Heat-stabilities of Electron Transport Related to Photosystem I in a Thermophilic Blue-green Alga, Synechococcus sp.

Heat-stabilities of photosystem I reactions in a thermophilicblue-green alga, Synechococcus sp. were studied. All the reactionsexamined were highly resistant to heat as compared with thosein ordinary higher plants and algae. Cyt c-553 photooxidation in vivo was abolished by treatmentat 75?C for 5 min. By contrast, P700 photooxidation was extremelyresistant to heat and could not be completely inactivated bytreatment of the cells or isolated thylakoids at about 100?Cfor 5 min. Photooxidation of added Cyt c-553 by isolated thylakoidmembranes was more heat-stable than was this activity in cells.This suggests that heat-treatment caused a perturbation in thestructural integrity of the membranes which is required forefficient electron transfer from Cyt c-553 to P700 in situ. At higher temperatures, the inactivation of Cyt c-553 photooxidationin the membranes parallels the decrease in the rate of P700photooxidation. Spectrophotometric studies with short flashesindicated that inactivation of the electron transport from Cytc-553 to methyl viologen is due to the denaturation of a secondaryelectron acceptor of photosystem I, A₂, and possibly anotheracceptor, P430. ¹ Present address: The Solar Energy Research Group, the Instituteof Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi,Saitama 351, Japan. (Received September 28, 1981; Accepted December 21, 1981)     

An experimental assessment of the factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in tomato

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carrying a binary vector pTOK233, which contained the GUS reporter gene and a kanamycin-resistance gene nptII, was employed for optimizing the transformation efficiency evaluated by a GUS gene transient expression level. Eight factors including explant types, explant size and source, the concentration of cytokinin, inoculation time, pH of inoculation and cocultivation media, bacterial concentration, acetosyringone concentration, and cocultivation duration were investigated in detail. This optimized protocol was then adopted to obtain transgenic tomato plants resistant to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain LBA4404, carrying a binary vector pR-ΔGDD containing the kanamy cin-resistance gene and CMV replicase gene with GDD deletion. The presence of the CMV-RNA2 gene was confirmed by genomic DNA Southern blot analysis in all transformants analyzed. Field spray test showed that the transgenic tomato plants were resistant to 100 mg/l kanamycin. Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2006, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 280–284. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

根癌农杆菌介导Bt基因转化水稻的研究

为了培育出无筛选标记基因的转基因水稻,试验将loxp-hpt-loxp基因与成基因连锁在-起转化水稻方法,得到loxp-hpt—loxp—Bt转基因水稻植株,再与同质的带有ere基因的水稻杂交,以定向删除潮霉素抗性筛选标记。试验表明以水稻品种“皖粳97”为供试材料,将成熟胚来源的愈伤组织用根癌农杆菌EHA105／pCAMBIA1305．1感染后,筛选出抗性愈伤组织并获得再生植株。经PCR验证,得到20棵转基因水稻植株。     

Membrane location of the Ti plasmid VirB proteins involved in the biosynthesis of a pilin-like conjugative structure on Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Abstract The virB operon of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid encodes 11 proteins. Specific antisera to VirB2, VirB3 and VirB9 were used to locate these virulence proteins in the A. tumefaciens cell. Immunoblot analysis located VirB2 protein to the inner and outer membranes; VirB3 and VirB9 were likewise associated with both membranes, but mainly in the outer membrane. VirB2 is processed from a 12.3-kDa protein into a 7.2-kDa polypeptide. Such sized protein results from cleavage at residue Ala⁴⁷, upstream of which two additional alanine residues Ala⁴⁵-Ala⁴⁶ are contained and bearing resemblance to a signal peptide peptidase-I cleavage sequence. VirB2 and VirB3 sequences are strikingly similar to the pilin biosynthetic proteins TraA and TraL encoded by the tra operon of F and R1-19 plasmids. Since traA encodes a propilin that is cleaved into a 7.2-kDa conjugative pilin product and since this cleavage site is present in both TraA and VirB2, we propose that virB2 encodes a pilin-like protein which together with VirB3 and VirB9 as well as other VirB proteins may be used for interkingdom T-DNA transfer between bacteria and plants.     

根癌农杆菌介导的大豆遗传转化

农杆菌介导法是大豆遗传转化的重要方法之一 ,许多实验室应用该方法得到了转基因大豆 ,但目前使用该方法进行转化的效率还比较低 ,尚需深入研究。农杆菌菌株、大豆基因型、组织培养条件、T-DNA的转移效率和转化后的筛选模式都会影响大豆转化的效率。概述了近年来根癌农杆菌介导的大豆遗传转化的一些重要成果 ,以及转化过程中大豆的易感性与农杆菌的转化能力、乙酰丁香酮促进vir基因活化、转化的受体系统和巯基混合物减轻受体材料的褐化、提高T DNA的转移效率等几个重要因素的研究进展 ,并介绍了转化中常用的几个筛选标记基因 (nptⅡ、hpt、bar基因和突变的ahas基因 )及通过共转化法去除标记基因的方法 ,同时对今后研究的重点进行了讨论.     

农杆菌介导的高羊茅高效遗传转化和转基因植株再生

用带有质粒pDBA121(含hpt基因和bar基因)的农杆菌EHA 105转化高羊茅(Festucaarundinacea Schreb.)胚性悬浮细胞,建立了可重复的、高效的农杆菌介导的高羊茅遗传转化系统.商业用的除草剂Basta直接用于转化细胞的筛选.基因型、受体材料的类型、培养基成分和筛选剂影响农杆菌介导的转化频率.悬浮细胞的农杆菌转化效率为每克悬浮细胞再生2.85～10.9株转基因植株,大大高于基因枪法的高羊茅转化效率(2～5株).经PCR分析和Southern杂交检测表明,bar基因已整合进入高羊茅基因组,转基因植株Basta喷洒试验表明bar基因已成功地实现高水平的表达.此转化系统的建立为高效地将外源有用基因导入高羊茅并高效稳定地表达奠定了基础.     

Transformation of rice mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been routinely utilized in gene transfer to dicotyledonous plants, but monocotyledonous plants including important cereals were thought to be recalcitrant to this technology as they were outside the host range of crown gall. Various challenges to infect monocotyledons including rice with Agrobacterium had been made in many laboratories, but the results were not conclusive until recently. Efficient transformation protocols mediated by Agrobacterium were reported for rice in 1994 and 1996. A key point in the protocols was the fact that tissues consisting of actively dividing, embryonic cells, such as immature embryos and calli induced from scutella, were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium in the presence of acetosyringonc, which is a potent inducer of the virulence genes. It is now clear that Agrobacterium is capable of transferring DNA to monocotyledons if tissues containing competent cells are infected. The studies of transformation of rice suggested that numerous factors including genotype of plants, types and ages of tissues inoculated, kind of vectors, strains of Agrobacterium, selection marker genes and selective agents, and various conditions of tissue culture, are of critical importance. Advantages of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in rice, like on dicotyledons, include the transfer of pieces of DNA with defined ends with minimal rearrangements, the transfer of relatively large segments of DNA, the integration of small numbers of copies of genes into plant chromosomes, and high quality and fertility of transgenic plants. Delivery of foreign DNA to rice plants via A. tumefaciens is a routine technique in a growing number of laboratories. This technique will allow the genetic improvement of diverse varieties of rice, as well as studies of many aspects of the molecular biology of rice.     

Ti质粒介导的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶cDNA转化烟草植株

将玉米Ｃ４－磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（ＰＥＰ羧化酶）ｃＤＮＡ亚克隆至穿梭质粒ｐＢｉｎ１９,通过在杆菌Ｔｉ质粒（ＬＢＡ４４０４）介导的时圆片共培养法将其转入Ｃ３植物烟草中。在获得的抗性转化植株中,８０％具有较强的ＮＰＴⅡ报道基因表达。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交表明Ｃ４－ＰＥＰ羧化酶ｃＤＮＡ已被整合到了烟草核基因组中。     

Alternative methods for genetic transformation of Pseudozyma antarctica, a basidiomycetous yeast-like fungus

Electroporation and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) were adapted and optimized for genetic transformation of the basidiomycetous yeast-like fungus Pseudozyma antarctica as alternatives to the cumbersome PEG/CaCl₂-mediated transformation of protoplasts. Electroporation yielded 100–200 transformants per μg of DNA per 10⁸ cells after 3 days on selective medium. For its part, ATMT yielded 60–160 transformants per 10⁶ input cfu after 5–10 days on a selective medium. Transformants obtained from both methods showed stable hygromycin resistance and strong expression of green fluorescent protein. Analysis of integration events revealed a limited number of predominantly tandem insertions in the genome of transformants, an improvement over PEG/CaCl₂-mediated transformation. Both protocols relied on intact conidia of P. antarctica as starting material and thus eliminated the need for cell wall-degrading or weakening agents such as lytic enzymes or chemicals. Other advantages over protoplast transformation included higher yield of transformants and shorter recovery time of transformed colonies on selective medium.     

高效、快速地将外源DNA导入根癌土壤杆菌

室温下用50mmol/LCaCl_2处理根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)以制备感受态细胞,然后经0℃冰浴及28℃热击处理,成功地将Ti质粒中间载体(>10kb)导入了根癌土壤农杆菌中。转化效率每个活细胞可达10~(-4)～10~(-5)转化子或10~6转化子/μgDNA。探讨了该菌细胞生长状态、CaCl_2滚滚浓度、温度、液氮、热击、复苏时间以及感受态细胞于4℃或—20℃(加15％甘油)下保存时间对根癌土壤杆菌转化的影响。     

农杆菌介导南瓜遗传转化体系的建立

以南瓜金辉一号(Cucurbita moschata ‘Jinhui 1’)为实验材料, 利用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导转化南瓜子叶节, 研究了预培养时间、侵染时间、乙酰丁香酮(AS)浓度和共培养时间, 抗生素羧苄青霉素(Carb)、头孢霉素(Cef)以及筛选剂卡那霉素(Kan)等因素对离体不定芽的影响, 建立了南瓜最适遗传转化体系。结果表明: 外植体预培养0天,侵染时间30分钟, AS浓度为100 mg·L^–1, 共培养5天可获得最高遗传转化效率; 最适除菌剂为Cef, 其最适浓度为500mg·L^–1; 最适Kan筛选浓度为100 mg·L^–1; 在MS培养基上培养抗性芽生根, 经PCR和Southern blot检测, 证明为转基因植株。     

荞麦高频离体再生及发根农杆菌转化体系的建立

荞麦无菌苗下胚轴切段在不同激素配比的MS培养基上诱导愈伤组织,出愈率均为100％。在2．0mg/L2,4-D和1．5mg/L 6-BA组合下诱导产生的愈伤组织;转入2．0mg/L 6-BA和1．0mg/L KT的MS培养基,再生苗分化率在80％以上。根尖色体分析表明再生植株具一定的遗传稳定性。发根农杆菌A4转化荞麦下胚轴和子叶获得发状根,纸电泳检测所有随机取样测定的发状根均有相应冠瘿碱的存在。     

农杆菌介导的玉米遗传转化研究进展

本文就农杆菌介导的玉米遗传转化的技术要点及原理等进行了综述,并对各种影响农杆菌转化玉米效率的关键因子包括农杆菌的菌株与载体、标记基因、受体材料的基因型、来源和发育状态以及组织培养的条件等进行了讨论。     

一种简单的哺乳动物细胞附着体质粒CaCl2转化方法

目的:建立一种简单经济的哺乳动物细胞附着体质粒还原实验方法。方法:构建附着体载体,转染中国卵巢仓鼠(CHO)细胞和小鼠脑神经瘤细胞Neuro-2a,利用改良的赫特裂解法提取附着体质粒,CaCl2法转化附着质粒至宿主菌大肠杆菌DH5α,再次从DH5α中提取质粒,将转染前后质粒用KpnⅠ/BamHⅠ双酶切和BamHⅠ单酶切,并将转染前后的质粒进行DNA测序分析。结果:与最初转染的质粒相比,还原质粒双酶切和单酶切后的条带大小一致;DNA测序分析表明,转染前后质粒中的插入序列相同。结论:建立了可用于质粒还原实验的简单的CaCl2转化方法。     

Development of a binary vector system for plant transformation based on the supervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain Chry5

This report describes the disarming of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Chry5, a strain highly tumorigenic on soybean. Disarming was achieved by removing an approximately 16.5-kb segment of the 285-kb Ti plasmid pTiChry5, including approximately 4 kb of the oncogenic T-DNA and an extended region right of the T-DNA, and replacing it with a gene for carbenicillin resistance, through homologous recombination. The deletion was confirmed with Southern analysis, and the loss of tumorigenicity was verified in tobacco and tomato plant stem inoculation assays. The deletion mutant, named KYRT1, successfully transferred the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene into tobacco leaf tissue, producing GUS-expressing callus which could be regenerated into viable plants. In a comparative study, the transformation efficiency of A. tumefaciens KYRT1, GV3850, and EHA105 was assayed by inoculating cotyledonary node explants. The results of this study revealed that, in a binary vector system, KYRT1 is equally or more effective than EHA105 or GV3850 at delivering DNA into soybean. Received: 30 January 1997 / Revision received: 10 June 1997 / Accepted: 5 July 1997     

根癌农杆菌介导的日本曲霉转化体系的建立

【目的】通过根癌农杆菌介导的方法构建日本曲霉转化子库,从而筛选出高产甘没氧化酶的日本曲霉突变菌株。【方法】本文通过三亲杂交的方法将双元载体pBI-hphII转移至根癌农杆菌EHA105中并作为侵染菌株,以日本曲霉As5999为受体菌株,建立了农杆菌介导的日本曲霉转化体系,构建了突变体库,并对影响转化效率的根癌农杆菌浓度,乙酰丁香酮(As)加入与否,共培养时间,共培养温度等因素进行了分析。【结果】对转化子的PCR检测和Southern杂交分析表明,T-DNA已整合进日本曲霉基因组中,随机挑选的9个转化子连续转接10代后均能稳定遗传。【结论】该转化体系的建立为筛选出高产甘油氧化酶的日本曲霉突变菌株奠定了基础。     

The effects of wounding type, preculture, infection method and cocultivation temperature on the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in tomatoes

To reduce the complexity of Agrobacterium‐mediated gene transfer in tomatoes, effects of various parameters, such as shoot regeneration medium (SRM), wounding type, infection method, preculture and cocultivation temperature, have been evaluated. Transformation frequency was analysed by the Agrobacterium strain LBA4404, harbouring a recombinant binary expression vector pIG121Hm‐GS, which contained the glutathione synthetase gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. The transformation frequency was highly dependent on the wound type of the explants, the infection method and the cocultivation temperature. On the other hand, a commonly used, preincubation method of the explants, on the preculture medium, did not show any significant improvement regarding transformation frequency. Optimal transformation frequency was observed when fresh perforated cotyledonary explants were directly infected with a bacterial solution A, followed by cocultivation at 24°C in a coculture medium for 2 days and subsequent shoot regeneration on a selective SRM1. The presence of transgene, in putative transgenic plants, was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analyses. By using the most effective treatment from each category, an average of 20.7% kanamycin‐resistant and PCR‐positive shoots were recovered from the three tomato cultivars examined. The optimisation of these parameters may offer a simple, consistent, efficient and much less laborious protocol for tomato transformation.     

根癌农杆菌介导小麦幼胚遗传转化的影响因素

利用携带pC3301质粒(含bar和gus基因)的超毒根癌农杆菌菌株EHA105对普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)扬麦158进行了遗传转化,对筛选中的抗生素浓度、菌液浓度、共培养温度和时间、幼胚预培养时间、乙酰丁香酮(AS)浓度、洗涤用液及筛选方式等影响转化的几个重要因素进行了讨论.对从294个小麦幼胚外植体中转化得到的5株成活植株进行了PCR和Southern blot分析,结果表明其中2株小麦基因组中整合了外源DNA,转化频率为0.68%.     

影响农杆菌转化效率的植物因子H2A1基因的克隆、序列分析及其植物表达载体的构建

拟南芥组蛋白H2A1是影响农杆菌T-DNA整合到宿主基因组的关键因素之一。与其它H2A组蛋白一样,它含有1个保守的H2A结构域。本研究利用PCP技术从拟南芥中成功扩增到H2A1基因组序列的全长。产物纯化后克隆到pBI121(Kmr),从而构建了H2A1的植物表达载体pBI121-H2A1。PCR和DNA测序证实载体构建成功。最后用电击法将该重组质粒导入根癌农杆菌LBA4404菌株中形成工程菌。此表达载体的构建为进一步研究H2A1的功能和提高外源基因在植物中稳定表达水平奠定了基础。