以HSV-1扩增子载体构建的新型重组AAV载体包装系统

将缺失两端ITR的AAV -2基因组克隆于HSV -1扩增子载体获得了质粒pHSV AAV .以HSV- 1tsK株为辅助病毒感染转染了该质粒的Vero细胞 ,可获得一种具有包装重组AAV质粒能力的混合毒种 .连续传代可使其包装能力迅速升高 ,至 5～ 6代达到最高并趋于平稳 .此混合毒种中 ,含有包装了多拷贝AAV -2基因组的复制缺陷性假型HSV- 1病毒 ,它可表达AAV -2编码的复制与包装所需的各种反式蛋白 ;同时也含有HSV -1tsK病毒 ,它提供AAV -2复制与包装所需的全部辅助病毒功能 .实验结果也表明 ,HSV -1tsK病毒的复制为混合毒种辅助重组AAV载体的包装所必需 .这项研究首次报道了一种全新的重组AAV载体包装系统 ,与传统的双质粒共转染、腺病毒辅助包装方案相比 ,本系统简便易行 ,并明显提高了重组AAV的包装效率 .     

腺相关病毒的衣壳装配和DNA衣壳化机制

重组腺相关病毒载体 (rAAV) 是基因治疗临床应用载体的选择之一。在简述野生型AAV基因组结构和复制机制的基础上,阐述了AAV包装过程中两个主要事件：衣壳蛋白的装配和基因组DNA的衣壳化。虽然对AAV的包装机制总体上已有一定的认识,但其详细的分子机制、构效关系仍需完善和充实。AAV病毒本身相关机制的深入研究有助于改善rAAV载体的制备技术,促进rAAV基因药物研发。     

新型重组AAV5/5载体及包装系统

本研究组建了一种可用于规模化生产的以重组单纯疱疹病毒为辅助病毒的AAV5/5载体包装系统。首先,将5型腺相关病毒 (AAV5) 的rep和cap基因插入I型单纯疱疹病毒 (HSV-1) 基因组非必需基因UL2中,获得重组病毒rHSV1-rep5cap5。其次,构建一种携带AAV5 ITR的通用型载体质粒pAAV5neo,将报告基因EGFP插入pAAV5neo中,得到pAAV5neo-EGFP质粒。将pAAV5neo-EGFP质粒导入BHK-21细胞,用G418选择培养,挑选出表达EGFP并在重组病毒rHSV1-rep5cap5感染下能高效产生rAAV5/5-EGFP的单克隆载体细胞株C020。用rHSV1-rep5cap5感染C020细胞制备rAAV5/5-EGFP,用“氯仿处理-聚乙二醇/氯化钠-氯仿抽提”方法粗纯化rAAV5/5-EGFP。用100 kDa分子量截流超滤方法进一步纯化和浓缩,获得高纯度的rAAV5-EGFP。SDS-PAGE电泳分析可见3条特征性外壳蛋白带。电镜分析显示病毒颗粒以实心颗粒为主。用rAAV5/5-EGFP病毒按1×105 vg/cell感染体外培养的HEK293细胞,可见30％细胞呈现绿色荧光。本研究提出了一种高效AAV5/5载体生产系统和纯化方法,为重组AAV5载体的进一步应用提供了基础。     

含荧光素酶基因的黑胸大蠊浓核病毒重组质粒的构建与表达

黑胸大蠊(Periplaneta fuliginosa)是我国分布最广的蟑螂种类.黑胸大蠊浓核病毒(Periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus, PfDNV)是我室1991年在国内首次报道并在国内外第一个分类鉴定的蟑螂细小病毒[1].我们构建了PfDNV全基因组克隆和酶切亚克隆重组质粒,测定并分析了病毒基因组全序列与结构.序列分析表明该病毒基因组具有细小病毒基因组的结构特征,其末端具有反转重复序列(Invert Terminal Repeatant, ITR)和回文结构,这类病毒基因组两端的特殊结构可能是与病毒复制,整合,拯救,包装有关的必需顺式元件[2～5].为了进一步研究黑胸大蠊浓核病毒基因复制及表达机理,尤其是其末端结构在病毒基因复制中的作用,我们将荧光素酶基因插入了PfDNV基因组保留了两个完整的末端结构而其它部分缺失的重组质粒中.将这种重组质粒转染虫体后,在虫体中检测到了荧光素酶的表达,说明在缺失基因组中间部分时,插入的外源基因依然可以复制、表达.本结果证实了PfDNV基因组的末端结构是PfDNV复制的必需结构.这一实验为将外源基因引入病毒基因组,构建基因工程杀虫剂提供了有效的技术途径.现将结果报告如下.     

Tet-On调控HSVtk表达的重组腺相关病毒载体的构建和感染活性的检测

构建含有Tet基因调节系统及自杀基因HSVtk的重组腺相关病毒载体pAAV TRE HSVtk Tet_On ,并使用PCR技术和限制性内切酶消化进行鉴定。用构建好的重组质粒分别与辅助质粒pAAV_RC、pHelper以磷酸钙共沉淀法转染HEK2 93细胞,进行病毒包装后得到了AAV TRE HSVtk Tet_On重组腺相关病毒,以氯化铯密度梯度离心对包装好的病毒进行纯化。用纯化后的重组腺相关病毒感染乳腺癌细胞株MCF_7后,斑点杂交检测结果显示,HSVtk基因整合进入MCF_7细胞基因组中。有感染活性的重组腺相关病毒能将目的基因转移到宿主细胞中,在Dox诱导下,GCV对AAV感染的MCF_7细胞具有明显的杀伤作用。     

测定重组腺相关病毒基因组滴度的qPCR新方法

腺相关病毒(Adeno-associated virus,AAV)在基因治疗应用中具有很多优势,但是其生物学滴度的测定仍很繁琐,不同实验室使用各自的方法和参照,这些都影响了重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)载体在临床前和临床上的应用.反向末端重复序列(Inverted terminal repeats,ITR)是重组腺相关病毒载体中不可或缺的顺式作用元件,针对ITR2以及ITR2-CMV设计的qPCR检测方法可以快速、准确地得到rAAV2的基因组滴度,由于该方法可以广泛适用,因此对推动AAV滴度检测的标准化有重要意义.     

大鼠瘦素基因重组腺相关病毒的构建及在原代神经元细胞中的过表达

目的构建携带大鼠瘦素(leptin)基因的重组腺相关病毒(adeno-associated virus,AAV),并鉴定其在原代鼠神经元细胞中介导的瘦素过表达,为肥胖症基因治疗研究奠定实验基础。方法提取大鼠脂肪组织总RNA,利用RT-PCR技术,获取目的基因瘦素cDNA,通过重组DNA技术,得到瘦素cDNA与pGEM-T载体的重组质粒,阳性重组子用PCR及测序分析鉴定。用Spe I和EcoR V双酶切将pGEM-Leptin中的瘦素基因片段切出,再克隆到AAV2表达质粒pTR-UF22中,构建瘦素重组AAV2载体pAAV2-CBA-leptin。以pDG作为辅助质粒用HEK293细胞包装AAV2-CBA-Leptin,并用一步重力流柱法纯化病毒,由荧光定量PCR测定病毒基因组DNA的拷贝数即为病毒滴度。然后将AAV2-CBA-Leptin及对照病毒AAV2-CBA-EGFP感染大鼠原代神经元细胞,分别用免疫染色和Western blotting鉴定外源基因在神经元的表达。结果测序证实瘦素基因与GenBank提供的原始序列完全一致。重组载体经酶切鉴定与预期结果完全一致,HEK293细胞包装病毒效果良好,得到滴度为1.5×1012vg/mL纯化的重组瘦素病毒AAV2-CBA-Leptin。Western blotting检测显示AAV2-CBA-Leptin能介导瘦素在大鼠神经元细胞中过表达,并随着病毒量的增加而增强。AAV2-CBA-EGFP感染鼠神经元细胞5d后95%左右的细胞有明显的绿色荧光,免疫染色和DAPI核酸染色显示荧光细胞均为神经元而神经胶质细胞无荧光。结论成功构建并包装了瘦素重组AAV2病毒并可介导瘦素在神经元细胞中高效、特异表达,从而为研究瘦素在中枢神经系统控制体重和糖尿病等方面的功能及基因治疗研究打下基础。     

利用多基因缺失型杆状病毒在昆虫细胞中生产腺相关病毒

腺相关病毒(adeno-associated virus, AAV)是基因治疗领域最常使用的病毒载体之一,产量低、成本高是该产业面临的关键瓶颈问题。本研究旨在基于多基因缺失型杆状病毒,建立双病毒感染昆虫细胞以生产AAV的技术体系。首先,进行AAV生产用多基因缺失型重组杆状病毒的构建和扩增,并检测杆状病毒滴度及其感染细胞的效果;然后,使用双杆状病毒共感染昆虫细胞,并优化感染条件;最后,基于优化条件进行AAV生产,并检测评估产量、质量等相关指标。结果表明,AAV生产用多基因缺失型杆状病毒滴度较野生型无差异,感染后细胞存活率下降明显减缓。使用双病毒路线进行AAV优化生产,Bac4.0-1的基因组滴度为1.63×10¹¹ VG/mL,Bac5.0-2的基因组滴度为1.02×10¹¹ VG/mL,较野生型产量分别提升了240%和110%。电镜下,3组均具有正常的AAV病毒形态,且转导活性相近。本研究建立了基于多基因缺失型杆状病毒感染昆虫细胞的AAV生产体系,显著提高了AAV产量,具有一定的应用价值。     

CELO病毒载体在人类和动物疾病控制上的应用

CELO病毒的DNA长43．8kb,具有末端倒转重复序列(ITR),基因结构与人腺病毒的比较,无可识别的E1、E3和E4区,但存在可替代的新读码框。2个fiber基因是病毒毒力基因,表达2个不同的蛋白,在病毒复制扩散中起作用,缺失fiberl导致柯萨奇病毒和腺病毒受体(CAR)的特异性转导作用消失,使CELO病毒只能感染禽类细胞,不能感染哺乳类动物细胞。在基因组的某些区段可以删除并插入外源基因不影响病毒复制。CELO病毒及其载体可在廉价的鸡胚中得到大量复制。CELO病毒的这些特性为其发展成新型基因工程载体提供了条件。插入表达外源基因制备疫苗成为可能,新型的无病毒基因的载体也可以应用ITR及一些调控元件、包装信号共同构建形成。CELO病毒与人腺病毒属于同一属,CELO病毒作为基因工程载体有同样的特性,并且具有种属特异性和安全性,在动物基因工程疫苗的研制方面有特殊而广阔的研究和应用前景。     

人神经营养因子-3重组逆转录病毒的包装与鉴定

在逆转录病毒载体pLXSN中引入人神经营养因子-3(hNT-3),构建成重组质粒pLXSN-NT3,转染包装细胞PA317后经G418筛选得到几个稳定产毒的细胞克隆.测定这几个克隆的病毒滴度,最高达到1.60×105,且产毒细胞株不产生复制型病毒.PCR和大乳鼠背根神经节活性检测证明hNT-3已整合到宿主细胞基因组并能稳定表达.     

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes 2, 4 and 5 display similar transduction profiles and penetrate solid tumor tissue in models of human glioma

BACKGROUND: Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are potent delivery vehicles for gene transfer strategies directed at the central nervous system (CNS), muscle and liver. However, comparatively few studies have described AAV-mediated gene transfer to tumor tissues. We have previously demonstrated that while AAV2 and Adenoviral (Ad) 5 vectors have similar broad host ranges in tumor-derived cell lines, AAV2 was able to penetrate human glioblastoma biopsy spheroids and xenografts more efficiently than Ad 5 vectors. These results suggested that AAV vectors could be suitable for therapeutic gene delivery to solid tumor tissue. In the present work, the transduction efficacy of AAV serotypes 4 and 5 were compared to AAV2, both in vitro and in intracranial GBM xenografts derived from patient biopsies implanted into nude rats. METHODS: AAV vector serotypes 2, 4, and 5 containing either the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or the bacterial beta-galactosidase (lacZ) reporter gene were added to five different human glioma cell lines, to multicellular spheroids generated from glioblastoma patient biopsies, and to spheroids xenografted intracranially in nude rats. Transduction efficiency was assessed by fluorescence imaging, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS: While all three AAV serotypes were able to transduce the glioma cell lines when added individually or when they were administered in concert, AAV2 transduced the glioma cells most effectively compared to AAV4 or AAV5. Upon infecting glioblastoma spheroids in vitro, all three AAV serotypes efficiently transduced cells located at the surface as well as within deeper layers of the spheroids. In addition, similarly to what was observed for AAV2 16, both AAV4 and AAV5 were able to transduce human glioblastoma xenografts implanted intracranially. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the widely used AAV2 serotype, AAV4 and AAV5 serotypes may also be used to transduce biologically diverse glioma cell lines. They also penetrate and transduce solid human tumor tissue derived from patient biopsies. Therefore, the data presented here provide a proof of principle for developing AAV4 and AAV5 as treatment vehicles for human malignant gliomas.     

The rabbit C family of short, interspersed repeats. Nucleotide sequence determination and transcriptional analysis

When the entire adeno-associated virus (AAV) genome is inserted into a bacterial plasmid, infectious AAV genomes can be rescued and replicated when the recombinant AAV-plasmid DNA is transfected into human 293 cells together with helper adenovirus particles. We have taken advantage of this experimental system to analyze the effects of several classes of mutations on replication of AAV DNA. We obtained AAV mutants by molecular cloning in bacterial plasmids of naturally occurring AAV variant or defective-interfering genomes. Each of these mutants contains a single internal deletion of AAV coding sequences. Also, some of these mutant-AAV plasmids have additional deletions of one or both AAV terminal palindromes introduced during constructions in vitro. We show here that AAV mutants containing internal deletions were defective for replicative form DNA replication (rep-) but could be complemented by intact wild-type AAV. This indicates that an AAV replication function, Rep, is required for normal AAV replication. Mutants in which both terminal palindromes were deleted (ori-) were also replication defective but were not complementable by wild-type AAV. The cis-dominance of the ori- mutation shows that the replication origin is comprised in part of the terminal palindrome. Deletion of only one terminal palindrome was phenotypically wild-type and allowed rescue and replication of AAV genomes in which the deleted region was regenerated apparently by an intramolecular correction mechanism. One model for this correction mechanism is proposed. An AAV ori- mutant also complemented replication of AAV rep- mutants as efficiently as did wild-type AAV. These studies also revealed an unexpected additional property of the deletion mutants in that monomeric single-stranded single-stranded DNA accumulated very inefficiently even though monomeric single-stranded DNA from the complementing wild-type AAV did accumulate.     

Adeno-associated virus serotypes 1 to 5 mediated tumor cell directed gene transfer and improvement of transduction efficiency

BACKGROUND: Gene therapy is an attractive new approach for the treatment of cancer. Therefore, the development of efficient vector systems is of crucial importance in this field. Different adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes have been characterized so far, which show considerable differences in tissue tropism. Consequently, we aimed to characterize the most efficient serotype for this application. METHODS: To exclude all influences other than those provided by the capsid, all serotypes contained the same transgene cassette flanked by the AAV2 inverted terminal repeats. We systematically compared these vectors for efficiency in human cancer cell directed gene transfer. In order to identify limiting steps, the influence of second-strand synthesis and proteasomal degradation of AAV in a poorly transducible cell line were examined. RESULTS: AAV2 was the most efficient serotype in all solid tumor cells and primary melanoma cells with transduction rates up to 98 +/- 0.3%. Transduction above 70% could be reached with serotypes 1 (in cervical and prostate carcinoma) and 3 (in cervical, breast, prostate and colon carcinoma) using 1000 genomic particles per cell. In the colon carcinoma cell line HT-29 proteasomal degradation limited AAV1-AAV4-mediated gene transfer. Moreover, inefficient second-strand synthesis prevents AAV2-mediated transgene expression in this cell line. CONCLUSIONS: Recent advances in AAV-vector technology suggest that AAV-based vectors can be used for cancer gene therapy. Our comparative analysis revealed that, although AAV2 is the most promising candidate for such an application, serotypes 1 and 3 are valid alternatives. Furthermore, the use of self-complementary AAV vectors and proteasome inhibitors significantly improves cancer cell transduction.     

用腺相关病毒载体介导人血管内皮生长因子受体KDR胞外区基因的有达

新生血管大量形成在实体瘤的生长和转移中起着关键的作用。血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)是介导肿瘤血管生成的最主要因素。从原代培养的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞 (HUVEC)提取细胞总RNA ,采用逆转录PCR(RT PCR)方法得到VEGF受体KDR胞外区cDNA片段。将获得的受体基因克隆到AAV基因治疗载体pSNAV中 ,得到重组质粒pSNAV KDR。重组质粒转染BHK细胞 ,加入辅助病毒后 ,获得了表达目的蛋白的重组AAV。重组病毒表达的KDR在体外实验中具有与VEGF结合的活性。在体内实验中 ,重组AAV感染的黑色素瘤细胞在小鼠中形成肿瘤的血管化程度明显低于对照组。     

用腺相关病毒载体介导人血管内皮生长因子受体KDR胞外区基因的表达

新生血管大量形成在实体瘤的生长和转移中起着关键的作用。血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)是介导肿瘤血管生成的最主要因素。从原代培养的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)提取细胞总RNA,采用逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)方法得到VEGF受体KDR胞外区cDNA片段。将获得的受体基因克隆到AAV基因治疗载体pSNAV中,得到重组质粒pSNAV/KDR。重组质粒转染BHK细胞,加入辅助病毒后,获得了表达目的蛋白的重组AAV。重组病毒表达的KDR在体外实验中具有与VEGF结合的活性。在体内实验中,重组AAV感染的黑色素瘤细胞在小鼠中形成肿瘤的血管化程度明显低于对照组。     

Structure comparison of the chimeric AAV2.7m8 vector with parental AAV2

The AAV2.7m8 vector is an engineered capsid with a 10-amino acid insertion in adeno-associated virus (AAV) surface variable region VIII (VR-VIII) resulting in the alteration of an antigenic region of AAV2 and the ability to efficiently transduce retina cells following intravitreal administration. Directed evolution and in vivo screening in the mouse retina isolated this vector. In the present study, we sought to identify the structural differences between a recombinant AAV2.7m8 (rAAV2.7m8) vector packaging a GFP genome and its parental serotype, AAV2, by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and image reconstruction. The structures of rAAV2.7m8 and AAV2 were determined to 2.91 and 3.02 Å resolution, respectively. The rAAV2.7m8 amino acid side-chains for residues 219–745 (the last C-terminal residue) were interpretable in the density map with the exception of the 10 inserted amino acids. While observable in a low sigma threshold density, side-chains were only resolved at the base of the insertion, likely due to flexibility at the top of the loop. A comparison to parental AAV2 (ordered from residues 217–735) showed the structures to be similar, except at some side-chains that had different orientations and, in VR-VIII containing the 10 amino acid insertion. VR-VIII is part of an AAV2 antigenic epitope, and the difference is consistent with rAAV2.7m8′s escape from a known AAV2 monoclonal antibody, C37-B. The observations provide valuable insight into the configuration of inserted surface peptides on the AAV capsid and structural differences to be leveraged for future AAV vector rational design, especially for retargeted tropism and antibody escape.     

AAV载体的最新研究进展

腺相关病毒(AAV)是细小病毒家族一员,为无包膜的线形单链DNA病毒。由于AAV有长期潜伏于人体而不具有任何致病性等优点,人们对AAV作为基因治疗载体,基因打靶载体等方面的应用给予了很大的希望。AAV载体的安全性能已经用于帕金森病和囊性纤维病一期的治疗。目前通过不断的发展、改造病毒载体的基因结构,扩大其载体容量,提高病毒产率和转染效率,以使腺相关病毒载体更加符合实际需要。     

Intraperitoneal AAV9-shRNA inhibits target expression in neonatal skeletal and cardiac muscles

Systemic injections of AAV vectors generally transduce to the liver more effectively than to cardiac and skeletal muscles. The short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-expressing AAV9 (shRNA-AAV9) can also reduce target gene expression in the liver, but not enough in cardiac or skeletal muscles. Higher doses of shRNA-AAV9 required for inhibiting target genes in cardiac and skeletal muscles often results in shRNA-related toxicity including microRNA oversaturation that can induce fetal liver failure.In this study, we injected high-dose shRNA-AAV9 to neonates and efficiently silenced genes in cardiac and skeletal muscles without inducing liver toxicity. This is because AAV is most likely diluted or degraded in the liver than in cardiac or skeletal muscle during cell division after birth. We report that this systemically injected shRNA-AAV method does not induce any major side effects, such as liver dysfunction, and the dose of shRNA-AAV is sufficient for gene silencing in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. This novel method may be useful for generating gene knockdown in skeletal and cardiac mouse tissues, thus providing mouse models useful for analyzing diseases caused by loss-of-function of target genes.     

8型AAV重组病毒介导的凝血因子的基因表达

8型AAV重组病毒载体是新型的基因转移载体,能高效转染肌肉细胞和肝细胞.AAV转染细胞的效果与注射病毒的途径有很大关系.与门脉注射和肌肉注射相比,经腹腔注射的rAAV8病毒能经血液循环转运到全身其他组织器官,形成更加广泛和持久的基因转导.通过腹腔途径把5×1010gc的8型重组病毒载体注射到小鼠体内,2周后,小鼠血浆中有明显的基因表达,1个月至2个月期间多数小鼠表达量达到高峰,然后表达水平下降,直到4个月后血浆中尚维持明显的表达量.凝血实验显示,表达的人凝血因子Ⅸ具有生物活性.免疫组化实验显示,病毒载体已进入体内多组织器官中表达.说明8型AAV病毒载体经腹腔注射后已经血液循环运送到其他组织,并在肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和心脏等器官明显表达,表达产物具有凝血活性.