Production of Food and Fodder Yeasts

Abstract

A decade or so ago, there was considerable interest in developing single cell protein production from raw materials. Many factors have influenced the development of fodder yeast technology, notably the biochemistry and physiology of the yeast.

It is shown that those considerations have led to the choice of a continuous fermentation technology.     

Production of ethanol from guava pulp by yeast strains

Guava pulp used for ethanol production by three yeast strains contained 10% (w/v) total sugars and was pH 4.1. Ethanol production at the optimum sugar concentration of 10%, at pH 4.1 and 30°C was 1.5%, 3.6% and 3.9% (w/v) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 1972, Isolate-1 and Isolate-2, respectively, at 60 h fermentation. Higher sugar concentrations at 15 and 20% were inhibitory for ethanol production by all test cultures. The maximum production of ethanol at optimum natural sugar concentration (10%) of guava pulp, was 5.8% (w/v) at pH 5.0 by Isolate-2 over 36 h fermentation, which was only slightly more than the quantity of ethanol produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5.0%) and Isolate-1 (5.3%) over 36 and 60h fermentation, respectively.     

Identification of genes and proteins induced during the lag and early exponential phase of lager brewing yeasts

AIMS: The aim of the present study is to identify genes and proteins whose expression is induced in lager brewing yeast during the lag phase and early exponential growth. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to identify proteins induced during the lag and early exponential phase of lager brewing yeast in minimal medium. The identified, early-induced proteins were Ade17p, Eno2p, Ilv5gp, Sam1p, Rps21p and Ssa2p. For most of these proteins, the patterns of induction differed from those of the corresponding genes. However, the genes had similar early expression patterns in minimal medium as observed during lager brewing conditions. The expression of previously identified early-induced genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in minimal medium, ADO1, ALD6, ASC1, ERG4, GPP1, RPL25, SSB1 and YKL056C, was also early induced in lager yeast under brewing conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the above-mentioned genes in general are induced during the lag phase and early exponential growth in Saccharomyces yeasts. The processes in which these genes take part are likely to play an important role during growth initiation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Increased knowledge regarding the early growth phase of lager brewing yeast was obtained. Further, the universality of the identified expression patterns suggests new methodologies for optimization and control of growth initiation during brewing fermentations.     

Production of 1,3-Propanediol from Glycerol by Clostridium acetobutylicum and Other Clostridium Species

Glycerol was fermented with the production of 1,3-propanediol as the major fermentation product by four strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum, six of C. butylicum, two of C. beijerinckii, one of C. kainantoi, and three of C. butyricum. 1,3-Propanediol was identified by its retention times in gas chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography and by its mass spectrum. During growth of C. butylicum B593 in a chemostat culture at pH 6.5, 61% of the glycerol fermented was converted to 1,3-propanediol. When the pH was decreased to 4.9, growth and 1,3-propanediol production were substantially reduced.     

l-Isoleucine Production by Analog-resistant Mutants Derived from Threonine-producing Strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum

A thiaisoleucine-resistant mutant, ASAT–372, derived from a threonine producer of Corynebacterium glutamicum, KY 10501, produced 5 mg/ml each of l-isoleucine and l-threonine. l-Isoleucine productivity of ASAT–372 was improved stepwise, with concurrent decrease in threonine production, by successively endowing it with resistivity to such substances as ethionine, 4-azaleucine and α-aminobutyric acid. The mutant strain finally selected, RAM–83, produced 9.7 mg/ml of l-isoleucine with a medium containing 10% (as sugar) molasses.

l-Isoleucine production was significantly affected by the concentration of ammonium sulfate in the fermentation medium. At 4% ammonium sulfate l-isoleucine production was enhanced whereas l-threonine production was suppressed. At 2% ammonium sulfate l-threonine production was stimulated while l-isoleucine production decreased.     

山稻蝗及相关物种Cyt b基因序列及其遗传关系

中国7个不同地理区域的山稻蝗Oxya agavisa共16个个体的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因中间部分序列被测定,分析和比较,同时与小稻蝗O.inricata,日本稻蝗O.japonica和中华稻蝗O.chinensis相应序列进行比较,用瘤锥蝗科的曲尾似橄蝗Pseudomorphacris hollisi和蚱科的日本蚱Tetrix japonica作外群,构建了山稻蝗不同单倍型及其相关物种的NJ分子系统树。在获得的山稻蝗432bp的序列中,A＋T约占71．0％,其中9个核苷酸位点存在变异（约占所测核苷酸的2．08％）,但权有1个位点引起了氨基酸的变异,就每个氨基酸密码子来看,第三位点的A＋T含量较,达88．3％。分子系统树显示,山稻蝗6个单倍型聚为一个簇,彼此之间有一定的分歧,其分枝与地理分布没有直接的关系;该种与日本稻蝗关系较近,与中华稻蝗和小稻蝗相对较远。并对此进行了讨论。     

Production of an Antifungal Chitinase from Enterobacter sp. NRG4 and its Application in Protoplast Production

Summary In this study flake chitin, crab shell chitin, mushroom stalk, fungal cell wall, wheat bran and rice bran were used as substrate for chitinase production by Enterobacter sp. NRG4 under submerged and solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions. Enterobacter sp. NRG4 produced 72 and 49.7 U/ml of chitinase in presence of cell walls of Candida albicans and Fusarium moniliforme in submerged fermentation. Under SSF, maximum chitinase production was 965 U/g solid substrate with flake chitin and wheat bran (1:3 ratio) at 75% moisture level after 144 h. The purified chitinase inhibited hyphal extension of Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus niger, Mucor rouxi and Rhizopus nigricans. The chitinase was effective in release of protoplasts from Trichoderma ressei, Pleurotus florida, Agaricus bisporus and Aspergillus niger. Protoplasts yield was maximum with 60 mg of 24 h old fungal mycelium incubated with 60 U of chitinase and 60 U of cellulase.     

绿僵菌Ma83几丁质酶的发酵研究

本实验从虫生真菌中筛选出金龟子绿僵菌M a83菌株,它的几丁质酶合成能力最强。其产酶的适宜条件是,碳源为胶体几丁质加葡萄糖,氮源为NaNO3,培养温度为28℃,培养基起始pH 6.0;接种量为5 mL液态种,最适装液量为5 mL,添加维生素C可以提高酶活;正交实验表明培养因子的最佳组合是:NaNO31 g/L,胶体几丁质0.6 g/L,酵母膏0.05 g/L,葡萄糖0.10 g/L。根据液态培养产酶过程结果可知,当M a83菌培养6天时,几丁质酶活力达到8.1 U/mL。     

粘质沙雷氏菌XJ-01几丁质酶合成条件的优化

目的:对粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)XJ-01几丁质酶合成条件优化.方法:研究了碳源、氮源、温度、pH等单个因素对该菌几丁质酶合成的影响,并通过正交实验确定了该菌的最适酶合成条件.结果:该茵几丁质酶最优合成条件为:胶体几丁质5g/L、硫酸铵5 g/L、培养温度32℃、最适pH 8.结论:优化了S.marcescens XJ-01几丁质酶的合成条件.     

Maltotriose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Maltotriose, the second most abundant sugar of brewer's wort, is not fermented but is respired by several industrial yeast strains. We have isolated a strain capable of growing on a medium containing maltotriose and the respiratory inhibitor, antimycin A. This strain produced equivalent amounts of ethanol from 20 g l⁻¹ glucose, maltose, or maltotriose. We performed a detailed analysis of the rates of active transport and intracellular hydrolysis of maltotriose by this strain, and by a strain that does not ferment this sugar. The kinetics of sugar hydrolysis by both strains was similar, and our results also indicated that yeast cells do not synthesize a maltotriose-specific α-glucosidase. However, when considering active sugar transport, a different pattern was observed. The maltotriose-fermenting strain showed the same rate of active maltose or maltotriose transport, while the strain that could not ferment maltotriose showed a lower rate of maltotriose transport when compared with the rates of active maltose transport. Thus, our results revealed that transport across the plasma membrane, and not intracellular hydrolysis, is the rate-limiting step for the fermentation of maltotriose by these Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 34–38. Received 13 January 2001/ Accepted in revised form 29 May 2001     

Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers for Solen grandis and Their Cross-Species Amplification in Three Other Species

The grand jackknife clam Solen grandis is a commercially important mollusk species, but has been suffering from severe population decline due to over-exploitation and habitat destruction in China. To promote a conservation program for this species, it is necessary to evaluate its genetic diversity and population genetics. In this study, 10 novel polymorphic microsatellite makers were developed and characterized from the S. grandis through high throughput sequencing. The number of alleles at each locus ranged from 10 to 34 with an average of 20.8 alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.433 to 1.000 and from 0.696 to 0.976, with an average of 0.793 and 0.884, respectively. The polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.633 (Sg43838) to 0.958 (Sg3754), with an average of 0.858. The cross-species amplification transferability of 10 loci to three closely related species ranged from 4.17 to 62.5%. These microsatellite loci will be useful for further investigation of population structure and conversation genetics of this species.     

Formation of Sclerotia and Production of Indoloterpenes by Aspergillus niger and Other Species in Section Nigri

Several species in Aspergillus section Nigri have been reported to produce sclerotia on well-known growth media, such as Czapek yeast autolysate (CYA) agar, with sclerotia considered to be an important prerequisite for sexual development. However Aspergillus niger sensu stricto has not been reported to produce sclerotia, and is thought to be a purely asexual organism. Here we report, for the first time, the production of sclerotia by certain strains of Aspergillus niger when grown on CYA agar with raisins, or on other fruits or on rice. Up to 11 apolar indoloterpenes of the aflavinine type were detected by liquid chromatography and diode array and mass spectrometric detection where sclerotia were formed, including 10,23-dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine. Sclerotium induction can thus be a way of inducing the production of new secondary metabolites from previously silent gene clusters. Cultivation of other species of the black aspergilli showed that raisins induced sclerotium formation by A. brasiliensis, A. floridensis A. ibericus, A. luchuensis, A. neoniger, A. trinidadensis and A. saccharolyticus for the first time.     

Effect of cultivation conditions on trehalose content and viability of brewing yeast following preservation via filter paper or lyophilization methods

The effects of variations in cultivation conditions on trehalose concentration and the viability of brewing yeasts following preservation by filter paper or lyophilization methods were evaluated. In case of filter paper preservation, the cultivation period had no affect on yeast viability, while agitation and aeration during cultivation had a positive effect regarding viability of the bottom-fermenting strains, Rh and Frank. For effective preservation, it was necessary to harvest yeast cells from the stationary phase during cultivation. For lyophilization preservation, the yeast strains tested showed a negative effect on viability, independent of strain or cultivation method. No significant correlation was found between trehalose concentration and yeast viability following either filter paper or lyophilization preservation. However, the filter paper preservation method was suitable for both bottom and top brewing yeast strains with regard to feasibility, viability, and maintenance of the yeast’s specific character.     

酵母属间融合菌株F27山梨醇发酵适宜条件的研究

报道了酵母属间隔合菌体F27利用菊粉进行山梨醇发酵适宜条件的研究结果。其适用的发酵培养组成为（％）;菊粉（以总糖计）,10;酵母膏,2．5;葡萄糖,1．0;MnSO4,0.1。适宜的发酵条件为：培养基初始PH5－6,接种量10％（V／V）,温度35℃,该菌株经摇瓶发酵72h后,山梨醇产量可达4．87g/100mL。     

盾壳霉产生几丁质酶的条件研究

本实验采用摇瓶培养研究了盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)产生几丁质酶的条件。改良的天然马铃薯葡萄糖培养基(mPDB)较合成培养基(SMCS)更适宜作为盾壳霉产生几丁质酶的基础培养基。添加9种不同碳源试验表明葡萄糖较适宜于盾壳霉产几丁质酶;氮源试验表明硝酸钾是产酶的较适宜氮源。盾壳霉形成几丁质酶的培养时间以15 d为佳,培养的适宜pH值为6.5。