AVWC—test在生命科学研究中应用效果的评估

ＡＶＷＣ－ｔｅｓｔ是新近发展起来的生物统计方法,它能把非参数资料转变成参数资料进行定量统计分析。本研究进一步从国内外刊物上公开发表的学术论文中精选出了一定数量的研究数据,用ＡＶＷＣ－ｔｅｓｔ方法进行统计处理,并与传统的非参数统计方法和计量资料统计方法进行同源自身对照,研究了其统计计效能,结果清楚地表明：ＡＶＷＣ－ｔｅｓｔ方法是一种应用面广,精确、灵敏、方便的生物统计分析方法,能更好地发掘科学资料的     

我国河南与北京腹泻患儿中的星状病毒感染

人星状病毒（ＨＡｓｔＶ）是ＲＮＡ病毒的新家族,从我国河南和北京两地区的急性腹泻患儿便样中鉴定了７株星状病毒,经电镜观察病毒颗粒直径约为２８ｎｍ,表面呈五角或六角星状形态,用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检定为阳性,比较ＰＣＲ扩增产物的核苷酸序列构建的序列同源性树表明,１９９０年在河南流行的星状病毒主要为ＨＡｓｔＶ－１,另有一株ＨＡｓｔＶ－５,１９９６年北京流行株为ＨＡｓｔＶ－５。对ＨＡｓｔＶ患儿的临床症状进行了讨论     

海洋动物对Cu,Zn,Cr和SLS的敏感性比较

采用ＡＲＣ－ｔｅｓｔ方法,测出Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｃｒ和表面活性剂对卤虫Ⅱ－Ⅲ期无节幼体的急性毒性,并用相同的方法,测出了这４种毒物对斑节对虾无节幼体、罗氏沼虾蚤状幼体的毒性,进而比较了这３种海洋动物的敏感性大小．表明一些海洋动物对某些毒物的敏感性,可以从卤虫的数据中得到反映,揭示卤虫可以作为其它海洋测试生物的替代物     

湖南6种毛莨科植物的核型研究

本文对产于湖南的６种毛莨科植物的染色体进行了研究。裂叶星果草［Ａｓｔｅｒｏｐｙｒｕｍｃａｖａｌｅｒｉｅｉ（Ｌｅｖｌ．ｅｔＶａｎｔ）Ｄｒｕｍｍ．ｅｔＨｕｔｃｈ．）的染色体属于Ｒ型,核型公式为２ｎ＝１６＝１２ｍ＋２ｓｍ＋２ｔ,核型类型属于ＺＢ;打破碗花花（ＡｎｅｍｏｎｅｈｕｐｅｈｎｓｉｓＬｅｍ．）的核型公式为２ｎ＝１６＝１０ｍ＋４ｓｔ＋２ｔ（２ｓａｔ）,核型类型属于２Ａ;粗齿铁线莲［Ｃｌｅｍａｔｉｓａｐｉｉｆｏｌｉａｖａｒ．ａｒｇｅｎｔｉｌｕｃｉｄａ（Ｌｅｖｌ．ｅｔＶａｎｔ）Ｗ．Ｔ．Ｗａｎｇ］的核型公式为２ｎ＝１６＝１０ｍ＋２ｓｔ＋４ｔ（２ｓａｔ）或２ｎ＝１６＝１０ｍ＋２ｓｔ＋４ｔ（４ｓａｔ）随体染色体数目在居群之间有变化,核型类型属于２Ａ;扬子铁线莲［Ｃｌｅｍａｔｉｓｇａｎｉｐｉｎｉａｎａ（Ｌｅｖｌ．ｅｔＶａｎｔ）Ｔａｍｕｒａ］的核型公式为２ｎ＝１６＝１０ｍ＋２ｓｔ＋４ｔ（４ｓａｔ）,核型类型属于２Ｂ;毛莨（ＲａｎｕｎｃｕｌｕｓｃａｎｔｏｎｉｅｎｓｉｓＤＣ．）的核型公式为２ｎ＝１６＝６ｍ＋４ｓｔ＋６ｓｔ（２ｓａｔ）,核型类型属于３Ａ;毛莨（ＲａｎｕｎｃｕｌｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓＴｈｕｎｂ．）的核型公式为２ｎ＝?     

凝血酶激活的单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂的构建、表达、纯化和性质研究

用Ｋｕｎｋｅｌ突变法,将单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂（ｓｃｕ－ＰＡ）ｃＤＮＡ基因中编码Ｐｒｏ１５５—Ｌｙｓ１５８的片段定点突变,并将此突变的ｓｃｕ－ＰＡ（ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ）的ｃＤＮＡ克隆到表达载体ｐＣＭ－β－ｎｅｏ中,与ｐＣＭ－ｄｈｆｒ共转染ＣＨＯ／ＤＨＦＲ－细胞．获得的稳定表达株在无血清培养基中２４ｈ的表达量为６２０ＩＵ／１０６细胞．经锌离子螯合Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ亲和层析得到ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ纯品．ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ分子量为５３ｋＤ左右,与预期的结果相符．ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ是由凝血酶激活而不是由纤溶酶激活,但激活后也能转变为双链分子（ｔｃｕ－ＰＡ）．ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ仍保持了ｓｃｕ－ＰＡ的血纤维蛋白亲和性．酶动力学研究表明,激活后的ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ水解Ｓ２４４４的Ｋｍ和Ｋｃａｔ值与高分子量尿激酶（ＨＵＫ）相似．体外溶栓实验结果表明,ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ可以选择性地溶解富含凝血酶的血凝块,对贫凝血酶的血凝块作用不大     

太岳山丘陵地带中国林蛙成体的肥满度和某些器官系数的季节变化

太岳山丘陵地带中国林蛙成体的肥满度和某些器官系数的季节变化卢欣（山西省生物研究所,太原０３０００６）ＳｅａｓｏｎａｌＶａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＡｄｕｌｔ’ｓＣｏｒｐｕｌｅｎｃｅＤｅｇｒｅｅａｎｄＯｔｈｃｒＯｒｇａｎｓ’ＩｎｄｉｃｅｓｏｆＣｏｍｍｏｎＦｒｏｇｓｉｎＴａｉｙｕｃＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎＩＩｉｌｌｙＬａｎｄｓ￥．ＬｕＸｉｎ（ＳｈａｎｘｉＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,Ｔａｉｙｕａｎ０３０００６）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏ－ｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：３３－３５．ＩｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓｗｅｒｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｆｒｏｒｎＦｅｂｒｕａｒｙ１９８９ｔｏＡｐｒｉｌ１９９０ｉｎＴａｉｙｕｅｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｆＳｈａｎｘｉｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．Ｔｈｅａｄｕｌｔ＇ｓｃｏｒｐｕｌｅｎｃｅｄｅｇｒｅｅｏｆｃｏｍｍｏｎｆｒｏｇｓｉｓｈｉｇｈｅｒｄｕｒｉｎｇｈｉｂｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｉｄｌｏｗｅｓｔｉｎＭａｙａｎｄＪｕｎｅ,ａｎｄｔｈａｔｏｆｍａｌｅｓｉｓｓｉｇｎｌｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈａｎｆｅｍａｌｅｓ’（ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｎＡｕｇｕｓｔ）．ＤｕｒｉｎｇＡｐｒｉｌ－Ａｕｇｕｓｔ,ｔｈｅｃｏｅｆ－     

空气污染对植物病虫害的影响

空气污染对植物病虫害的影响吴亚,金翠霞（江苏省农科院植物保护研究所,南京２１００１４）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｂｅｒｉｃＰｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｎＰｌａｎｔＤｉｓｅａｓｅｓａｎｄＰｅｓｔｓ￥ＷｕＹａ;ＪｉｎＣｕｉｘｉａ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏ－ｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ,ＪｉａｎｇｓｕＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ２１００１４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：４９－５３．Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｓｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｍａｉｎａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓＯ＿３,ＳＯ＿２,ｆｌｕｏｒｉｄｅｓ,ａｃｉｄｒａｉｎｅｔｃ．ｏｎｐｌａｎｔｐａｔｈｏｇｅｎｉｃｍｉｃｒｏｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓ;ｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆａｉｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒａｎｃｅａｎｄｉｎｆｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｈｙｔｏｐｈａｇｕｓｉｎｓｅｃｔｓ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＣＯ＿２ｏｎｔｈｅｏｕｔｂｒｅａｋｏｆｐｅｓｔｓ。Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉ     

生态位理论及其在森林生态学研究中的应用

生态位理论及其在森林生态学研究中的应用朱春全（中国林业科学研究院林业研究所,北京１０００９１）ＮｉｃｈｃＴｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄｉｔｓＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎＦｏｒｅｓｔＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ￥．ＺｈｕＣｈｕｎｑｕａｎ（ＩｎｓｌｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００９１）,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：４１－４６．Ｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｎｉｃｈｅｔｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄｉｔｓａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｆｏｒｅｓｔｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｔｕｄｙａｒｅｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ．Ｉｔｉｓｐｏｉｎｔｅｄｏｕｔｔｈａｔｔｈｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｌａｎｔｕｎｉｔｗａｓｎｏｔｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｉｎｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｎｉｃｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｓ,Ｔｈｅｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｉｔｉｅｓｏｆｎｉｃｈｅｏｆｐｌａｎｔｕｎｉｔａｒｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄａｎｄａｎｅｗｍｅｔｈｏｄｉｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｔｏｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｉｔｗｉｔｈｐｈｏ－ｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｓａｆｕｎｃｔ     

系列腺病毒伴随病毒载体的构建及表达β-半乳糖苷酶的研究

为了便于开展用重组腺病毒伴随病毒（ｒｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｎｔ ａｄｅｎｏ－ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ ｖｉｒｕｓ,ｒＡＡＶ）载体进行基因治疗的研究,构建了三种通用型ＡＡＶ载体ｐＷＡＶ－１、ｐＷＡＶ－２和ｐＳＮＡＶ,每种载体均含有ＡＡＶ－２两端的倒转末端重复序列（ｉｎｖｅｒｔｅｄ ｔｅｒｍｉｎａｌ ｒｅｐｅａｔｓ,ＩＴＲ）,中间依次为巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）立早增强子和启动子、多克隆位点和ｐｏｌｙＡ信号。研究只     

t—PA S165W突变体的分子设计及其生物活性的初步分析

为得到对纤维蛋白的亲和力提高的ｔ－ＰＡ突变体,采用计算机分子技术提出对纤维蛋白亲和力提高的ｔ－ＰＡ结构改造方案（ｔ－ＰＡＳ１６５Ｗ）,并将共在ＣＨＯ细胞中进行表达,对表达产物进行生物活性及与纤维蛋白亲和力的分析表明;ｔ－ＰＡ Ｓ１６５Ｗ突变体与野生型ｔ－ＰＡ对蛋白的亲和力没有明显的变化,说明单一的Ｓ１６５Ｗ的点 变并不能导致ｔ－ＰＡ对蛋白亲和力的提高。     

多元统计分析方法在链霉素发酵中的应用

将多元统计方法中的最重要的方法之一主元分析法用于实际工业链霉素发酵数据的分析,该方法能有效地将原来较多的相关变量所包含的大部分信息用少数不相关的变量来反映,从而简化链霉素发酵中的控制变量。建立规则基模式识别系统,将链霉素发酵过程分三个时期。利用多元回归方法,将链霉素发酵分三段进行产物浓度预测,取得了较好效果。     

Numbats and aardwolves—how low is low? A re-affirmation of the need for statistical rigour in evaluating regression predictions

Many comparative physiological studies aim to determine if a particular species differs from a prediction based on a linear allometric regression for other species. However, the judgment as to whether the species in question conforms to this allometric relationship is often not based on any formal statistical analysis. An appropriate statistical method is to compare the new species’ value with the 95% confidence limits for predicting an additional datum from the relationship for the other species. We examine the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the termitivorous numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) and aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) to demonstrate the use of the 95% prediction limits to determine statistically if they have a lower-than-expected BMR compared to related species. The numbat’s BMR was 83.6% of expected from mass, but fell inside the 95% prediction limits for a further datum; a BMR < 72.5% of predicted was required to fall below the one-tail 95% prediction limits. The aardwolf had a BMR that was only 74.2% of predicted from the allometric equation, but it also fell well within the 95% prediction limits; a BMR of only 41.8% of predicted was necessary to fall below the one-tail 95% prediction limits. We conclude that a formal statistical approach is essential, although it is difficult to demonstrate that a single species statistically differs from a regression relationship for other species.     

Improved parameter estimation for variance-stabilizing transformation of gene-expression microarray data

A gene-expression microarray datum is modeled as an exponential expression signal (log-normal distribution) and additive noise. Variance-stabilizing transformation based on this model is useful for improving the uniformity of variance, which is often assumed for conventional statistical analysis methods. However, the existing method of estimating transformation parameters may not be perfect because of poor management of outliers. By employing an information normalization technique, we have developed an improved parameter estimation method, which enables statistically more straightforward outlier exclusion and works well even in the case of small sample size. Validation of this method with experimental data has suggested that it is superior to the conventional method.     

fcGENE: A Versatile Tool for Processing and Transforming SNP Datasets

Background

Modern analysis of high-dimensional SNP data requires a number of biometrical and statistical methods such as pre-processing, analysis of population structure, association analysis and genotype imputation. Software used for these purposes often rely on specific and incompatible input and output data formats. Therefore extensive data management including multiple format conversions is necessary during analyses.

Methods

In order to support fast and efficient management and bio-statistical quality control of high-dimensional SNP data, we developed the publically available software fcGENE using C++ object-oriented programming language. This software simplifies and automates the use of different existing analysis packages, especially during the workflow of genotype imputations and corresponding analyses.

Results

fcGENE transforms SNP data and imputation results into different formats required for a large variety of analysis packages such as PLINK, SNPTEST, HAPLOVIEW, EIGENSOFT, GenABEL and tools used for genotype imputation such as MaCH, IMPUTE, BEAGLE and others. Data Management tasks like merging, splitting, extracting SNP and pedigree information can be performed. fcGENE also supports a number of bio-statistical quality control processes and quality based filtering processes at SNP- and sample-wise level. The tool also generates templates of commands required to run specific software packages, especially those required for genotype imputation. We demonstrate the functionality of fcGENE by example workflows of SNP data analyses and provide a comprehensive manual of commands, options and applications.

Conclusions

We have developed a user-friendly open-source software fcGENE, which comprehensively supports SNP data management, quality control and analysis workflows. Download statistics and corresponding feedbacks indicate that software is highly recognised and extensively applied by the scientific community.     

中国优质水果资源的分布与适宜生态环境

根据农业部在80年代两次组织评选出的全国189个优质水果产地的生态环境资料,用微型电子计算机系统建立数据库,统计分析柑桔、苹果和梨优质产品的构成比例、产区分布地域及其适宜的环境指标和主栽品种的生态适应性,为果树良种区域化栽培与选育提供依据。     

中国Holdridge生命地带平均中心的时空分布及其偏移趋势

在分析目前生态地理模型及其实现方法的基础上 ,提出基于 ARC/ INFO与 VC 综合集成的先插值再运行模型的全新研究方法和技术路线 ,克服了以前模型实现过程中所存在的局限性。利用中国 1 96 2～ 2 0 0 2年 735个站点逐日温度与降水量观测数据 ,通过对 Holdridge生命地带模型和生命地带平均中心模型进行模拟运算后获得中国 Holdridge生命地带类型平均中心时空分布图及 2 0世纪 6 0、70、80与 90年代平均中心偏移趋势图。从生命地带类型平均中心时空分布及其偏移趋势分析研究中发现 ,生命地带类型平均中心的时空分布及其偏移趋势与相关气候因子的变化趋势相对应 ,并能够很好地与我国土地覆被类型实际的空间分布及其变化情况相符 ;各种生命地带类型平均面积的变化规律与相应的气候因子的变化趋势 (尤其是降水量、温度 )存在着一定相关性。另外 ,通过对我国生命地带类型平均面积比例大小进行排序分析发现与我国土地覆被类型的实际情况能够很好吻合     

浅水湖泊生态系统稳态转换的阈值判定方法

浅水湖泊生态系统对人类干扰的反应会随着干扰力度的改变或增强而出现突然的变化,即发生稳态转换;对其机理和驱动机制的揭示将有助于对湖泊富营养化的控制及恢复.基于“多稳态”理论的稳态转换研究已广泛开展,但对浅水湖泊生态系统稳态转换的驱动机制结论各异,采用的阈值判定方法相差很大,主要有实验观测、模型模拟和统计分析3种.实验观测多关注少数特定指标,指标筛选过程复杂且工作量大;模型模拟虽能从较为全面的尺度上理解生态系统稳态变化的特征和主要机理过程,但在模型误差和不确定性的处理等问题上尚存在不足;统计分析方法基于对长时间序列数据的统计变化规律分析,用以判断或者预警稳态转换现象的发生,是目前最为常用的方法.目前稳态转换领域的研究大都是对已发生的稳态转换进行机制分析或过程反演,对未来预测与预警的问题仍然亟需加强.     

Assessing noninvasive hair and fecal sampling for monitoring the distribution and abundance of river otter

Monitoring the distribution and abundance of populations is an important component of efforts to meet management or conservation goals. Although the objectives for such studies are easy to define, cost-effective, precise, and accurate estimates are often elusive. We tested the efficacy and compared the cost-effectiveness of methods for estimating the number and recording the distribution of river otter (Lontra canadensis). We genotyped otter hair sampled using two noninvasive instruments and compared those results with a hypothetical study design based on DNA extracted from fecal matter. Patterns of distribution generated from DNA collected at latrine sites were then compared to observations of otter collected using VHF radiotelemetry. We achieved a high probability of genotyping river otter with a small number of hairs (i.e., 59.0 % probability of producing a genotype with 1 guard hair and >5 under hair samples) collected using wire body snares and knaplock hair snags. Body snares were more effective at collecting otter hair, but there was relatively little additional cost to using both sampling instruments. Genotyped hair resulted in a high multi-year recapture rate (61.9 %). Hair collection and genotyping was the most cost-effective method for monitoring populations of river otter ($168.50 US/datum) followed by radiotelemetry ($264.50 US/datum), and the extraction of DNA from fecal matter ($266.00 US/datum). However, the noninvasive techniques did not represent the full distribution and fine-scale movements of otter, as observed using radiotelemetry. There has been much recent reporting of the efficacy of fecal matter as a source of DNA for conducting mark–recapture population estimates for mesocarnivores. Our data suggested that collecting DNA in hair may be a more cost-effective and efficient approach.     

Further considerations on the statistical mechanics of biological associations

In this continuation of a previous report it is shown how the Volterra population dynamics, which underlies the statistical theory, can be based on a variational principle; how the dynamics can be generalized as regards both the behavior of total populations and migration phenomena; and how many directly observable data, such as amplitudes and frequencies of oscillation of a population, fit into the statistical theory and can test it. Such a test is carried out in some detail using the fox-catch data of Elton, with a clear indication that the theory is capable of comprehending the major statistical properties of population-time curves. A final section sketches an extension of the theory to cover secular variations of external conditions such as temperature of the environment.