<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Phellinus linteus</Emphasis> grown on germinated brown rice suppresses IgE production by the modulation of Th1/Th2 balance in murine mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes

We compared the immunomodulating effects of Phellinus linteus (PL), germinated brown rice (BR) and P.␣linteus grown on germinated brown rice (PB) on IgE production in murine mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes. All extracts decreased IgE concentrations by 43–65% compared to control mice in both serum and MLN lymphocytes. In addition, PL and PB increased the proportion of CD4⁺ T cells by␣9% and 12% in MLN lymphocytes. IFN-γ concentration, Th1 cytokine, was significantly increased by 44–67%, whereas IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations, Th2 cytokine, significantly decreased by 30–60% in the three treated groups compared to control group. These results suggest that PB suppresses IgE production through the modulation of Th1/Th2 balance to down-regulate Th2 response in MLN lymphocytes, even though a synergistic effect of PB was not found.     

桑黄真菌分子鉴定及遗传多样性分析

药用真菌桑黄具有明显的抗肿瘤、抗氧化、增强免疫等药理活性,但研究者对其基源还没有达成共识,多种Phellinus属真菌被当作桑黄入药使用。采用rDNA ITS序列分析技术,对桑黄真菌进行分子鉴定及遗传多样性分析。通过rDNA ITS序列分析,成功鉴定出一份混淆样品(Phellinus spp-04),并将中国主要使用的桑黄真菌明确鉴定为P.baumii和P.linteus两种,未检测到P.igniarius的使用。依据rDNA ITS序列计算遗传距离并构建系统发育树,结果表明3种主要桑黄真菌存在明显的遗传分化,在系统发育树中明确聚为3个独立菌种类群。在3种桑黄真菌rDNA ITS序列中,存在颠换、转换及插入/缺失3种类型的变异位点,分别在P.linteus、P.baumii和P.igniarius中鉴定出9、9、8种rDNA ITS单倍型序列,不同单倍型菌种间遗传分歧度变化表现出明显的物种差异性。     

Molecular Weight and Intrinsic Viscosity of Konjac Gluco-mannan

For the purpose of making clear the macromolecular chemical properties of konjac gluco-mannan, the light scattering and viscosity measurements were carried out for the aqueous solutions of the partially methylated derivatives, and following results were obtained: 1) The weight-average molecular weight, Mw, and the root mean square of radius of gyration, <S²>^1/2, were 100×l0⁴~120×l0⁴ and 1100~1300 Å, respectively. 2) The 2> versus Mw relationship was represented by the equation of <S²>=4.20×10^?1 Mw^1.08, and this fact suggested a random coil as a molecular form in the solution. 3) The intrinsic viscosity, [η], versus Mw relationship was represented by the equation of [η]=6.37×10^?4 Mw^0.74, which was considered to be useful for the purpose of estimating the molecular weight of konjac gluco-mannan by viscometric method.     

Fractionation and Anti-tumor Activity of the Mycelia of Liquid-cultured Phellinus linteus

All the fractions of Phellinus linteus mycelia showed anti-tumor activity toward solid tumors planted in mice. The highest anti-tumor activity of 81.2% was observed in the protein–glucan complex obtained by precipitating the 24% NaOH extract at pH 6.0. This protein–glucan complex consisted of 39.3% polysaccharide and 49.4% protein. Its ¹³C- and ¹H-NMR data showed that the main glucan part of the complex was simple α-1,3-glucan chains.     

低分子质量魔芋甘露寡糖的长期毒性与遗传毒性研究

魔芋甘露寡糖是一种具有肠道菌群调节作用的新型食品添加剂．本研究首次通过酶解与有机溶剂沉淀法制备了低分子质量的甘露寡糖(聚合度2～7),并对这类寡糖进行了长期毒性与遗传毒性评价．在长期毒性试验中,以大鼠为实验对象,分低、中、高(2.25,5.25,7.50 g/kg)药物剂量组和阴性对照组,连续灌胃给药90天．一般状况观察、生化指标、血液学指标、病理学等与对照组比较均无显著性差异,而大体解剖观察发现,部分大鼠的肝脏与肾脏形态发生变化,但这些变化均在正常范围内,且其他各项指标差异均无统计学意义．此外,一系列实验包括小鼠骨髓微核实验、Ames试验、小鼠精子畸变试验均未发现低分子质量甘露寡糖有明显的遗传毒性．试验结果提示,本研究方法获得的低分子质量甘露寡糖在本实验条件下未发现长期毒性与遗传毒性．     

Antioxidant polyphenols from the mycelial culture of the medicinal fungi Inonotus xeranticus and Phellinus linteus

Aims:  The medicinal fungi Inonotus xeranticus and Phellinus linteus in the family Hymenochaetaceae have been used as traditional medicines for the treatment of various diseases. However, the compound responsible for the antioxidant activity is still unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to characterize the antioxidant substances present in cultured broths made from these fungi.
Methods and Results:  Antioxidant fractions of the cultured broths obtained from I. xeranticus and P. linteus were analysed using reversed-phase HPLC, which revealed several peaks that exhibited a potent free radical scavenging activity. To identify these antioxidant peaks, an I. xeranticus strain was mass-cultured, and the cultured broth was separated using antioxidant activity-guided fractionation. Four major active substances were purified and identified as hispidin and its dimers, 3,14'-bihispidinyl, hypholomine B, and 1,1-distyrylpyrylethan based on spectroscopic analyses. All compounds exhibited a significant scavenging activity against these radical species in a concentration-dependent manner.
Conclusions:  Antioxidant substances found in the cultured broths of the medicinal fungi I. xeranticus and P. linteus were identified as hispidin and its dimers, 3,14'-bihispidinyl, hypholomine B, and 1,1-distyrylpyrylethan.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Polyphenol antioxidants were isolated from the cultured broth of the medicinal fungi I. xeranticus and P. linteus and identified based on extensive spectroscopic analyses. These compounds exhibited a strong antioxidant activity.     

Analysis of the Relationship between Blast Resistance Genes and Disease Resistance of Rice Germplasm via Functional Molecular Markers

Rice blast disease is one of the most devastating diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.) caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae), and neck blast is the most destructive phase of this illness. The underlying molecular mechanisms of rice blast resistance are not well known. Thus, we collected 150 rice varieties from different ecotypes in China and assessed the rice blast resistances under the natural conditions that favoured disease development in Jining, Shandong Province, China in 2017. Results showed that 92 (61.3%) and 58 (38.7%) rice varieties were resistant and susceptible to M. oryzae, respectively. Among the 150 rice varieties screened for the presence of 13 major blast resistance (R) genes against M. oryzae by using functional markers, 147 contained one to eight R genes. The relationship between R genes and disease response was discussed by analysing the phenotype and genotype of functional markers. The results showed that the rice blast resistance gene Pita was significantly correlated with rice blast resistance. Our results provided a basis for the further understanding of the distribution of 13 major R genes of rice blast in the germplasm resources of the tested rice varieties, and were meaningful for rice disease resistance breeding.     

水稻茎秆解剖结构与抗倒伏能力关系的研究

利用石蜡切片法研究了抗倒伏水稻品种南粳44、武运粳7号与不抗倒伏水稻品系宁7412基部茎秆解剖结构及其与水稻抗倒伏能力的关系.结果表明:抗倒伏水稻品种南粳44和武运粳7号基部节间的维管束数目较多,维管束鞘较厚,细胞层数较多,细胞排列紧密、体积较小;而不抗倒伏水稻品系宁7412基部节间的维管束数目偏少,维管束鞘较薄,细胞层数较少,细胞体积大.从解剖结构还可看出,南粳44和武运粳7号茎秆内的贮藏物质明显多于宁7412.这些茎秆解剖结构的差异可用于区分不同水稻品种(系)的抗倒性强弱,可以作为抗倒伏水稻品种的选育指标和筛选依据,为水稻抗倒伏品种的选育提供了理论依据.     

Comparison of the Relationship between Cerebral White Matter and Grey Matter in Normal Dogs and Dogs with Lateral Ventricular Enlargement

Large cerebral ventricles are a frequent finding in brains of dogs with brachycephalic skull conformation, in comparison with mesaticephalic dogs. It remains unclear whether oversized ventricles represent a normal variant or a pathological condition in brachycephalic dogs. There is a distinct relationship between white matter and grey matter in the cerebrum of all eutherian mammals. The aim of this study was to determine if this physiological proportion between white matter and grey matter of the forebrain still exists in brachycephalic dogs with oversized ventricles. The relative cerebral grey matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid volume in dogs were determined based on magnetic-resonance-imaging datasets using graphical software. In an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using body mass as the covariate, the adjusted means of the brain tissue volumes of two groups of dogs were compared. Group 1 included 37 mesaticephalic dogs of different sizes with no apparent changes in brain morphology, and subjectively normal ventricle size. Group 2 included 35 brachycephalic dogs in which subjectively enlarged cerebral ventricles were noted as an incidental finding in their magnetic-resonance-imaging examination. Whereas no significant different adjusted means of the grey matter could be determined, the group of brachycephalic dogs had significantly larger adjusted means of lateral cerebral ventricles and significantly less adjusted means of relative white matter volume. This indicates that brachycephalic dogs with subjective ventriculomegaly have less white matter, as expected based on their body weight and cerebral volume. Our study suggests that ventriculomegaly in brachycephalic dogs is not a normal variant of ventricular volume. Based on the changes in the relative proportion of WM and CSF volume, and the unchanged GM proportions in dogs with ventriculomegaly, we rather suggest that distension of the lateral ventricles might be the underlying cause of pressure related periventricular loss of white matter tissue, as occurs in internal hydrocephalus.     

Morpho‐pathological and Molecular Characterization of Bipolaris oryzae in Rice (Oryzae sativa)

Fifty isolates of Bipolaris oryzae from rice were characterized morpho‐pathologically and molecularly. Based on colony morphology and growth pattern on PDA, these isolates were grouped into four categories: black with suppressed growth (21 isolates), black with cottony growth (16 isolates), black with fluffy growth (12 isolates) and white with cottony growth (1 isolate). The frequency of the black and suppressed type was the highest (42%) with maximum aggressiveness (mean spore count of 1854/cm²), whereas the white and cottony growth isolate had lowest frequency (2%) and aggressiveness (548/cm²). Thirteen B. oryzae isolates (four isolates from Groups I, II and III and one isolate from Group IV) were further tested for their variability with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Twenty RAPD primers were screened, of which 10 gave amplification; however, only six primers gave reproducible results. Based on the molecular similarity of the RAPD profiles, the isolates were grouped in to three major clusters and maximum linkage distance between them was determined as 0.29 units. This study establishes the variability among B. oryzae isolates.     

胚胎型大脑后动脉与脑白质病之间的关系

目的:探讨胚胎型大脑后动脉(Fetal origin of the posterior cerebral artery,FTP)与脑白质病之间的关系。方法:收集2013年1月~2014年6月在我院住院患者共485例,所有患者均行头颅磁共振平扫及血管成像,观察脑白质病变、急性脑梗死及FTP存在与否,并分为观察组(脑白质病组)和对照组(无脑白质病组),比较FTP的发生率。结果:观察组和对照组分别为232例和253例,观察组共发现53例FTP患者(左侧、右侧、双侧FTP分别为15例、19例、19例),FTP总发生率为22.8%,左侧、右侧、双侧FTP发生率分别为6.5%、8.2%、8.2%;对照组98例FTP患者(左侧、右侧、双侧FTP分别为26例、44例、28例),FTP总发生率为38.7%,左侧、右侧、双侧FTP发生率分别为10.3%、17.4%、11.1%,观察组FTP总发生率及右侧FTP发生率明显低于对照组(P0.001和P0.01)。232例观察组中急性脑梗死患者共156例,无急性脑梗死患者76例,其中急性脑梗死组有28例FTP患者(左侧、右侧、双侧FTP分别为7例、15例、6例),FTP总发生率及左侧、右侧、双侧FTP发生率分别为17.9%、4.5%、9.6%、3.8%;而无急性脑梗死的患者中,有24例FTP患者(左侧、右侧、双侧FTP分别为8例、4例、12例),FTP总发生率及左侧、右侧、双侧FTP发生率分别为31.6%、10.5%、5.3%、15.8%,观察组FTP总发生率及双侧FTP发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05和P0.01)。结论:FTP的存在可能一定程度上降低脑白质病甚至脑梗死的发生。     

水稻幼苗特性与籽粒大小关系的分子检测

水稻 (OryzasativaL .)幼苗特性如叶的发生、叶绿素含量、植株高度等对早期生长是重要的 ,与籽粒大小相联系。以水稻珍汕 97A和明恢 6 3组合的重组自交系群体为材料 ,对 5个幼苗特性性状和籽粒大小进行了数量性状基因定位 (QTL) ,目的在于从遗传水平探求幼苗特性与籽粒大小的内在关系。对叶绿素a、总叶绿素含量、第二片叶长、第三片叶长、幼苗高度、粒重分别检测到 2、1、5、4、4、9个QTLs。结果揭示 4个幼苗特性性状的QTL和 4个籽粒大小的QTL位点分别定位在 4个相似区域 (G35 9_RG5 32、C5 6 7_RG2 36、RZ4 0 3_R1 9和C371_C4 0 5a) ,表明幼苗特性性状与籽粒大小间的紧密关系 ,也显示控制籽粒大小的几个染色体区域对幼苗特性性状没有影响 ,这意味着通过标记辅助选择改良幼苗活力但并不增加粒重是可能的     

An Experimental Test of the Relationship between Genetic Variation and Environmental Variation in Tribolium Flour Beetles

The hypothesis that a component of genetic variation for polygenic fitness traits is maintained by environmental heterogeneity was tested using an experimental system involving two species of flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum. Replicated populations of each species from a number of environmental treatments were analyzed for various fitness components following almost 60 generations of natural selection. Environmental differences consisted of flours of cereals commonly invaded by natural populations of these insects.—Tests for adaptation to environments were based on experiments in which populations were reared factorially on each flour, such that population treatment x flour interactions could be detected. Measurements were made of survival, growth rate, larval weight, pupal weight, developmental time, fecundity of individuals at low density and fecundity and cannibalism at high density in both fresh and conditioned media.—Flour differences were found to have significant effects on most traits. Evidence for significant genetic variation and significant genotype x environment interaction was also found. However, no evidence could be found to support the hypothesis that genetic variation was maintained by environmental heterogeneity in food resources. The absence of adaptation to the experimental treatments despite the presence of genetic variation in fitness components suggests that pleiotropy may assume an important role in determining net fitness values of polygenes.     

Relationship between the Molecular Structures and Emulsification Properties of Edible Oils

Emulsification properties are very important to control the texture of foods. However, the relationship between the molecular structure and emulsification properties of edible oils is not understood. To analyze this relationship, the emulsification susceptibilities of various kinds of single triacylglycerol molecular species and edible oils were systematically measured. The emulsification susceptibility increased as the carbon number and double bond number of triacylglycerol molecular species consisting oils increased. In addition, the effect of the double bond number was predominant. These results demonstrate that the emulsification property is affected by the molecular structure of oils. Furthermore, the emulsification susceptibilities of edible oils modified by enzymatic interesterification were changed as compared with those of native oils. This shows that emulsification property can be changed by the modification of the molecular structure of edible oils.     

Molecular Mechanisms of the Relationship between Thyroid Dysfunctions and Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are known to increase the incidence of thyroid gland (TG) dysfunctions. The review addresses the literature data and our experimental results on the molecular mechanisms that underlie thyroid disorders under DM. Most important of these mechanisms are the attenuation of thyrocyte adenylyl cyclase signaling system sensitivity to thyroid-stimulating hormone, the decrease in the number of thyroid hormone receptors in peripheral tissues, and the decline in activity as well as changes in the ratio of different deiodinase forms in these tissues. Decreased activity of D2 deiodinases, which convert thyroxine into the active form of triiodothyronine, is associated with the development of insulin resistance, while decreased activity of D3 deiodinases, which catalyze inactivation of triiodothyronine in pancreatic β cells, suppresses insulin secretion and leads to insulin deficiency. Thus, both the excess and the deficiency of thyroid hormones can entail diabetic pathology. Identification of thyroid disorders is of utmost importance for elaborating novel approaches to treat and prevent thyroid diseases associated with type 1 and type 2 DM.     

密穗型和散穗型粳稻品种品质特性比较

比较2个粳稻密穗型和散穗型品种(系)品质结果表明,穗型间和穗型内品质存在较大差异,2个密穗型品种(系)平均垩白特性不及2个散穗型品种.密穗型新品系EA6垩白粒率较相同穗型品种秀水63低约1/2,与散穗型品种秀水11相仿,较散穗型品种越光高约1倍;垩白度较秀水63和秀水11低约1/2,较越光高1倍多.调查穗部不同部位籽粒垩白表明,穗基部籽粒垩白对品种总垩白影响最大,而这种影响密穗型更大于散穗型.4个品种饭香味相仿,光泽、软度、粘度、食味和冷饭软度等指标EA6显著或极显著优于秀水11,秀水63不及秀水11;EA6多数指标接近越光.表明密穗型品种经改良其品质有可能达到甚至超过散穗型品种.     

Molecular modeling and multi‐spectroscopic approaches to study the interaction between antibacterial drug and human immunoglobulin G

Mechanistic and conformational studies on the interaction of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) with human immunoglobulin G (HIgG) were performed by molecular modeling and multi‐spectroscopic methods. The interaction mechanism was firstly predicted through molecular modeling that confirmed the interaction between SMX and HIgG. The binding parameters and thermodynamic parameters at different temperatures had been calculated according to the Stern?Volmer, Scatchard, Sips and Van ’t Hoff equations, respectively. Experimental results showed that the fluorescence intensity of HIgG was quenched by the gradual addition of SMX. The binding constants of SMX with HIgG decreased with the increase of temperature, which meant that the quenching mechanism was a static quenching. Meanwhile, the results also confirmed that there was one independent class of binding site on HIgG for SMX during their interaction. The thermodynamic parameters of the reaction, namely standard enthalpy ΔH⁰ and entropy ΔS⁰, had been calculated to be ?14.69 kJ·mol^?1 and 22.99 J·mol^?1·K^?1, respectively, which suggested that the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions were the predominant intermolecular forces in stabilizing the SMX?HIgG complex. Furthermore, experimental results obtained from three‐dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, UV?vis absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy confirmed that the conformational structure of HIgG was altered in the presence of SMX. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

油菜甾醇内酯类化合物结构与活性的相关性

比较了19种油菜甾醇内酯类似物和有关甾体化合物在水稻叶片倾斜及萝卜幼苗生长试验中的生物活性。表油菜甾醇内酯(24—Epi—BR)在两个系统中都具有很强的生物活性。C_2位失去羟基(香蒲甾醇)仅在水稻试验中有高活性,改变C_22位侧链结构(2α,3α双羟基—6—酮—23,24—双失碳—β—高-5α—胆烷酸甲酯)在萝卜试验中仍有活性。