Properties and function of malate enzyme from Pseudomonas putida

Malate enzyme (L-malate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxalacetate-decarboxylating, EC 1.1.1.40)) has been purified from Pseudomonas putida to 99 per cent homogeneity by heat, ammonium suphate fractionation, gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Sodium dodecylsulphate-(SDS)-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis analysis showed an approximate tetrameric subunit with a molecular weight of 52,000. The purified enzyme showed a pH optimum between 8.0 and 8.5 (for Tris-HCl buffer) and required bivalent cations for catalysis; monovalent ions like K+ and NH4+ acted as very effective activators. The temperature-activity relationship for the malate enzyme from 35-80 degrees C showed broken Arrhenius plots with an inflexion at 65 degrees C. The enzyme halflife was 30s at 85 degrees C. The enzyme showed hyperbolic kinetics for both substrates with apparent Km values of 4.0 X 10(-4) M and 2.3 X 10(-5) M for L-malate and NADP+ respectively. From the study of the effects of some compounds on the enzyme, the physiological significance of those produced by fumarate, succinate and oxalacetate can be emphasized.     

Properties and functions of two succinic-semialdehyde dehydrogenases from Pseudomonas putida

Two forms of succinic-semialdehyde dehydrogenase have been isolated in Pseudomonas putida. The two enzymes could be separated by filtration on Sephacryl S-300 and their apparent molecular weights were approx. 200,000 and 100,000. The smaller enzyme, which is induced by growth on 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, has been purified to 88% homogeneity by anion-exchange and affinity chromatography. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate gave rise to a molecular weight of 53,000, indicating that the native enzyme is dimeric. Under standard assay conditions this enzyme acts preferentially with NAD but reduces NADP at 9% of the rate observed for NAD. The large enzyme, which is dependent on NADP, is induced by growth on putrescine and its induction is highly coordinated with putrescine: 2-oxoglutarate transaminase, gamma-amino-butyraldehyde dehydrogenase and gamma-aminobutyrate: 2-oxoglutarate transaminase activities. Activity and stability conditions and true Km values for substrate and cosubstrates of the two enzymes were determined.     

Sarcosine Dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida: Purification and Some Properties

A sarcosine dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from cell free extract of Pseudomonas putida aerobically grown in a medium containing creatinine or betaine as the carbon and nitrogen sources. The enzyme catalyzed dehydrogenation of N-methyl derivatives of some amino acids but was inert toward dimethylglycine, betaine and choline. Phenazine methosulfate, 2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenol, methylene blue, meldora blue, nile blue and potassium ferricyanide served as electron carriers. The maximal activity was observed at pH 8.0–9.0. The Km and K_max values for sarcosine were 29 mm and 1.2 μmol/min/mg, respectively. The molecular weight was estimated to be about 170,000, presumably composed of four sub-units. Spectrophotometric and fluorometric analyses indicated that the enzyme was a flavoprotein.     

Chromate-Reducing Properties of Soluble Flavoproteins from Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli

Cr(VI) (chromate) is a toxic, soluble environmental contaminant. Bacteria can reduce chromate to the insoluble and less toxic Cr(III), and thus chromate bioremediation is of interest. Genetic and protein engineering of suitable enzymes can improve bacterial bioremediation. Many bacterial enzymes catalyze one-electron reduction of chromate, generating Cr(V), which redox cycles, generating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such enzymes are not appropriate for bioremediation, as they harm the bacteria and their primary end product is not Cr(III). In this work, the chromate reductase activities of two electrophoretically pure soluble bacterial flavoproteins—ChrR (from Pseudomonas putida) and YieF (from Escherichia coli)—were examined. Both are dimers and reduce chromate efficiently to Cr(III) (k_cat/K_m = ~2 × 10⁴ M⁻¹·s⁻¹). The ChrR dimer generated a flavin semiquinone during chromate reduction and transferred >25% of the NADH electrons to ROS. However, the semiquinone was formed transiently and ROS diminished with time. Thus, ChrR probably generates Cr(V), but only transiently. Studies with mutants showed that ChrR protects against chromate toxicity; this is possibly because it preempts chromate reduction by the cellular one-electron reducers, thereby minimizing ROS generation. ChrR is thus a suitable enzyme for further studies. During chromate reduction by YieF, no flavin semiquinone was generated and only 25% of the NADH electrons were transferred to ROS. The YieF dimer may therefore be an obligatory four-electron chromate reducer which in one step transfers three electrons to chromate and one to molecular oxygen. As a mutant lacking this enzyme could not be obtained, the role of YieF in chromate protection could not be directly explored. The results nevertheless suggest that YieF may be an even more suitable candidate for further studies than ChrR.     

Purification and Properties of 2-Halo Acid Dehalogenase from Pseudomonas putida

Previous studies of potato varieties indicated that changes during cooking could be mathematically described and that some chemical components and the cell size may influence the cooking behavior. To find out whether the same principles can be adopted for other root vegetables, the cooking behavior of three other low-starch root vegetables were investigated and the results compared. Slices (6 mm thick and 30 mm diameter) were treated in water at 100°C. Mathematical expressions were assessed, and coefficients were determined to describe the kinetic behavior of the products. The cell size and pectin content of the raw materials determined the cooking characteristics. Texture development could be predicted by shear force measurements.     

Crystallization and Properties of Amine Dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp.

An amine dehydrogenase was purified and crystallized from the cell free extract of a Pseudomonas sp., isolated from soil by means of the enrichment technique. The crystalline enzyme gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 100,000 by gel filtration on a Sephadex column. Upon SDS-gel electrophoresis, the enzyme was dissociated into two nonidentical subunits having molecular weights of 60,000 (dehydrogenase) and 39,000 (cytochrome c). The absorption spectrum of the enzyme showed absorption maxima at 550 nm, 524 nm, 411 nm and 280 nm, and a broad shoulder at around 350 nm, indicating that the enzyme was purified as a dehydrogenase-cytochrome c complex. The prosthetic group of the dehydrogenase was identified as covalently bound pyrroloquinoline quinone. The enzyme showed a broad substrate specificity toward various amines including aliphatic monoamines, aliphatic diamines, aromatic amines and polyamines.     

Metal-characterization of N-Acyl-D-glutamate Amidohydrolase from Pseudomonas sp. Strain 5f-l

N-Acyl-D-glutamate amidohydrolase (D-AGase) from Pseudomonas sp. 5f-1 was a zinc-metalloenzyme which contained 2.06–2.61 g. atom of Zn per mole of enzyme. The zinc atom was required for the catalytic activity and stability of the enzyme. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of Pseudomonas sp. 5f-l D-AGase showed 32% identity to that of Alcaligenes xylosoxydans subsp. xylosoxydans A-6.     

四季豆幼苗中尿囊酸酰胺水解酶的一些特性

酰脲代谢在许多固氮豆科植物氮素代谢中起重要作用;尿囊酸的酰胺水解酶(EC3.5.3.9)分解尿囊酸成为脲基乙醇酸和CO2、NH3,脲基乙醇酸的酰胺水解酶进一步分解脲基乙醇酸产生乙醛酸和CO2、NH3.该文首次报告测定四季豆尿囊酸降解酶(分解尿囊酸的酶)的方法,酶反应基质需要盐酸苯肼存在.在四季豆干种子、幼苗根、茎和叶,均可测出尿囊酸降解酶活力.从四季豆幼苗分离出两个尿囊酸降解酶.一个分子量大于200 kD,另一个分子量为13.5 kD;小分子量的尿囊酸降解酶(没有脲基乙醇酸酰胺水解酶或脲酶活力)用于性质研究.酶反应产物分析表明,该酶是尿囊酸的酰胺水解酶.该酶反应的最适pH为8.5.Mn2 是该酶的金属辅助因子.Km为76μmol/L,Vmax为16.7 nKat/mg(=1 002 nmol min1mg1).乙醛酸和乙醇酸抑制该酶活力.赖氨酸残基和色氨酸残基是酶活力的必需基团;巯基和酪氨酸残基不是酶活力的必需基团.     

Purification and characterization of adhesive exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens

In this study, the adhesive exopolysaccharides of strains of Pseudomonas putida and P. fluorescens, both isolated from freshwater epilithic communities, were examined with regard to their chemical composition, biosynthesis, and their role in adhesion. Electron microscopy showed that both strains were enrobed in fibrous glycocalyces and that these structures were involved in attachment of the cells to a solid surface and as structural matrices in the microcolony mode of growth. In batch culture experiments most of the extracellular polysaccharide of both strains was found to be soluble in the growth medium rather than being associated with bacterial cells. Exopolysaccharide was synthesized during all phases of growth, but when growth was limited by exhaustion of the carbon source, exopolysaccharide synthesis ceased whereas exopolysaccharide synthesis continued for some time after cessation of growth in nitrogen-limited cultures. Exopolysaccharide from both strains was isolated and purified. Pseudomonas putida synthesized an exopolysaccharide composed of glucose, galactose, and pyruvate in a ratio of 1:1:1; the P. fluorescens polymer contained glucose, galactose, and pyruvate in a ratio of 1:1:0.5, respectively. Polymers from both strains were acetylated to a variable degree.     

Characterization and Two-Dimensional Crystallization of Membrane Component AlkB of the Medium-Chain Alkane Hydroxylase System from Pseudomonas putida GPo1

The alkane hydroxylase system of Pseudomonas putida GPo1 allows it to use alkanes as the sole source of carbon and energy. Bacterial alkane hydroxylases have tremendous potential as biocatalysts for the stereo- and regioselective transformation of a wide range of chemically inert unreactive alkanes into valuable reactive chemical precursors. We have produced and characterized the first 2-dimensional crystals of the integral membrane component of the P. putida alkane hydroxylase system, the nonheme di-iron alkane monooxygenase AlkB. Our analysis reveals for the first time that AlkB reconstituted into a lipid bilayer forms trimers. Addition of detergents that do not disrupt the AlkB oligomeric state (decyl maltose neopentyl glycol [DMNG], lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol [LMNG], and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether [C₁₂E₈]) preserved its activity at a level close to that of the detergent-free control sample. In contrast, the monomeric form of AlkB produced by purification in n-decyl-β-d-maltopyranoside (DM), n-dodecyl-β-d-maltopyranoside (DDM), octyl glucose neopentyl glycol (OGNG), and n-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylamine-N-oxide (LDAO) was largely inactive. This is the first indication that the physiologically active form of membrane-embedded AlkB may be a multimer. We present for the first time experimental evidence that 1-octyne acts as a mechanism-based inhibitor of AlkB. Therefore, despite the lack of any significant full-length sequence similarity with members of other monooxygenase classes that catalyze the terminal oxidation of alkanes, AlkB is likely to share a similar catalytic mechanism.     

Molecular cloning of salicylate hydroxylase genes from Pseudomonas cepacia and Pseudomonas putida

The sal gene encoding Pseudomonas cepacia salicylate hydroxylase was cloned and the sal encoding Pseudomonas putida salicylate hydroxylase was subcloned into plasmid vector pRO2317 to generate recombinant plasmids pTK3 and pTK1, respectively. Both cloned genes were expressed in the host Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The parental strain can utilize catechol, a product of the salicylate hydroxylase-catalyzed reaction, but not salicylate as the sole carbon source for growth due to a natural deficiency of salicylate hydroxylase. The pTK1- or pTK3-transformed P. aeruginosa PAO1, however, can be grown on salicylate as the sole carbon source and exhibited activities for the cloned salicylate hydroxylase in crude cell lysates. In wild-type P. cepacia as well as in pTK1- or pTK3-transformed P. aeruginosa PAO1, the presence of glucose in addition to salicylate in media resulted in lower efficiencies of sal expression P. cepacia apparently can degrade salicylate via the meta cleavage pathway which, unlike the plasmid-encoded pathway in P. putida, appears to be encoded on chromosome. As revealed by DNA cross hybridizations, the P. cepacia hsd and ht genes showed significant homology with the corresponding plasmid-borne genes of P. putida but the P. cepacia sal was not homologous to the P. putida sal. Furthermore, polyclonal antibodies developed against purified P. cepacia salicylate hydroxylase inactivated the cloned P. cepacia salicylate hydroxylase but not the cloned P. putida salicylate hydroxylase in P. aeruginosa PAO1. It appears that P. cepacia and P. putida salicylate hydroxylases, being structurally distinct, were probably derived through convergent evolution.     

Purification and characterization of methioninase from Pseudomonas putida.

Methioninase of Pseudomonas putida was purified to homogeneity, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with a specific activity 270-fold higher than that of the crude extract. 1. The purified enzyme had an S20,w of 8.37, a molecular weight of 160,000, and an isoelectric point of 5.6. 2. A break in the Arrhenius plot was observed at 40 degrees and the activation energies below and above this temperature were 15.5 and 2.97 kcal per mole, respectively. 3. In addition to L-methionine, various S-substituted derivatives of homocysteine and cysteine could serve as substrates. D-Methionine, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate, and related non sulfur-containing amino acids were inert. Equimolar formation of alpha-ketobutyrate and CH3SH was observed with methionine as a substrate. 4. In addition to the protein peak at 278 nm, two absorption maxima were observed at 345 and 430 nm at pH 7.5. Hydroxylamine removed the enzyme-bound pyridoxal phosphate, resulting in almost complete resolution with the concomitant disappearance of both peaks. Reconstruction of the treated enzyme could be achieved by addition of the cofactor; the Km value was calculated to be 0.37 muM. 5. The reported purified enzyme should be designated as L-methionine methanethiollyase (deaminating).     

Purification and properties of carnitine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida

Carnitine dehydrogenase (carnitine:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.108) from Pseudomonas putida IFP 206 catalyzes the oxidation of L-carnitine to 3-dehydrocarnitine. The enzyme was purified 72-fold to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular mass of this enzyme is 62 kDa and consists of two identical subunits. The isoelectric point was found to be 4.7. the carnitine dehydrogenase is specific for L-carnitine and NAD+. The optimum pH for enzymatic activity in the oxidation reaction was found to be 9.0 and 7.0 in the reduction reaction. The optimal temperature is 30 degrees C. The Km values for substrates were determined.     

An aerotaxis transducer gene from Pseudomonas putida

An aerotaxis gene, aer, was cloned from Pseudomonas putida PRS2000. A P. putida aer mutant displayed an altered aerotactic response in a capillary assay. Wild-type P. putida clustered at the air/liquid interface. In contrast, the aer mutant did not cluster at the interface, but instead formed a diffuse band at a distance from the meniscus. Wild-type aer, provided in trans, complemented the aer mutant to an aerotactic response that was stronger than wild-type. The P. putida Aer sequence is similar over its entire length to the aerotaxis (energy taxis) signal transducer protein, Aer, of Escherichia coli. The amino-terminus is similar to redox-sensing regulatory proteins, and the carboxy-terminus contains the highly conserved domain present in chemotactic transducers.