenty-one fungal taxa were identified from the air samples. The most abundant taxa were Cladosporium, ascospores, basidiospores, and Alternaria; together these four spore types comprised over 90% of the yearly total. Yeasts were the most abundant fungi isolated from both leaf types. Among the mycelial fungi were Phoma species, followed by Cladosporium and Alternaria. Overall twenty genera of filamentous fungi were identified. Yeasts and Phoma are normally splash dispersed and were not identified in the Burkard air samples. However, 10 taxa isolated from leaf surfaces were registered in air samples. Crude estimates of the leaf surface area of each tree suggest that the total fungal load was approximately 5.04×10⁸ CFU for Ulmus and 2.71×10⁸ CFU for Quercus. Of these levels, 19% were from fungi also detected in air samples. The data suggest that some leaf-surface fungi are major contributors to the air spora.     

Biodeterioration of Mayan buildings at uxmal and tulum,Mexico

Uxmal and Tulum are two important Mayan sites in the Yucatan peninsula. The buildings are mainly composed of limestone and grey/black discoloration is seen on exposed walls and copious greenish biofilms on inner walls. The principal microorganisms detected on interior walls at both Uxmal and Tulum were cyanobacteria; heterotrophic bacteria and filamentous fungi were also present. A dark‐pigmented mitosporic fungus and Bacillus cereus, both isolated from Uxmal, were shown to be acidogenic in laboratory cultures. Cyanobacteria belonging to rock‐degrading genera Synechocystis and Gloeocapsa were identified at both sites. Surface analysis previously showed that calcium ions were present in the biofilms on buildings at Uxmal and Tulum, suggesting the deposition of biosolubilized stone. Apart from their potential to degrade the substrate, the coccoid cyanobacteria supply organic nutrients for bacteria and fungi, which can produce organic acids, further increasing stone degradation.     

Mould in buildings: the air spora of domestic dwellings

Filamentous fungi in 37 genera were isolated during winter from the internal air of 62 domestic dwellings in England and Scotland. In the air spora the number of viable fungal colony-forming units (cfu), including yeasts, ranged from < 12 to 449 800 cfu m⁻³. There was considerable variation between dwellings and between weekly samples taken within the same dwelling, but in approximately one-third of all air samples there were < 200 cfu m⁻³. The filamentous fungi isolated most frequently from the air in 47 Scottish dwellings were Penicillium spp. (96% of dwellings), Cladosporium spp. (89%), Aspergillus spp. (75%, mainly A. versicolor), Ulocladium spp. (62%), Geomyces pannorum (57%) and Sistotrema brinkmannii (51%). Yeasts were isolated in 94% of these dwellings and overall comprised 13% of cfu on Andersen sampler plates. Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp. and S. brinkmannii together accounted for > 70% of the propagules. High numbers of spores in the internal air were associated with surface mould growth and constructional work. In addition, disturbance of surface growth and vacuum cleaning of carpets caused large temporary increases in the atmospheric spore count.     

Keratinophilic fungi isolated from the air at Pavia

The presence of keratinophilic fungi was revealed by sampling the air of Pavia (Italy) from March 1981 to February 1982. The species isolated were: Chrysosporium indicum, Geomyces pannorum var.pannorum, Microsporum gypseum, Myceliophtora vellerea and Trichophyton terrestre. Several filamentous fungi tolerating high levels of cycloheximide were also recovered.     

Approaches for refining heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi

Fungi combine the advantages of a microbial system such as a simple fermentability with the capability of secreting proteins that are modified according to a general eukaryotic scheme. Filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus niger efficiently secrete genuine proteins but the secretion of recombinant proteins turned out be a difficult task. Aspergillus niger is an attractive organism because of its high secretion capacity and is frequently used as a model organism. Whereas high production yields can be obtained when homologous proteins are expressed, much lower amounts are obtained with the production of heterologous proteins. To fully exploit the potential of filamentous fungi, understanding of the molecular genetics, their physiology, and the glycosylation metabolism has to be investigated and clarified in more detail. This review summarizes recent developments in heterologous protein production by filamentous fungi and also generalizes the possibilities of improving the protein production by various genetic and bioprocessing approaches, thereby easing recognition of filamentous fungi as a relevant and reliable expression platform.     

Fungal community associated with marine macroalgae from Antarctica

Filamentous fungi and yeasts associated with the marine algae Adenocystis utricularis, Desmarestia anceps, and Palmaria decipiens from Antarctica were studied. A total of 75 fungal isolates, represented by 27 filamentous fungi and 48 yeasts, were isolated from the three algal species and identified by morphological, physiological, and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region and D1/D2 variable domains of the large-subunit rRNA gene. The filamentous fungi and yeasts obtained were identified as belonging to the genera Geomyces, Antarctomyces, Oidiodendron, Penicillium, Phaeosphaeria, Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus, Leucosporidium, Metschnikowia, and Rhodotorula. The prevalent species were the filamentous fungus Geomyces pannorum and the yeast Metschnikowia australis. Two fungal species isolated in our study, Antarctomyces psychrotrophicus and M. australis, are endemic to Antarctica. This work is the first study of fungi associated with Antarctic marine macroalgae, and contributes to the taxonomy and ecology of the marine fungi living in polar environments. These fungal species may have an important role in the ecosystem and in organic matter recycling.     

Survey of viable airborne fungi in wine cellars of Tokaj,Hungary

The composition of fungal biota and air quality of five traditional subterranean wine cellars and one store building of a modern wine production facility were examined in the Tokaj wine region (northeastern Hungary). Air samples were collected with SAS IAQ sampler onto PDA, MEA and RBA. Strains representing morphotypes were isolated from colonies formed on agar plates from either air or surface samples. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene cluster was amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4. Altogether 90 morphotypes were isolated, 48 and 12 strains (43 species) from the air and surfaces, respectively. The number of spore-forming species generated high diversity of indoor fungi and differences between the cellars’ fungal compositions; however, their dominant species were proved to be the same. Among the isolated strains Penicillium spp. were the most frequent. The walls of cellars were covered by colonies of Zasmidium (Cladosporium) cellare often referred to as a noble mold. Even so, this mold has been found only at a small concentration in the air samples (10–30 CFU/m³). The walls of the modern store were free of molds. Diversity of fungi of the examined wine cellars was influenced by environmental conditions to a certain degree, such as elevation (height above sea level), age, reconstruction time of cellars, indoor ethanol concentration and the number of chimneys. The location of cellars poorly influenced the concentration of fungi of the air inside cellars, contrary to outdoors where the air of the municipal area contained more CFUs than that of rural spaces.     

Caracterización de la micobiota aérea en dos depósitos del Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba

BackgroundThe high relative humidity and temperatures in tropical countries create favorable conditions for development of fungi that are not only a risk to human health but they can also colonize documentary support.AimsTo study the concentration of the airborne fungi in two repositories of the National Archives of the Republic of Cuba, the mycobiota deposited on different photographic supports and maps preserved in these repositories, and to determine the taxonomic characterization of the fungi isolated.MethodsThe air sampling was performed using a sedimentation method, and the supports (6 pictures and 7 maps) were analyzed using moistened sterile swabs.ResultsThe Cladosporium genus was predominant, followed by Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. Filamentous fungi were isolated in all the photos and maps, and yeasts were only isolated from a photographic supports and a map. We identified several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium genera, but Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus predominated. Candida and Rhodotorula were the yeast genera isolated.ConclusionsThe fungal concentration of the air demonstrated that the environments were not contaminated. From the 26 species of filamentous fungi isolated only 5 were detected in the indoor air of the repositories and on one or more of the document supports analyzed (representing a 19.3%). This shows that there is a low ecological relationship between the fungi detected in the indoor air and those that were isolated from the supports studied.     

A new insight into lead (II) tolerance of environmental fungi based on a study of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium oxalicum

Environmental microorganisms have been widely applied in heavy metal remediation. This study explored the mechanisms of lead tolerance of two typical filamentous fungi, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium oxalicum. It is shown that the mechanisms of reducing Pb toxicity by these two fungi have three major pathways. The secreted oxalic acid can react with Pb (II) to form insoluble Pb minerals, primarily lead oxalate. Then, the enhanced biosorption via forming new border of cell wall prevents the transportation of Pb (II) into hypha. In addition, the fungal activity could be maintained even at high Pb concentration due to the intracellular accumulation. It was confirmed that A. niger has the higher Pb tolerance (up to 1500 mg l⁻¹ Pb level) compared with P. oxalicum (up to 1000 mg l⁻¹). Meanwhile, Pb levels below 1000 mg l⁻¹ partially stimulate the bioactivity of A. niger, which was confirmed by its elevated respiration (from 53 to 63 mg C l⁻¹ medium h⁻¹). This subsequently enhanced microbial functions of A. niger to resist Pb toxicity. A better understanding of Pb tolerance of these two fungi sheds a bright future of applying them to remediate lead-contaminated environments.     

Some cases of onychomycosis from North India in different working environments

Three fungi, Alternaria humicola, A. pluriseptata and Aspergillus niger are being reported as new probable etiologic filamentous fungi, causing onychomycosis. The morphology and physiology of these fungi is discussed.     

Mycobiota of the giant oyster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crassostrea gigas</Emphasis> (Thunberg, 1787) (Bivalvia) from the Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan

Mycological investigation of the Pacific (giant) oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) (Bivalvia) from the Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan was carried out. The taxonomic composition of filamentous fungi associated with C. gigas was studied. The taxonomic composition of the fungi associated with the giant oyster included 22 species of filamentous fungi of which 17 species were identified. The latter belonged to six genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Trichoderma. The distribution of filamentous fungi in the internal organs of the bivalve mollusk was studied.     

Molecular taxonomy and biodiversity of rock fungal communities in an urban environment (Vienna, Austria)

The diversity of fungal communities on three different historical monuments in the city of Vienna (Austria) was analyzed and compared to the fungal diversity of microfungi on rock in the original quarry located in a rural area (Zogelsdorf, Austria). The fungal strains isolated were characterized by morphology and the complete rock fungal community was identified based on molecular data, that is, by sequencing parts of the small ribosomal subunit (18S) and internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1). The genera Coniothyrium, Epicoccum and Phoma were found to be dominant {on} monument and rock surfaces. Additionally, black yeasts such as Exophiala species and microcolonial fungi like Sarcinomyces and Coniosporium which hitherto were regarded as typical rock inhabitants in semi-arid environments are frequently found on all rock surfaces in Vienna. The biodiversity of the fungi in the urban environment was much higher than on the same rock type in a rural environment, this difference can be attributed to the elevated organic pollution in the city.     

Isolation of endophytic fungi from Cannabis sativa and study their antifungal potential

A systemic study of fungal endophytes associated with different plant parts of Cannabis sativa and their antifungal activity was investigated in the present study. A total of 281 plant segments, including 91 leaves, 93 stem and 97 petioles samples, were screened for the isolation of endophytic fungi. Totally, 212 (77.65%) segments were found colonised by different fungi. Highest colonisation frequency were observed in stem parts (84.94%), then leaves (82.41%) and lowest 59.79% in petiole. Total eight fungal genera belonging to 12 species were isolated. Aspergillus is recorded as the most frequently occurring genera with three species Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus nidulans followed by Penicillium with two species Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium citrinum, while Phoma, Rhizopus, Colletotrichum, Cladosporium and Curvularia with single species. The antifungal potential of A. niger and A. flavus – two most frequently isolated endophytic fungi – was evaluated against two common plant pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Curvularia lunata. Different plant and fungal extracts individually and in combinations showed variations in antifungal activity against both the pathogens. The primary results obtained on antifungal activity of endophytes show their possible role in plant defence mechanism but it is a preliminary approach and more extensive research is still required.     

Release ofAspergillus niger protoplasts byPenicillium purpurogenum enzymes

Enzymes formed by the fungusPenicillium purpurogenum destroy theAspergillus niger cell wall and if a suitable stabilizing solution is used, protoplasts are released from the hyphae. The rate of release and the quantity and properties of the protoplasts are similar to those of protoplasts obtained by means of snail digestive enzymes. The lytic enzymes also destroy the cell walls of some other filamentous fungi.     

Chitinolytic Activity of Filamentous Fungi

The chitinolytic activity of nine species of filamentous fungi, classified with seven genera (specifically, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Paecilomyces, Sporotrichum, Beaueria, and Mucor), was studied. When cultured in liquid medium containing 1% crystalline chitin, all fungi produced extracellular chitosans with activity varying from 0.2 U/mg protein (Sporotrichum olivaceum, Mucorsp., etc.) to 4.0–4.2 U/mg protein (Trichoderma lignorum, Aspergillus niger).