月光花素对彩叶芋愈伤组织细胞生长和分化的影响

在含有NAA0.2mg/L,2.4-D 0.2mg/L的MS基础培养基中添加月光花素培养彩叶芋愈伤组织,结果显示,低浓度的月光花素能促进愈伤组织生长,高浓度则有明显的抑制作用,最适浓度为1.0~2.0mg/L;培养两个月后,添加适宜浓度的月光花素(0.2~2.0mg/L)的培养基能促进体细胞分化和植株再生,而高浓度(10.0mg/L)处理和对照均未能分化出绿苗。表明适宜浓度的月光花素在合适的生长素剂量的协同作用下,对植物愈伤组织细胞的生长和分化有较强的调节作用。     

Limitation of tobacco callus tissue growth by carbohydrate availability

Growth rate, maximum dry weight yield, and carbohydrate utilization were measured with pith callus derived from Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Wisconsin No. 38. Maximum tissue dry weights increased as carbohydrate (either glucose or sucrose) in the medium was increased. The time at which maximum growth was obtained coincided with the time at which carbohydrate was exhausted from the medium. The addition of carbohydrate to the medium before the end of log phase growth supported that amount of additional growth which would have been obtained if all of the carbohydrate had been added to the medium prior to planting the tissue. Maximum obtainable dry weights at logarithmic growth rates greater than 0.16 doubling per day depended on the amount of carbohydrate in the medium and not on a particular hormonal regime.     

Influence of nutrient supply on growth,carbohydrate, and nitrogen metabolic relations in Typha angustifolia

Performance of Typha angustifolia, a species common in European wetlands, was studied in connection with wetlands eutrophication. Cultivation in a sand culture was used to follow the effect of nutrient availability per se and to study, in detail, both aboveground as well as belowground organs (rhizomes and roots) of the plant in contrast to the possibilities of field study. A complex study of growth, carbohydrate, and nitrogen metabolic relationships, with respect to tissue age, was done in plants growing in nutrient solutions that differed in their levels of N and P (oligotrophic: 0.026 mM N and 0.001 mM P; eutrophic: 2.635 mM N and 0.0999 mM P; hypertrophic treatment: 9.539 mM N and 0.999 mM P).In contrast to the poor growth of Typha plants under the oligotrophic treatment, Typha coped best under the eutrophic treatment. Further increase in nutrient availability to the hypertrophic treatment did not result in additional stimulation of growth, but instead some negative reactions appeared. Changes in the growth and allocation of biomass, in favour of shoots and including rhizomes (as compared with roots) with increasing nutrient availability, were accompanied by an increase in N allocation and content of non-structural carbohydrates in these tissues. Detailed biochemical analysis revealed significant differences between tissues of different ages. These characteristics probably reflect the physiological potential of this species for their successful spreading in natural eutrophic habitats. Moreover, a decrease in the C/N ratio, decreasing proportion of starch/soluble sugars ratio, increasing proportion of hexoses/sucrose ratio (taking into account the type and tissue age of plant organs), with increasing nutrient availability, indicate high metabolic activity of the tissues at the stage of maximum growth.     

Effects of oligosaccharins on callus growth and saponin content of Panax notoginseng

This work provides some evidences for the saponinproduction of Panax notoginseng callus by using biologi-cally active,wall-related oligosaccharins.In anappropriate concentration,three kinds of oligosaccharinsstimulated saponin formation or callus growth.Theconcentration of DO,GO and CO for saponin productionof Panax notoginseng callus culture were 15ppm,15ppmaud 20ppm respectively by comparing saponin yield.Itwas very obvious for DO to increase saponin contentwhen the concentration was 10ppm,and for GO tostimulate callus growth when the concentration was20ppm.It would be a good way to produce saponin byusing oligosaccharins in large scale culture in thefuture.     

Effect of temperature on carbohydrate content,ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase,and ATP- and PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase activity of potato tuber callus tissue

Callus derived from Lemhi Russet and Russet Burbank tuber tissue was incubated at 20°C and 30°C on a high sucrose medium for starch-formation and subjected to simulated storage and reconditioning treatments at 5°C and 25°C after transfer of the callus to a medium without a carbon source. Percent dry weight of callus from both cultivars averaged about 21% after starch formation and 5% after storage and reconditioning treatments. Total sugars were higher in callus incubated on the starch forming treatment. Lemhi Russet callus contained predominantly reducing sugars, while Russet Burbank callus contained mostly non-reducing sugars. Total sugar content was generally lower for both cultivars after the storage and reconditioning treatment in callus after starch formation at 20°C. Starch content was generally higher in Lemhi Russet tissue. After starch formation at 20°C Lemhi Russet had higher starch after the storage and reconditioning treatment than tissue from 30°C, while the opposite trend was found in Russet Burbank tissue. Total protein declined in Russet Burbank tissue during the storage and reconditioning treatment regardless of prior incubation conditions, while this decline only occurred in Lemhi Russet tissue initially incubated at 30°C during the starch formation treatment. In tissue of both cultivars, ATP- and PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase activities were inversely proportional to total sugar concentrations, while in RB callus ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase activities were proportional to starch content.Research Paper 91B1 of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Different effects of two brassinosteroids on growth,auxin and cytokinin content in tobacco callus tissue

Two synthetic brassinosteroids, 24-epibrassinolide (24-epiBR) and 2,3, 17-trihydroxy-5-androstan-6-one (THA-BR), exhibit different effects on growth of tobacco callus tissue. When added to a culture medium containing growth-limiting amounts of auxin, 24-epiBR reduced and THA-BR increased the fresh weight yield of tissue up to 53% and 207%, respectively, after 6 weeks of cultivation. The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of the two brassinosteroids on tissue growth occurred over a broad range of concentrations without a pronounced maximum corresponding to the yes or no type of response. Different effects of 24-epiBR and THA-BR on tissue growth were inversely proportional to the content of endogenous cytokinins. Maximum contents of predominant cytokinins N⁶-(²-isopentenyl)adenine (iP) and trans-zeatin (Z) in tissues supplied with 24-epiBR in growth-inhibiting concentrations were up to 3.7 fold and 3.4 fold higher, respectively, as compared to tissues grown on media containing growth-stimulating concentrations of THA-BR. Stimulation of tissue growth by THA-BR correlated with content of endogenous IAA and an inverse correlation was found between the content of endogenous IAA and cytokinins in tissues supplied with 24-epiBR. THA-BR exhibited weak cytokinin-like activity in a bioassay based on stimulation of growth of lateral buds of pea while 24-epiBR was inactive. Results indicate that the qualitatively different effects of the two brassinosteroids on growth of tobacco tissue may reflect their different influence on content of endogenous cytokinin.Abbreviations BR(s) brassinosteroid(s) - 24-epiBR 24-epibrassinolide - THA-BR 2,33, 17-trihydroxy-5-androstan-6-one - CK(s) cytokinin(s) - iP N⁶-(²-isopentenyl)adenine - [9R]iP N⁶-(²-isopentenyl)adenosine - Z trans-zeatin - [9R]Z ribosyl-trans-zeatin - ABA abscisic acid - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - NAA naphtalene-1-acetic acid - DEAE cellulose diethylaminoethyl cellulose - HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - ELISA enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay     

不同抗生素对金发草愈伤组织生长分化的影响

该研究以金发草愈伤组织为材料,通过分析比较不同抗生素种类(卡那霉素、潮霉素、头孢噻呋钠和氨苄青霉素)和浓度对金发草愈伤组织生长分化的影响,来确定适用于金发草遗传转化体系中的抗性筛选剂和抑菌剂。结果表明：(1)金发草愈伤组织对卡那霉素很敏感,且其分化率随着卡那霉素浓度的增加显著减少( P＝0.01)。当卡那霉素浓度为10 mg·L-1时,金发草愈伤组织的生长分化受到明显抑制,且有大量的白化苗形成,但分化率仍有36.56％;当卡那霉素浓度为15 mg·L-1时,金发草愈伤组织的分化率为11.94％,只有很少部分的愈伤分化出绿色的丛生苗;当卡那霉素浓度为20 mg·L-1时,金发草愈伤组织基本褐化死亡,分化率仅为2.26％。因此,浓度为15 mg·L-1的卡那霉素适合作为金发草遗传转化体系中的抗性筛选剂。(2)金发草愈伤组织对潮霉素的敏感性要比卡那霉素弱,且潮霉素对金发草愈伤组织分化率的影响小,但毒害作用大。因此,潮霉素不适合作为金发草遗传转化体系中的抗性筛选剂。(3)300 mg·L-1的头孢霉素和氨苄青霉素对金发草愈伤组织生长分化影响很小且能有效抑制杂菌的生长,较高浓度的氨苄青霉素对金发草愈伤组织的抑制作用不太明显。因此,300 mg·L-1的头孢霉素和较高浓度的氨苄青霉素均可作为金发草遗传转化体系中的抑菌剂。该研究确定了适用于农杆菌介导的金发草遗传转化体系中的抗性筛选剂和抑菌剂,为金发草的遗传改良及功能性基因的研究奠定了基础。     

Effects of the growth regulator 4PU-30 on growth,K+ content,and alkaloid production in tobacco callus cultures

Growth, K⁺ content, and alkaloid production were compared in nonorganogenetic callus cultures ofNicotiana tabacum cv. Burley 21 grown at 25°C in the dark on two different media: a basal medium with 1 M -naphthaleneacetic acid and 1 M kinetin, and one with 1 M -naphthaleneacetic acid and 1 M 4PU-30 (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea). These callus tissues behaved differently not only in growth and K⁺ content but also in alkaloid production. In comparison to cultures grown with kinetin, those grown with 4PU-30 showed a significantly higher fresh weight and dry weight and K⁺ content during the growth period studied. The data clearly indicate a positive correlation between K⁺ uptake rate stimulated by 4PU-30 and cell enlargement rate. However, the alkaloid biosynthesis in the callus tissues was activated by the supply of kinetin and diminished by that of 4PU-30. It thus appears that cellular enlargement of meristematic tissue stimulated by 4PU-30 limited alkaloid production.     

Effect of sink size on photosynthesis and carbohydrate content of leaves of three spring wheat varieties

Effects of CO₂ on stomatal movements of Commelina communis L. were studied with plants, epidermal strips and guard cell protoplasts. With plants, the stomatal response induced by a blue light pulse was studied for different ambient CO₂ concentration ranging from CO₂-deprived air to 100 Pa in darkness or under red light. It was observed that the blue light response could be obtained not only under a red light background but also in darkness and CO₂-free air, the two responses being quite similar.
With epidermal strips, the effect of CO₂ on ferricyanide reductase activity at the guard cell plasmalemma was studied by transmission electron microscopy. In the presence of ferric ions, reduced ferricyanide gives an electron dense precipitate of Prussian Blue. In darkness and air, no precipitate was observed. In darkness and CO₂-free air as well as under light and normal air, a precipitate was found along the plasmalemma of the guard cells, indicating a ferricyanide reductase activity. With guard cell protoplasts suspended in a medium either in equilibrium with air or in a CO₂-free medium the H⁺ extrusion induced by a blue light pulse added to a red light background was measured. A low CO₂ content was obtained by adding photosynthetic algae to the suspension of guard cell protoplasts. In a CO₂-free medium the rate of H⁺ extrusion was enhanced.
The results are discussed on the basis of a possible competition for reducing power between CO₂ fixation and a putative blue light dependent redox chain located on the plasma membrane.     

Effect of lead stress on mineral content and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) seedlings

Lead (Pb) is the most common heavy metal contaminant in the environment. Pb is not an essential element for plants, but they absorb it when it is present in their environment, especially in rural areas when the soil is polluted by automotive exhaust and in fields contaminated with fertilizers containing heavy metal impurities. To investigate lead effects on nutrient uptake and metabolism, two plant species, spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), were grown under hydroponic conditions and stressed with lead nitrate, Pb(NO₃)₂, at three concentrations (1.5, 3, and 15 mM).Lead is accumulated in a dose-dependent manner in both plant species, which results in reduced growth and lower uptake of all mineral ions tested. Total amounts and concentrations of most mineral ions (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn) are reduced, although Mn concentrations are increased, as its uptake is reduced less relative to the whole plant’s growth. The deficiency of mineral nutrients correlates in a strong decrease in the contents of chlorophylls a and b and proline in both species, but these effects are less pronounced in spinach than in wheat. By contrast, the effects of lead on soluble proteins differ between species; they are reduced in wheat at all lead concentrations, whereas they are increased in spinach, where their value peaks at 3 mM Pb.The relative lead uptake by spinach and wheat, and the different susceptibility of these two species to lead treatment are discussed.     

The influence of phytohormones on growth,organ differentiation and fructan production in callus of Symphytum officinale L.

Summary Callus derived from Symphytum officinale L. regenerants was cultured in the presence of various phytohormones. The growth rate of callus was stimulated by all phytohormones at various concentrations. With 1-naphthaleneacetic acid no organ differentiation could be observed. With indole-3-butyric acid at low concentrations only roots were formed, whereas 6-benzylaminopurine, kinetin and zeatin at various concentrations induced either root or shoot formation or the simultaneous regeneration of both. Minor amounts of fructans were formed at high 6-benzylaminopurine-, zeatin- and at all indole-3-acetic acid-concentrations. The concentration of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid had no influence on the fructan content. Highest rates of fructan synthesis occurred at low zeatin-concentrations up to 1.5 mg/l. Only zeatin at all concentrations induced the synthesis of polyfructans, whereas appreciable amounts of oligofructans were formed under the influence of all other phytohormones.Abbreviations NAA 1-naphthaleneacetic acid - IBA indole-3-butyric acid - BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - DP degree of polymerisation - GLC gas liquid chromatography - TLC thin layer chromatography     

Metabolic profiles of Lolium perenne are differentially affected by nitrogen supply, carbohydrate content, and fungal endophyte infection

Lolium perenne cultivars differing in their capacity to accumulate water soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) were infected with three strains of fungal Neotyphodium lolii endophytes or left uninfected. The endophyte strains differed in their alkaloid profiles. Plants were grown at two different levels of nitrogen (N) supply in a controlled environment. Metabolic profiles of blades were analyzed using a variety of analytical methods. A total of 66 response variables were subjected to a principle components analysis and factor rotation. The first three rotated factors (46% of the total variance) were subsequently analyzed by analysis of variance. At high N supply nitrogenous compounds, organic acids and lipids were increased; WSCs, chlorogenic acid (CGA), and fibers were decreased. The high-sugar cultivar 'AberDove' had reduced levels of nitrate, most minor amino acids, sulfur, and fibers compared to the control cultivar 'Fennema', whereas WSCs, CGA, and methionine were increased. In plants infected with endophytes, nitrate, several amino acids, and, magnesium were decreased; WSCs, lipids, some organic acids, and CGA were increased. Regrowth of blades was stimulated at high N, and there was a significant endophyte x cultivar interaction on regrowth. Mannitol, a fungal specific sugar alcohol, was significantly correlated with fungal biomass. Our findings suggest that effects of endophytes on metabolic profiles of L. perenne can be considerable, depending on host plant characteristics and nutrient supply, and we propose that a shift in carbon/N ratios and in secondary metabolite production as seen in our study is likely to have impacts on herbivore responses.     

Influence of benzimidazole on callus growth and shoot formation on callus cultures

The influence of benzimidazole on callus growth and shoot formationin vitro was examined. At concentrations of 8.5 x 10^–4mMto 8.5 x 10^–1mM benzimidazole failed to stimulate callusgrowth or shoot formation. Concentrations of 0.85 mM and 1.7mM inhibited kinetin-dependent callus growth while lower concentrationswere without effect. It may be inferred that benzimidazole hasno cell division properties such as is associated with the cytokinins,though it mimics, in appearance, cytokinins actions in severalphysiological processes. (Received August 12, 1975; )     

Effect of nitrogen supply on frost resistance, nitrogen metabolism and carbohydrate content in white clover (Trifolium repens)

Effects of mineral nitrogen (2, 4, 6 and 8 m M NH₄NO₃) and nodulation with Rhizobium on frost hardiness in seedlings of white clover ( Trifolium repens ) have been studied. Seedlings of a population from Bodø (67°N lat.) were grown in Leonard jars under controlled conditions in a phytotron. For induction of frost hardening, plants were first exposed to 12 h photoperiod conditions for 2 weeks at 18°C, then for 2 weeks at 6°C and finally for 2 weeks at 0.5°C. Frost hardiness after treatments at 6 and 0.5°C was significantly enhanced by increasing nitrogen supply and was positively correlated with total nitrogen content of the stolons. Frost hardiness of nodulated plants correlated to the tissue nitrogen concentration. Content of soluble proteins in stolons decreased during hardening at 6°C but did not change during treatment at 0.5°C. There were minor changes in total amount of free amino acids during hardening. Both absolute and relative amounts of proline and arginine increased, and those of asparagine decreased during hardening. Absolute amounts of all free amino acids increased with increasing nitrogen supply, but the changes during hardening were similar in all treatments. There was a significant increase in the content of soluble carbohydrates during hardening. However, this increase was inversely related to nitrogen supply.     

Effect of copper nanoparticles on the mineral content of tissues and droppings,and growth of chickens

We hypothesised that copper nanoparticles (NanoCu), because of their high physicochemical reactivity and bioavailability, could be used in much smaller quantities than bulk Cu, consequently reducing excretion of Cu into the environment. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of various levels of NanoCu on the development and growth of broiler chickens, in order to establish an optimum level of NanoCu dietary supplementation. Broiler chickens were randomly divided into five groups of 10 birds each. The control group received 7.5 mg Cu/kg feed (standard level) as CuSO₄, while groups fed with complexes of NanoCu and starch received 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the standard level of Cu used in the control group. Chicken growth and excretion of Cu, Fe and Zn were measured during the growth period from d 7 to 42. At d 42, the slaughter characteristics, the content of Cu, Fe and Zn in the breast muscle and liver, and the oxidative status were analysed. The results indicate that using NanoCu can reduce the standard level of Cu from CuSO₄ supplementation by 75% without jeopardising animal growth, and at the same time significantly decreasing Cu excretion into the environment.     

24-epibrassinolide effects on in vitro callus tissue formation,growth, and regeneration in wheat varieties with contrasting drought resistance

Effects were investigated of kinetin replacement on 24-epibrassinolide (24-EB) in the in vitro cultured embryonic explants that were obtained from two varieties of spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)— Bashkirskaya 26 (drought resistant) and Salavat Yulaev (weakly resistant), differing in drought resistance, on the calli formation, its growth indices, contents of ABA and cytokinins, morphological and histological parameters, as well as their regenerative capacity. The resistant Bashkirskaya 26 variety, in contrast to the Salavat Yulaev variety, was characterized by a significantly higher frequency of calli formation in the culture of immature embryos on the 24-EB induction medium, higher increase in fresh and dry weights, and a large number of morphogenetic centers. On the medium containing kinetin, the Salavat Yulaev calli were characterized by an increased level of ABA throughout the experiment with a maximum of 15–25 days, whereas, in the Bashkirskaya 26 calli, the maximum ABA accumulation occurred on the seventh to 11th day of cultivation, after which a decrease in the hormone content was observed. It was found that calli of both varieties cultivated on the 24-EB medium against the background of absence in the ABA content changes were characterized by an increased content of endogenous cytokinins, especially significant in Bashkirskaya 26 calli. Calli of both varieties were characterized by a high regenerative capacity in all the studied variants of the regeneration medium. At the same time, the maximum capacity for regeneration and formation of regenerants with a single callus were revealed by replacing kinetin with 24-EB, especially pronounced in a resistant variety. The combination of the results obtained demonstrates the efficacy of 24-EB introducing instead of kinetin into the in vitro culture medium for explants of two varieties of spring soft wheat that differ in drought resistance, as evidenced by an increase in the frequency of callus formation from immature embryos, as well as the number of morphogenetic centers in the resulting calli.     

Effects of N,P, and K on formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae,growth and mineral content of onion

The effects of N, P, K and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusGigaspora calospora (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe on root colonization, spore production, dry biomass and shoot mineral content of onion (Allium cepa L. cv. Autumn spice) were investigated. All combinations of presence or absence of N, P, K and inoculum were tested. Nitrogen fertilization stimulates root colonization, and spore production is higher on plants fertilized with K. Phosphorus fertilization reduces root colonization and spore production. Biomass of endomycorrhizal plants is higher than that of non-mycorrhizal plants. Yield increases due to P are larger when plants are not fertilized with additional N. When plants are fertilized with either N, P or K they absorb more N, P or K, respectively. Some interactions between N, P, and K have an effect on tissue P and Ca content. Optimal ratio of available nutrients in the soil is essential for the host plant-VAM fungus system to be most efficient.     

Floral organ growth and carbohydrate content during pollen development in Lilium

In order to understand floral sugar physiology, we correlated the growth of the organs with carbohydrate content in the flower of Lilium cv. “enchantment” during pollen development. In a previous work, we distinguished two phases in pollen ontogenesis: the anther growth phase, from the microspore mother cell until the vacuolated microspore, and the anther maturation phase, from the vacuolated microspore until anthesis. In the present work, we showed that during the growth phase, the anther underwent most of its size and dry weight growth, whereas the growth rate of nonanther organs was reduced. Anther and filament possessed the highest amounts of carbohydrates, which decreased progressively until the vacuolated microspore stage. During the maturation phase, sucrose and starch increased in all floral organs. Anther growth was completed at the Mi stage, whereas the nonanther organs began exponential growth. From these observations, we concluded that hierarchic nutritional correlations exist between the flower organs, in which the anther is the main actor: during the anther growth phase, the anther represents the highest sink strength floral organ, and mainly attracts assimilates through the filament. During the anther maturation phase, anther growth is achieved, its needs decrease, and assimilates are thus available for neighboring organs, which undergo intense growth until anthesis.