绿脓杆菌外毒素A的结构、功能及其重组毒素

绿脓杆菌外毒素A有三个结构功能区.氨基端区(Ⅰ)通过关键位点Lys57结合靶细胞表面受体.中心区(Ⅱ)负责该毒素的跨膜转位功能,Arg276和Arg279是关键位点.在胞吞泡内此毒素于Arg279与Gly280间酶解成28 000和37 000两片段.羧基端区(Ⅲ)所在的37 000片段由其末端氨基酸序列REDLK介导到内质网再转位入胞浆通过Glu553位点结合NAD⁺使延伸因子-2受ADP-核糖基化而抑制细胞蛋白质合成导致细胞死亡.改造的毒素基因同识别蛋白基因融合成的重组毒素有应用前景.     

铜绿假单胞菌锌离子摄取系统的研究进展

锌作为一种结构、催化和信号的成分,在许多生理过程中起着关键的作用.它也是病原微生物生长所必需的,不但参与病原微生物代谢和各种毒力因子的调控,而且是病原微生物在宿主中感染和定殖所必需的.铜绿假单胞菌侵染宿主发挥毒力时,宿主会采取营养免疫的策略来限制体内环境中游离的锌离子浓度而抑制该病原菌的感染和定殖.反过来,铜绿假单胞菌...     

N-butanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (BHL) deficient Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from an intensive care unit

Acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) are self-generated diffusible signal molecules that mediate population density dependent gene expression (quorum sensing) in a variety of Gram-negative bacteria, and several virulence genes of human pathogens are known to be controlled by AHLs. In this study, strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, isolated from intensive care patients, were screened for AHL production by using AHL responsive indicator strains of Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens NT1. Positive reactions were recorded for all 50 isolates of P. aeruginosa and 10 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii with Agrobacterium tumefaciens NT1. Surprisingly, most P. aeruginosa isolates gave negative results with C. violaceum CV026 in contrast to previous reports. This suggests that the new isolates of P. aeruginosa either failed to make short chain AHLs or the level of the signal molecule is very low.     

Degradation of pyrimidine ribonucleosides by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pyrimidine ribonucleoside degradation in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15692 was investigated. Either uracil, cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, thymine, uridine or cytidine supported P. aeruginosa growth as a nitrogen source when glucose served as the carbon source. Using thin-layer chromatographic analysis, the enzymes nucleoside hydrolase and cytosine deaninase were shown to be active in ATCC 15692. Compared to (NH₄)₂SO₄-grown cells, nucleoside hydrolase activity in ATCC 15692 approximately doubled after growth on 5-methylcytosine as a nitrogen source while its cytosine deaminase activity increased several-fold after growth on the pyrimidine bases and ribonucleosides examined as nitrogen sources. Regulation at the level of protein synthesis by 5-methylcytosine was indicated for nucleoside hydrolase and cytosine deaminase in P. aeruginosa.     

铜绿假单胞菌cntRLMN操纵子介导锌离子摄取的功能鉴定

【目的】本研究以铜绿假单胞菌PAO1 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1,菌种编号ATCC15692)为对象,研究cntRLMN在锌离子摄取中的功能。【方法】在ΔznuBC的基础上,以同源重组的方法构建了cntRLMN的各种突变菌株,通过质粒接合转移的方法构建其互补菌株及lacZ转录融合报告菌株,运用β-半乳糖苷酶酶活检测研究了Zur蛋白对cntRLMN的转录调控,凝胶阻滞实验(EMSA)检验Zur蛋白与cnt启动子及cnt启动子的突变片段的体外结合,并进一步通过生长曲线分析对cntRLMN中cntR、cntL、cntN等基因的锌离子摄取功能进行了分析和鉴定。最终,通过构建大蜡螟幼虫的侵染模型来研究cntRLMN对铜绿假单胞菌毒力发挥的影响。【结果】lacZ转录融合的酶活分析显示cntRLMN受Zur蛋白的负调控,其表达以Zur蛋白依赖的方式受锌离子饥饿的诱导;EMSA实验的结果显示cntRLMN的启动子可以与His-Zur结合形成DNA-蛋白质复合体,结合位点为GCGTTATAGTATATCAT;生长曲线和大蜡螟幼虫侵染实验的分析结果显示ZnuBC和CntRLMN的功能存在互补性,仅znuBC和cntRLMN双缺失突变时菌株在限锌培养条件下的生长和对大蜡螟幼虫的毒性才受到显著抑制,说明CntRLMN代表另一种独立的锌离子摄取系统。【结论】cntRLMN是受Zur直接负调控的另一种独立的铜绿假单胞菌锌离子摄取系统,对铜绿假单胞菌毒力的发挥起重要作用。     

抗微生物肽CRAMP联合抗生素分散铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的增效作用研究

【目的】研究修饰后的鼠源抗微生物肽CRAMP联用抗生素对铜绿假单胞菌PAO1成熟生物被膜的分散作用,为临床联合应用抗生物被膜药物提供理论依据。【方法】采用微量肉汤稀释法测定CRAMP修饰肽和抗生素对PAO1的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)和生物被膜最小根除浓度(MBEC);采用时间杀菌曲线(time-kill curve,TKC)法测定CRAMP修饰肽及抗生素单用和联用对PAO1成熟生物被膜的杀菌活性;采用菌落计数法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)评估CRAMP修饰肽联用抗生素对PAO1成熟生物被膜的分散作用。【结果】与单用抗生素组相比,除2种碳青霉烯类药物和4种β-内酰胺类药物,其他抗生素联合CRAMP修饰肽后的MBEC值均有不同程度的下降,万古霉素、罗红霉素和阿奇霉素下降倍数最明显(4倍)。TKC试验结果表明,CRAMP修饰肽分别联用万古霉素、罗红霉素和阿奇霉素均具有比单用药更快且更强的杀菌作用,尤其是与万古霉素联用仅在3h时杀灭了全部(100%)的生物被膜细菌。随后,通过CLSM观察发现生物被膜数量、体积、面积和单位面积荧光强度均有明显的变化。【结论】CRAMP...     

铜绿假单胞菌T6SS的组装、分泌、功能和调控

作为一种对抗真核细胞和原核细胞的强有力细菌武器,Ⅵ型分泌系统(type Ⅵ secretion system,T6SS)广泛存在于革兰氏阴性菌中.铜绿假单胞菌是一种对多种抗生素具有耐药性并能够在人体引发急性和慢性感染的条件致病菌,它编码3套独立的T6SS,分别为H1-、H2-和H3-T6SS.T6SS通过介导细菌间竞争...     

Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene braB coding for the sodium-coupled branched-chain amino acid carrier in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO

Summary The gene braB, encoding the Na^–-coupled carrier for branched-chain amino acids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, was cloned on cosmid pMMB34. The cosmid clones carrying the braB gene were identified as those that restored growth at low leucine concentration and Na^–-dependent leucine transport activity to P. aeruginosa PAO3536 defective in the transport of branched-chain amino acids. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment shows that the braB gene comprises 1311 bp and encodes a hydrophobic protein of 437 amino acids with a calculated M_r of 45279. The hydropathy profile suggests that there exist in the carrier protein 12 hydrophobic segments long enough to traverse the membrane. The amino acid sequence shows a high degree of homology with thebrnQ product, a branched-chain amino acid carrier of Salmonella typhimurium, while no homology in the nucleotide sequences is found in the braB and brnQ genes.     

构建冻干无细胞生物传感器快速检测临床铜绿假单胞菌感染北大核心

【目的】铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)是常见于医院感染的条件致病革兰氏阴性细菌,其群体感应信号3-氧代十二烷酰基高丝氨酸内酯(3-oxo-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone,3OC12-HSL)可作为铜绿假单胞菌感染的生物标志物。本研究期望开发针对3OC12-HSL的冻干无细胞生物传感器,以实现临床铜绿假单胞菌感染的快速诊断。【方法】首先构建报告质粒以重建3OC12-HSL的应答过程,而后将该质粒加入冻干无细胞表达系统中以实现生物传感器的制备;接着利用梯度浓度的3OC12-HSL表征该传感器的灵敏度与动力学特征,并测试其底物特异性;最后通过临床样本测试验证其效果,并优化临床样本的预处理方法。【结果】本研究构建的冻干无细胞生物传感器能够在60 min内实现对临床呼吸道样本中铜绿假单胞菌感染的诊断,具有高灵敏度和高特异性。【结论】本研究构建了针对3OC12-HSL的冻干无细胞生物传感器,并借助RNase抑制蛋白预表达的策略提升了其对体液样本的耐受性,最终证明其具备开发成临床铜绿假单胞菌感染的快速检测方法的潜力。     

靶向破坏铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的定向蛋白投放技术

[目的]随着合成生物学的发展,通过在细菌体内设计合成复杂、多功能的基因线路进行靶向治疗已经取得巨大进展.虽然这种使用细菌作为治疗传递系统,选择性地在体内释放有效治疗成分的方式具有极大优势,但是如何使细菌在代谢负荷增加较低的情况下有效地分泌功能蛋白并发挥作用依旧是一个难题.[方法]针对这一难题,本研究提供了一种新的策略,...     

Toxin A secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the role of the first 30 amino acids of the mature toxin

Toxin A, one of several virulence factors secreted by the gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is synthesized as a 71 kDa precursor with a typical prokaryotic leader peptide (LP), and is secreted as a 68 kDa mature protein. Evidence from a previous study suggested that a signal required for toxin A secretion in P. aeruginosa may reside within the region defined by the toxin A LP and the first 30 amino acids (aa) of mature toxin A. In the present study, we have used exonuclease Ba131 deletion analysis to examine the specific role of the first 30 as in toxin A secretion. Four toxA subclones, which encode products containing the toxin A LP and different segments of the 30-residue region fused to a toxin A carboxy-terminal region, were identified. In addition, a gene fusion encoding a hybrid protein consisting of the LP of P. aeruginosa elastase and the final 305 residues of toxin A, was generated. The cellular location of the toxA subclone products in P. aeruginosa was determined by immunoblotting analysis. Toxin A CRMs (cross-reacting material) encoded by different subclones were detected in different fractions of P. aeruginosa including the periplasm and the supernatant. Results from these studies suggest that (1) mature toxin A contains two separate secretion signals one within the N-terminal region and one within the C-terminal region; and (2) the first 30 residues of the mature toxin A form part of the N-terminal secretion signal.     

Cloning and sequencing of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 pilin structural gene

The pilin structural gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 was cloned in both cosmids and lambda. Expression of the cloned gene was detected in P. aeruginosa strains PAO2003, PA103, and 653A by an immunoblot reaction utilizing monoclonal antibodies. Western blot analysis showed that pilin expressed from the cloned gene was slightly larger than native 1244 pilin when produced in strains PAO2003 and 653A, but distinctly smaller in PA103. Bacteriophages specific for the 1244 pilus did not lyse strain PAO2003 containing the cloned 1244 pilin gene, indicating that functional 1244 pili were not assembled in this recombinant strain. Nucleotide sequencing revealed a coding region which when translated would produce a 15,615 dalton peptide. The amino-terminal region of this peptide is identical with published pilin sequences. While the rest of the peptides are generally dissimilar, common residues are seen within potentially antigenic regions.     

铜绿假单胞菌Las系统信号分子对小鼠巨噬细胞影响的体外研究

对于包括铜绿假单胞菌在内的众多微生物而言,群体感应系统是细菌表达毒力因子的重要调节子．Las和Rhl是群体感应两个主要组成部分．Las和Rhl分别受自诱导剂N-3-氧化十二烷酰基-L-高丝氨酸内酯(3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL)和N-丁酰-L-高丝氨酸内酯(C₄-HSL)的影响．最近的研究进展显示群体感应分子尤其是3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL具有调节宿主免疫系统的能力．本实验展示了3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL可以诱导鼠源巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)的凋亡和吞噬作用．把合成的3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL加入RAW264.7细胞培养基中,发现细胞生活力以一种依赖于3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL的浓度(6.25 to 100 μmol/L)和培养时间(2 to 24 h)的方式逐渐丢失．同样,我们观察到3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL的细胞毒活性,用3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL处理的细胞出现细胞形态上的改变,这一改变表明3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL处理的细胞加速凋亡,这一点同时也被其他多个标准(caspases3、8和9,线粒体膜电位,磷脂酰丝氨酸的表达)所证实．中性红吞饮实验证明,3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL会显著地减小RAW264.7细胞的吞噬能力(P < 0.05)．同时,高浓度的3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL会降低RAW264.7细胞对铜绿假单胞菌的吞噬作用(P < 0.001)．这些数据表明3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL能特异性地促进细胞凋亡的诱导和RAW264.7细胞吞噬能力的减小．这可能和3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL诱导的细胞毒性有关．最终我们的实验数据证明,群体感应信号分子3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL在铜绿假单胞菌感染的致病机理中扮演着重要的角色．     

维拉帕米对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应抑制作用的体外研究

考察维拉帕米对铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PA）群体感应（Quorum sensing, QS）的抑制作用。测定维拉帕米最小抑菌浓度(Minimal inhibit concentration,MIC) ;构建培养环境,考察维拉帕米对PA生长的影响,绘制生长曲线;毒力因子表达实验中,分别考察维拉帕米对PA弹性蛋白酶表达、蛋白水解酶表达和绿脓毒素表达的影响。结果表明,维拉帕米MIC₅₀为128 μg/mL,MIC₉₀为512 μg/mL,最低抑菌质量浓度范围为128~512 μg/mL时,具有较好抑菌活性;生长曲线表明,维拉帕米质量浓度为16 μg/mL时,开始抑制PA的生长,随着浓度的增加,抑制作用逐渐增大;当维拉帕米质量浓度为512、256、128、64、32、16 μg/mL时,明显抑制弹性蛋白酶表达（P<0.01）,质量浓度为8 μg/mL时,对弹性蛋白酶有一定抑制作用（P<0.05）,维拉帕米质量浓度为512、256、128、64、32 μg/mL时,明显抑制蛋白水解酶的活性和绿脓毒素的表达（P<0.01）,当质量浓度为16 μg/mL时,对蛋白水解酶活性和绿脓毒素的表达有一定抑制作用（P<0.05）;维拉帕米对QS的抑制有浓度依赖。维拉帕米对PA的QS有明显抑制作用,体外可明显抑制PA生长,可作为抗菌增效的潜在开发药物。     

铜绿假单胞菌中S型绿脓杆菌素与荧光嗜铁素的功能协同性分析

在铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)中,S型绿脓杆菌素S2和S4与细菌中的铁载体荧光嗜铁素(pyoverdine)使用相同的摄取通道,表明二者之间存在某些联系。本研究表征了细菌中3个S型绿脓杆菌素(Pys2、PA3866、PyoS5)的单细菌基因表达分布,并研究了S2型绿脓杆菌素对细菌摄取荧光嗜铁素的影响。结果表明,在DNA损伤压力下,S型绿脓杆菌素基因的表达在细菌种群中呈现出高度分化,外源加入S2型绿脓杆菌素会减少细菌对荧光嗜铁素的摄取,因此S2型绿脓杆菌素的存在会阻止不合成荧光嗜铁素的“欺骗者”摄取环境中荧光嗜铁素,进而减弱其对活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)压力的抵抗能力。另外我们发现,在细菌中过表达SOS响应(SOS response)调节因子PrtN时,荧光嗜铁素相关合成基因的表达量显著降低,进而导致荧光嗜铁素的总合成量和外分泌量显著降低。以上结果表明细菌中SOS压力响应系统与铁摄取系统的功能是存在相互联系的。     

Binding of protegrin-1 to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia

Background  

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia infections of cystic fibrosis patients' lungs are often resistant to conventional antibiotic therapy. Protegrins are antimicrobial peptides with potent activity against many bacteria, including P. aeruginosa. The present study evaluates the correlation between protegrin-1 (PG-1) sensitivity/resistance and protegrin binding in P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia.     

Mutations affecting regulation of the anabolic argF and the catabolic aru genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO

Summary The nucleotide sequence required for a fully functional promoter and operator of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa argF gene (argF _po), the arginine-repressible gene for anabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase, was defined within a 160 by region. The streptomycin (Sm) resistance genes strAB of plasmid RSF1010 were fused to argF _po. This construct in P. aeruginosa strain PAO conferred resistance to Sm. Mutants of strain PAO were selected which were resistant to Sm in the presence of arginine due to constitutive expression of argF _po —strAB. These mutants were designated argR. They were unable to grow or grew poorly on arginine or ornithine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. This growth defect (Aru^–/Oru^– phenotype) was correlated with a reduced level of N-succinylornithine aminotransferase, an enzyme participating in the major aerobic pathway for arginine and ornithine catabolism in this organism. The argR mutants were classified into four groups by transduction analysis and three argR mutations were mapped on the PAO chromosome. argR9901 and argR9902 were co-transducible with car-9 (at 1 min) and thus close to the oru-310 locus; argR9906 was localized in the oruI (=aru) gene cluster (67 min). Some aru mutants, which have been isolated previously and which produce very low amounts of all enzymes in the arginine succinyltransferase pathway, were unable to repress the argF gene in an arginine medium. Thus, P. aeruginosa PAO appears to have multiple genes that are involved in the regulation of both the anabolic argF and the catabolic aru genes.Abbreviations Arg^– arginine auxotrophy - Aru arginine utilization - Oru ornithine utilization     

噬菌体治疗小鼠肺部铜绿假单胞菌感染的研究

【目的】通过两种给药方式观察噬菌体鸡尾酒制剂对铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)肺部感染小鼠的疗效。【方法】将小鼠行气管切开术,经气管灌注2×10⁸CFU/mL的铜绿假单胞菌悬液50μL,0.5 h后分别给予噬菌体鸡尾酒滴鼻和腹腔注射,同时建立PBS滴鼻和腹腔注射对照组。待感染24 h后,观察小鼠的生理状态,并行细菌学、病理学与炎症因子水平等检查。【结果】噬菌体鸡尾酒制剂的治疗组小鼠,肺内的铜绿假单胞菌被清除;病理结果显示,治疗组小鼠肺部组织结构较完好、炎症程度较轻。【结论】该铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体鸡尾酒制剂在小鼠体内具有很强的抗菌作用,对肺部细菌感染具有一定的治疗效果。     

铜绿假单胞菌在液滴界面的二维和三维运动特征

【目的】环境中无处不在的气-液界面能够影响细菌的运动和养分的传输扩散,进而调控微生物的种群互作和群落结构。因此,系统地认知微生物在微观界面的运动特征对于理解和解析微生物多样性的产生、维持机制以及生态功能至关重要。【方法】本文基于微流体显微系统(超高速荧光显微镜和数字全息显微镜),以具备主动运动能力的模式菌株铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1)为研究对象,观测并解析了细菌细胞在气-液界面的二维运动特征和气-液-固界面的二维与三维运动特征。【结果】PAO1既能在气-液界面处执行近似直线轨迹的运动,也能在气-液界面下方执行顺时针或逆时针旋转的圆周运动(最小曲率半径Rmin=3μm)。在气-液-固界面处,6.45%的不运动细胞聚集于气-液-固界面边缘处,并在该处完成不可逆附着;同时,游动细胞由于受到液滴内部毛细管流和马兰戈尼(Marangoni)涡流运动的综合作用,直线游动至距界面约40μm内的区域后,其运动轨迹转变为垂直界面方向返回或以近似界面平行方向运动并附着,这些行为显著调节了PAO1的空间分布,促使了其朝向气-液-固界面的迁移,表明个体PAO1的鞭毛在此...