利用核定位信号筛选系统初步筛选小鼠胚胎核定位蛋白基因

在已建立的核定位信号 (nuclearlocalizationsignal,NLS)筛选系统的基础上 ,对这一系统进行了改进并对改进的系统进行了验证。将小鼠 1 1天胚胎cDNA文库插入改进后的筛选载体的多克隆位点 ,转化酵母宿主菌。然后将约 1 0 4 个酵母克隆接种于选择性平板上进行筛选 ,得到了 2 2个可在选择性培养基上生长的克隆。分析了其中 1 8个克隆的DNA序列 ,见到 1 3个克隆含有以正确读框融合的编码NLS的基因片段。取其中 3个克隆的插入片段与绿色荧光蛋白基因融合后在哺乳类细胞内表达 ,证明了其在哺乳类细胞中的核定位功能。研究证明 ,构建的核定位信号筛选系统 ,能够有效地从cDNA文库中筛选核定位蛋白的基因     

瑞氏木霉木糖醇脱氢酶基因的分离与鉴定

将在木聚糖上生长的瑞氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)RutC-30的cDNA文库全部质粒转化已携带有毕赤氏酵(Pithia stipitis)木糖还原酶基因的重组酿酒酵母(Saccharomycescerevisiae)菌株H475,在H475中构建了瑞氏木霉的cDNA表达亚文库。在以木糖为唯一碳源的选择性酵母合成培养基上,从该亚文库中筛选到瑞氏木霉木糖醇脱氢酶cDNA基因．该基因片段长为1．3kb。Southern、Norhern印迹杂交分析和蛋白质凝胶电泳结果表明该基因确实来源于瑞氏木霉,所编码蛋白质分子量约为40kDa。携带有毕赤氏酵母木糖还原酶和瑞氏木霉木糖醇脱氢酶基因的重组酵母能够在以木糖为唯一碳源的培养基上生长,并能将90％以上的木糖转化为木糖醇、乙醇和其它副产品。     

一种新型巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体的构建及甘露聚糖酶的表达

目的:构建以带自身启动子的蔗糖转化酶基因(suc2)为选择标记的载体,用于外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的正确分泌表达。方法:根据已发表的蔗糖转化酶基因序列设计并合成1对引物,应用PCR技术,以啤酒酵母INVSC1总DNA为模板,扩增出包含自身启动子和终止区序列的suc2基因。将该基因与毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K连接,构建了以suc2为选择标记的表达载体pPIC12K。将甘露聚糖酶基因man克隆入载体pPIC12K,用PEG/LiCl法转化毕赤酵母GS115菌株。以蔗糖为惟一碳源筛选转化子,利用底物平板检测筛选到的转化子中man基因的表达,并对重组表达菌株进行连续传代实验。结果:部分转化子周围产生明显的水解圈,证明甘露聚糖酶已经得到分泌表达;对重组表达菌株的连续传代实验证实了该表达载体具有良好的遗传稳定性。结论:以带自身启动子的suc2基因为选择标记的表达载体构建成功,并且这个新型表达载体能够对外源基因进行稳定有效的分泌表达。     

筛选G-box结合蛋白的酵母单杂交文库的构建

目的：筛选花青素合成中的关键基因查尔酮合成酶基因CHS启动子中G-box的结合蛋白,从而找到调节CHS表达的转录因子。方法：采用Matchmaker Gold Yeast One-Hybrid Library Screening System,将CHS启动子G-box序列串联后整合入酵母染色体,构建诱饵菌株;采用SMART技术合成芜菁幼苗下胚轴cDNA,将该cDNA与pGADT7-Rec表达载体共同转化诱饵菌株,通过同源重组在酵母细胞内同步进行cDNA文库的构建和筛选;用酵母菌落PCR法获得阳性克隆中的cDNA插入片段,测序后在NCBI网站进行Blast分析。结果：共筛选了2.52×106个酵母克隆,得到94个阳性克隆,菌落PCR获得了长度为0.4~2.0 kb的cDNA插入片段,并通过Blast推测了其编码蛋白。结论：实验结果证明酵母单杂交文库构建成功,初步筛选获得了G-box结合蛋白的候选蛋白,为研究CHS的表达调控奠定了基础。     

ncRNA候选基因sptl的克隆与初步分析

在用suc2信号肽捕获系统对小鼠胚胎cDNA文库筛选的过程中,反复获得一个相同的强阳性克隆,命名为sptl.对该克隆的序列分析表明插入序列由697 bp组成,6个开放阅读框中共有37个启始密码子(ATG)和80个终止密码子(TGA、TAG、TAA);没有较大的有意义开放读框存在.经BLAST分析,结果显示该序列定位于小鼠第17号染色体长臂,没有发现同源基因.Northern blot和RT-PCR分析表明,该序列仅表达于小鼠卵巢组织,全长约4.5～5.0kb.酵母转化和序列截短实验提示,该序列能够介导蔗糖转换酶向细胞外的分泌.因此,推测sptl很有可能是一个新的非编码RNA的一部分,参与蛋白质的分泌过程.     

ncRNA候选基因spt1的克隆与初步分析

在用suc2信号肽捕获系统对小鼠胚胎cDNA文库筛选的过程中,反复获得一个相同的强阳性克隆,命名为spt1。对该克隆的序列分析表明：插入序列由697bp组成,6个开放阅读框中共有37个启始密码子(ATG)和80个终止密码子(TGA、TAG、TAA);没有较大的有意义开放读框存在。经BLAST分析,结果显示该序列定位于小鼠第17号染色体长臂,没有发现同源基因。NortherTl blot和RT-PCR分析表明,该序列仅表达于小鼠卵巢组织,全长约4．5～5．0kb。酵母转化和序列截短实验提示,该序列能够介导蔗糖转换酶向细胞外的分泌。因此,推测spt1很有可能是一个新的非编码RNA的一部分,参与蛋白质的分泌过程。     

枯草杆菌启动子－信号肽序列的克隆及序列分析

利用含红霉素抗性基因和缺启动子－信号肽序列的氨苄青霉素抗性基因的双功能质粒ｐＧＰＢ１４为探针载体,克隆了枯草杆菌的启动子－信号肽序列并对克隆的片段进行序列分析。枯草杆菌染色体ＤＮＡ经Ｓａｕ３Ａ酶解后与ＢｏｍＨＩ酶切的质粒ｐＧＰＢ１４连接,转化大肠杆菌Ｃ６００,筛选抗氨苄青霉素及抗红霉素的转化子,从双抗性转化子中提取重组质粒并经酶切分析,显示克隆的ＤＮＡ片段在０．２７－１．５ｋｂ之间。用Ｓａｎｇｅｒ的双脱氧链终止法测定了１０个克隆片段的ＤＮＡ顺序,结果表明,克隆的片段都含有启动子、核糖体结合优点及信号肽序列。克隆片段可以在大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌中恢复氨苄青霉素抗性的表型。β－内酰胺酶活力测定结果证明：大肠杆菌的酶活力主要积累在周质空间内而枯草杆菌的酶活力主要分泌到胞外。     

番茄LeDREB1转录因子基因RNAi载体的构建和鉴定

利用rd29A基因启动子的DRE元件从番茄(丽春)cDNA文库中通过酵母单杂交技术筛选得到转录因子基因LeDREB1。核苷酸序列测定结果表明,该基因片段全长1 782 bp,具有900 bp的cDNA开放阅读框序列,编码300个氨基酸。该基因属于AP2/EREBP家族[1],可能调控许多逆境应答基因的表达。运用RNA干扰的思路,设计特异性引物,扩增正向和反向基因片段。将LeDREB1正向+反向基因片段插入到pCAMBIA2300-OCS的35s启动子下游,构建干扰载体pCAM-RNAi-LeDREB1,通过酶切和测序鉴定证明目的片段与载体片段连接正确。这一载体的成功构建为进一步研究LeDREB1的功能和调控作用机制提供有效的材料与技术支撑。     

枯草杆菌启动子—信号肽序列的克隆及序列分析

利用含红霉素抗生基因和缺启动子－信号肽序列的氨苄青霉素抗性基因的双功能质粒ｐＧＰＢ１４为探针载体,克隆了枯草杆菌的启动子－信号肽序列并对克隆的片段进行序列分析。枯草杆菌染色体ＤＮＡ经Ｓａｕ３Ａ酶解后与ＢａｎＨＩ酶切的质粒ｐＧＰＢ１４连接,转化大肠杆菌Ｃ６００,筛选抗氨苄青霉素及抗红霉素的转化子,从双抗性转化子中提取重组质粒并经酶切分析,显示克隆的ＤＮＡ片段在０．２７－１．５ｋｂ之间。用Ｓａｎｇｅｒ     

用suc2信号肽捕获系统筛选小鼠胚胎cDNA文库基因

PCR扩增 1 1d小鼠胚胎cDNA文库插入片段 ,将 0 .5～ 2 0kb的扩增产物插入筛选载体的多克隆位点 ,转化suc2基因缺陷酵母宿主菌 .然后将约 1 0 5个酵母菌落接种于选择性平板上进行筛选 ,得到了 1 82个可在选择性培养基上生长的菌落 .PCR扩增显示 ,插入片段大小分布于 0 1～ 1 5kb之间 .对其中 1 4个阳性菌落的重组子进行序列测定 ,分别代表 6种不同的基因序列 ,与报告基因都有正确的读框内融合 .其中两种基因序列反复被筛到 ,分别命名为spt1、spt2 .spt1 [gi:2 772 876 6 ],可能以非编码RNA的身份参与蛋白质向细胞外分泌的过程 ,而spt2编码多个连续的赖氨酸 ,可能通过非经典途径介导蛋白质的分泌     

Molecular cloning and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa of the invertase gene from Neurospora crassa

A plasmid (named pCN2) carrying a 7.6 kb BamHI DNA insert was isolated from a Neurospora crassa genomic library raised in the yeast vector YRp7. Saccharomyces cerevisiae suc ⁰ and N. crassa inv strains transformed with p NC2 were able to grow on sucrose-based media and expressed invertase activity. Saccharomyces cerevisiae suc ⁰ ( p NC2) expressed a product which immunoreacted with antibody raised against purified invertase from wild type N. crassa , although S. cerevisiae suc ⁺ did not. The cloned DNA hybridized with a 7.6 kb DNA fragment from BamHI -restricted wild type N. crassa DNA. Plasmid pNC2 transformed N. crassa Inv^- to Inv⁺ by integration either near to the endogenous inv locus (40% events) or at other genomic sites (60% events). It appears therefore that the cloned DNA piece encodes the N. crassa invertase enzyme. A 3.8 kb XhoI DNA fragment, derived from pNC2, inserted in YRp7, in both orientation, was able to express invertase activity in yeast, suggesting that it contains an intact invertase gene which is not expressed from a vector promoter.     

Isolation and characterization of a sucrose carrier cDNA from spinach by functional expression in yeast.

Active loading of the phloem with sucrose in leaves is an essential part of the process of supplying non-photosynthetic tissues with carbon and energy. The transport is protein mediated and coupled to proton-symport, but so far no sucrose carrier gene has been identified. Using an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, a cDNA from spinach encoding a sucrose carrier was identified by functional expression. Yeast strains that allow the phenotypic recognition of a sucrose carrier activity were constructed by expressing a cytoplasmic invertase from yeast, or the potato sucrose synthase gene, in a strain unable to transport or grow on sucrose due to a deletion in the SUC2 gene. A spinach cDNA expression library established from the poly(A)+ RNA from source leaves of spinach and cloned in a yeast expression vector yielded transformed yeast clones which were able to grow on media containing sucrose as the sole carbon source. This ability was strictly linked to the presence of the spinach cDNA clone pS21. Analysis of the sucrose uptake process in yeast strains transformed with this plasmid show a pH-dependent uptake of sucrose with a Km of 1.5 mM, which can be inhibited by maltose, alpha-phenylglucoside, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid. These data are in accordance with measurements using both leaf discs and plasma membrane vesicles from leaves of higher plants. DNA sequence analysis of the pS21 clone reveals the presence of an open reading frame encoding a protein with a molecular mass of 55 kDa. The predicted protein contains several hydrophobic regions which could be assigned to 12 membrane-spanning regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Molecular cloning and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa of the invertase gene from Neurospora crassa

A plasmid (named pCN2) carrying a 7.6 kb BamHI DNA insert was isolated from a Neurospora crassa genomic library raised in the yeast vector YRp7. Saccharomyces cerevisiae suco and N. crassa inv strains transformed with pNC2 were able to grow on sucrose-based media and expressed invertase activity. Saccharomyces cerevisiae suco (pNC2) expressed a product which immunoreacted with antibody raised against purified invertase from wild type N. crassa, although S. cerevisiae suc+ did not. The cloned DNA hybridized with a 7.6 kb DNA fragment from BamHI-restricted wild type N. crassa DNA. Plasmid pNC2 transformed N. crassa Inv- to Inv+ by integration either near to the endogenous inv locus (40% events) or at other genomic sites (60% events). It appears therefore that the cloned DNA piece encodes the N. crassa invertase enzyme. A 3.8 kb XhoI DNA fragment, derived from pNC2, inserted in YRp7, in both orientation, was able to express invertase activity in yeast, suggesting that it contains an intact invertase gene which is not expressed from a vector promoter.     

Cloning and sequencing of the inulinase gene of Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus ATCC 12424.

Cell wall inulinase (EC 3.2.1.7) was purified from Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus (formerly K. fragilis) and its N-terminal 33-amino acid sequence was established. PCR amplification of cDNA with 2 sets of degenerate primers yielded a genomic probe which was then used to screen a genomic library established in the YEp351 yeast shuttle vector. One of the selected recombinant plasmids allowed an invertase-negative Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant to grow on inulin. It was shown to contain an inulinase gene (INU 1) encoding a 555-amino acid precursor protein with a typical N-terminal signal peptide. The sequence of inulinase displays a high similarity (67%) to S. cerevisiae invertase, suggesting a common evolutionary origin for yeast beta-fructosidases with different substrate preferences.     

Identification of eukaryotic secreted and cell surface proteins using the yeast secretion trap screen

Secreted and cell surface proteins play essential roles in numerous essential biological processes in eukaryotic organisms, but are often more difficult to isolate and identify than proteins that are localized in intracellular compartments. However, several high-throughput 'gene-trap' techniques have been developed to characterize these 'secretomes', including the yeast secretion trap (YST) screen. This method involves fusing cDNA libraries from the tissue or cell type of interest to a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) invertase reporter gene, transforming the resulting fusion library into an invertase-deficient yeast strain and plating the transformants on a medium containing sucrose as the sole carbon source. A yeast cell with a transgene encoding a secreted or cell surface protein can synthesize a secreted invertase fusion protein that can rescue the mutant, and the plasmid DNA can then be sequenced to identify the gene that encodes it. We describe a recently improved version of this screen, which allows the identification of genes encoding secreted proteins in 1-2 months.     

Secretion of invertase from Schwanniomyces occidentalis

Invertase synthesis in Schwanniomyces occidentalis is regulated by catabolite repression and is derepressed by raffinose and low concentrations of glucose. Efficiency of a carbon source in derepression of invertase is dependent upon the type of culture medium: either raffinose in a rich medium or a low concentration of glucose in a yeast minimal medium. The kinetics of derepression can be modulated by changing the carbon source. When cells are grown in a rich medium with 0.5% raffinose as the sole carbon source, Schwanniomyces occidentalis secretes 80 times more invertase than Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in the same conditions. About 50% of the total amount of invertase produced by Schwanniomyces occidentalis is secreted in the extracellular medium in contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae where only 6 to 15% of the protein is secreted in the medium.     

Expression and secretion of scytalidopepsin B, an acid protease from Scytalidium lignicolum, in yeast

An expression and secretion system for scytalidopepsin B, an acid protease from Scytalidium lignicolum, was constructed in yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22 was transformed with an yeast-E. coli shuttle vector, pAM82, in which an yeast invertase signal segment and the cDNA encoding the pro- and mature enzyme regions were inserted. The transformant was found to secret a pepstatin-insensitive acid protease, when cultured aerobically in a low phosphate (Pi) medium. Amino terminal amino acid sequencing analysis indicated that the recombinant acid protease was accurately processed and secreted as a mature form.     

Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone from Lolium temulentum L. encoding for a sucrose hydrolytic enzyme which shows alkaline/neutral invertase activity

A novel cDNA clone, functionally expressed in E. coli, was isolated from a L. temulentum L. cDNA library. The expressed protein hydrolysed sucrose with an apparent Km of approximately 18 mM, and produced equi-molar concentrations of glucose and fructose. Optimum activity was observed at pH 7-7.5; there was little or no activity at pH 5.5. The expressed protein did not hydrolyse raffinose, stachyose or maltose. The activity of the expressed protein was inhibited by fructose (50% at 15 mM) and TRIS (50% at 2.5 mM), but was not affected by MgCl2, CaCl2 or MnCl2. These findings suggest that this cDNA clone encodes for an alkaline/neutral invertase. Sequence analysis revealed little homology with published sequences for acid invertase, however the invertase motif (NDPN) identified in other invertases was present. Expression studies show that the gene encoding for this enzyme is not regulated by sucrose accumulation in leaf tissue.     

Genetic screen for signal peptides in Hydra reveals novel secreted proteins and evidence for non-classical protein secretion

We have screened a Hydra cDNA library for sequences encoding N-terminal signal peptides using the yeast invertase secretion vector pSUC [Jacobs et al., 1997. A genetic selection for isolating cDNAs encoding secreted proteins. Gene 198, 289-296]. We isolated and sequenced 907 positive clones; 88% encoded signal peptides; 12% lacked signal peptides. By searching the Hydra EST database we identified full-length sequences for the selected clones. These encoded 37 known proteins with signal peptides and 40 novel Hydra-specific proteins with signal peptides. Localization of two signal peptide-containing sequences, VEGF and ferritin, to the secretory pathway was confirmed with GFP fusion proteins. In addition, we isolated 105 clones which lacked signal peptides but which supported invertase secretion from yeast. Isolation of plasmids from these clones and retransformation in invertase-negative yeast cells confirmed the phenotype. A GFP fusion protein of one such clone encoding the foot morphogen pedibin was localized to the cytoplasm in transfected Hydra cells and did not enter the ER/Golgi secretory pathway. Secretion of pedibin and other proteins lacking signal peptides appears to occur by a non-classical protein secretion route.     

Isolation and characterization of two cDNA clones encoding ATP-sulfurylases from potato by complementation of a yeast mutant

Sulfur plays an important role in plants, being used for the biosynthesis of amino acids, sulfolipids and secondary metabolites. After uptake sulfate is activated and subsequently reduced to sulfide or serves as donor for sulfurylation reactions. The first step in the activation of sulfate in all cases studied so far is catalyzed by the enzyme ATP-sulfurylase (E.C. 2.7.7.4.) which catalyzes the formation of adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS). Two cDNA clones from potato encoding ATP-sulfurylases were identified following transformation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant deficient in ATP-sulfurylase activity with a cDNA library from potato source leaf poly(A)⁺ RNA cloned in a yeast expression vector. Several transformants were able to grow on a medium with sulfate as the only sulfur source, this ability being strictly linked to the presence of two classes of cDNAs. The clones StMet3-1 and StMet3-2 were further analyzed. DNA analysis revealed an open reading frame encoding a protein with a molecular mass of 48 kDa in the case of StMet3-1 and 52 kDa for StMet3-2. The deduced polypeptides are 88% identical at the amino acid level. The clone StMet3-2 has a 48 amino acid N-terminal extension which shows common features of a chloroplast transit peptide. Sequence comparison of the ATP-sulfurylase Met3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the cDNA StMet3-1 (StMet3-2) reveals 31% (30%) identity at the amino acid level. Protein extracts from the yeast mutant transformed with the clone StMet3-1 displayed ATP-sulfurylase activity. RNA blot analysis demonstrated the expression of both genes in potato leaves, root and stem, but not in tubers. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the first cloning and identification of genes involved in the reductive sulfate assimilation pathway from higher plants.