Response of antioxidant enzymes in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sauva</Emphasis> L. cv. Dongjin) under mercury stress

We studied the effects of different concentrations of mercury (0.0 to 100 μM) on growth and photosynthetic efficiency in rice plants treated for 21 d. In addition, we investigated how this metal affected the malondialdehyde (MDA) content as well as the activity of five antioxidant enzymes — superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Photosynthetic efficiency (Fμ/F_m) and seedling growth decreased as the concentration of Hg was increased in the growth media. Plants also responded to Hg-induced oxidative stress by changing the levels of their antioxidative enzymes. Enhanced lipid peroxidation was observed in both leaves and roots that had been exposed to oxidative stress, with leaves showing higher enzymatic activity. Both SOD and APX activities increased in treatments with up to 50 μM Hg, then decreased at higher concentrations. In the leaves, both CAT and POD activities increased gradually, with CAT levels decreasing at higher concentrations. In the roots, however, CAT activity remained unchanged while that of POD increased a bit more than did the control for concentrations of up to 10 μM Hg. At higher Hg levels, both CAT and POD activities decreased. GR activity increased in leaves exposed to no more than 0.25 μM Hg, then decreased gradually. In contrast, its activity was greatly inhibited in the roots. Based on these results, we suggest that when rice plants are exposed to different concentrations of mercury, their antioxidative enzymes become involved in defense mechanisms against the free radicals that are induced by this stress.     

光照强度调控4种亚热带森林植物叶片的抗氧化能力

 以亚热带林木荷树(Schima superba)和黧蒴(Castanopsis fissa)(乔木)、九节(Psycotria robra)和罗伞(Ardisia- quinguegona)(灌木)为材料,盆栽苗给予100％、36％及16％自然光照处理,同时在自然林中选择两种低光强区并采用疏伐措施使部分幼树暴露于全自然光下。在夏、冬两季采样分析叶片的抗氧化剂(AsA、GSH)含量和抗氧化酶(APX、SOD)活性,研究光强对4种亚热带树种抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：同在自然光下,灌木的抗氧化能力较强,其AsA含量,APX．SOD活性高于乔木;随生长光强的减弱,4种幼树叶片的AsA．GSH含量和APX、SOD活性均下降,而光强改变对灌木的影响大于乔木。夏、冬季的分析结果有一定差异,说明光是自然条件下影响植物叶片抗氧化能力因子,但温度等亦有一定的作用。     

光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中抗氧化系统的影响

以云烟87植株为材料,通过覆盖白、红、黄、蓝、紫色滤膜获得不同光质,于大田条件下研究了光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性,抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,在烟草植株第11片叶生长发育的7~70 d内,其抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势.与白光(对照)相比,黄光诱导烟草叶片SOD、CAT、APX和GR活性升高,以及AsA和GSH含量增加;而红光诱导APX和GR活性上升,以及GSH和AsA含量升高;但紫光却使SOD、CAT、POD、GR和GPX活性下降,GSH和AsA含量降低,而蓝光则使所有抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量降低.紫光和蓝光处理的烟草叶片中MDA含量较高,而黄光和红光处理的则较低.总体而言,在大田条件下,相对红光和黄光而言,蓝光和紫光处理下的烟草叶片更容易发生光氧化胁迫.     

大豆萌发过程的活性氧代谢

本文研究了大豆萌发过程中活性氧的产生与清除,并探讨了光因子在活性氧代谢中的作用。大豆呼吸强度、O产生速率及H2O2水平都在吸水后第四天达到高峰,然后下降,三者的变化趋势同步。SOD、POD及APX的活性随萌发过程而逐渐增强,最后趋于平稳。SOD同工酶谱中分别于萌发的第二、第三天各出现一条新的酶带。CAT在萌发的初期猛增50倍左右,之后趋于稳定。在三种清除H2O2的酶（CAT、POD、APX）中,CAT清除H2O2的能力远远高于POD与APX,CAT可能是大豆萌发过程中最主要的H2O2清除酶。光萌发时呼吸强度低于暗中萌发,但O产生速率与H2O2水平高于暗萌发,光萌发时O的产生占总耗氧量的1．1—2．7％,而暗中萌发为0．9—1．3％。光条件下SOD、APX活性明显高于暗中萌发,而POD与CAT则在光和暗条件下相差不大。     

Short-term effect of elevated CO2 concentration and high irradiance on the antioxidant enzymes in bean plants

The effect of short-term exposure to elevated CO₂ concentration and high irradiance on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidases (GPX) and catalase (CAT), and on the extent of the lipid peroxidation was studied in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Plants were exposed for 4 d (8 h a day) to irradiance of 100 (LI) or 1000 (HI) μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ at ambient (CA, 350 μmol mol⁻¹) or elevated (CE, 1300 μmol mol⁻¹) CO₂ concentration. Four-day exposure to CE increased the leaf dry mass in HI plants and RuBPC activity and chlorophyll content in LI plants. Total soluble protein content, leaf dry matter and RuBPC activity were higher in HI than in LI plants, although the HI and CE increased the contents of malonyldialdehyde and H₂O₂. Under CA, exposure to HI increased the activity of APX and decreased the total SOD activity. Under CE, HI treatment also activated APX and led to reduction of both, SOD and GPX, enzymes activities. CE considerably reduced the CAT activity at both irradiances, possibly due to suppressed rate of photorespiration under CE conditions.     

Exogenous treatment with salicylic acid leads to increased antioxidant capacity in leaves of barley plants exposed to paraquat

Our previous study suggests that salicylic acid mediates tolerance in barley plants to paraquat (Ananieva et al. 2002). To further define the role of SA in paraquat induced responses, we analysed the capacity of the antioxidative defence system by measuring the activities of several antioxidative enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), and guaiacol peroxidase (POX, EC 1.11.1.7). Twelve-day-old barley seedlings were supplied with 500 micromol/L SA or 10 micromol/L Pq via the transpiration stream and kept in the dark for 24 h. Then they were exposed to 100 micromol m(-2) s(-1) PAR and samples were taken 6 h after the light exposure. Treatment of seedlings with 10 micromol/L Pq reduced the activity of APX and GR, did not affect the activity of POX and DHAR but caused over a 40% increase in the activity of CAT. Pre-treatment with 500 micromol/L SA for 24 h in the dark before Pq application increased the activities of the studied enzymes in both the chloroplasts (SOD activity) and the other compartments of the cell (POX, CAT activity). The effect of SA pre-treatment was highly expressed on DHAR and POX activity. The data suggest that SA antagonizes Pq effects, via elicitation of an antioxidative response in barley plants.     

High amino acid accumulating 5-methyltryptophan-resistant rice mutants may include an increased antioxidative response system

In a previous study, we developed 5-methyltryptophan (5MT)-resistant rice ( Oryza sativa L.) mutant lines via in vitro mutagenesis. These mutant lines exhibited elevated free amino acid content, in addition to a marked tolerance to a 5MT inhibition. In this study, we verified these increased protein and amino acid contents in the advanced mutant lines, and discovered that the anthranilate synthase (AS, EC 4.1.3.27) activity of the mutant plants was 2.2–3 times as high as that of the control. In all four tested 5MT-resistant mutant lines, AS activity proved to be less sensitive to tryptophan inhibition than that of the control. Proteins produced, either in elevated amounts or de novo in response to 5MT were studied by comparison of silver-stained two-dimensional gels of leaf proteins, between the control and two 5MT-resistant mutant lines. At least 20 proteins exhibited either elevated expression or de novo generation following exposure to growth-inhibitory concentrations of 5MT in MRI-40. We assessed the 5MT stress-mediated responses of the four antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and aspartate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11). We found that the activity levels of all four enzymes were increased as a result of 5MT treatment, in both the control and the 5MT-resistant mutant lines. However, the mutant lines exhibited more pronounced increases in the antioxidant enzymes than did the control. Significant differences in these activity increases were observed between the control and the mutant lines in the SOD and APX activity assays. Native PAGE confirmed these differences in SOD and APX activity, with the separation patterns of the isoforms of SOD and APX. These results mean that the 5MT-resistant mutants might possess active antioxidant systems which protect the cell from 5MT stress that may induce the production of reactive oxygen species.     

Response of antioxidative enzymes to plum pox virus in two apricot cultivars

Recent evidence has indicated that activated oxygen species (AOS) may function as molecular signals in the induction of defence genes. In the present work, the response of antioxidative enzymes to the plum pox virus (PPV) was examined in two apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars, which behaved differently against PPV infection. In the inoculated resistant cultivar (Goldrich), a decrease in catalase (CAT) as well as an increase in total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities were observed. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) did not change significantly in relation to non-inoculated (control) plants. In the susceptible cultivar (Real Fino), inoculation with PPV brought about a decrease in CAT, SOD and GR, whereas a rise in APX, MDHAR and DHAR activities was found in comparison to non-inoculated (control) plants. Apricot leaves contain only CuZn-SOD isozymes, which responded differently to PPV depending on the cultivar. Goldrich leaves contained 6 SODs and both SOD 1 and SOD 2 increased in the inoculated plants. In leaves from Real Fino, 5 SODs were detected and only SOD 5 was increased in inoculated plants. The different behaviour of SODs (H2O2-generating enzymes) and APX (an H2O2-remover enzyme) in both cultivars suggests an important role for H2O2 in the response to PPV of the resistant cultivar, in which no change in APX activity was observed. This result also points to further studies in order to determine if an alternative H2O2-scavenging mechanism takes place in the resistant apricot cultivar exposed to PPV. On the other hand, the ability of the inoculated resistant cultivar to induce SOD 1 and SOD 2 as well as the important increase of DHAR seems to suggest a relationship between these activities and resistance to PPV. This is the first report about the effect of PPV infection on the antioxidative enzymes of apricot plants. It opens the way for the further studies, which are necessary for a better understanding of the role of antioxidative processes in viral infection by PPV in apricot plants.     

Effects of low chronic doses of ionizing radiation on antioxidant enzymes and G6PDH activities in Stipa capillata (Poaceae)

Stipa capillata (Poaceae) seeds were harvested from a control area (displaying a gamma dose rate of 0.23 micro Sv h(-1)) (C plants) and from two contaminated areas (5.4 and 25 micro Sv h(-1)) on the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS) in Kazakhstan. The plants were grown for 124 d in a greenhouse under controlled conditions and exposed to three different treatments: (0) control; (E) external gamma irradiation delivered by a sealed 137Cs source with a dose rate of 66 micro Sv h(-1); (E+I) E treatment combined with internal beta irradiation due to contamination by 134Cs and 85Sr via root uptake from the soil. The root uptake led to a contamination of 100 Bq g(-1) for 85Sr and 5 Bq g(-1) for 134Cs (of plant dry weight) as measured at harvest. The activity of SOD, APX, GR, POD, CAT, G6PDH, and MDHAR enzymes was measured in leaves. Under (0) treatment, all enzymes showed similar activities, except POD, which had higher activity in plants originating from contaminated areas. Treatment (E) induced an enhancement of POD, CAT, GR, SOD, and G6PDH activities in plants originating from contaminated areas. Only control plants showed any stimulation of APX activity. Treatment (E+I) had no significant effect on APX, GR, CAT, and POD activities, but MDHAR activity was significantly reduced while SOD and G6PDH activities were significantly increased. The increase occurred in plants from all origins for SOD, with a greater magnitude as a function of their origin, and it occurred only in plants from the more contaminated populations for G6PDH. This suggests that exposure to a low dose rate of ionizing radiation for almost a half century in the original environment of Stipa has led to natural selection of the most adapted genotypes characterized by an efficient induction of anti-oxidant enzyme activities, especially SOD and G6PDH, involved in plant protection against reactive oxygen species.     

Oxidative enzymes activity during abiotic and biotic stresses in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> leaves and roots exposed to Cu,methyl jasmonate and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trigonotylus caelestialium</Emphasis>

The activities of antioxidative enzymes, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), in the leaves and roots of Zea mays L. plants exposed to abiotic (methyl jasmonate, MJ, or/and copper, Cu) and biotic (Trigonotylus caelestialium) factors were examined. The contribution of MJ as a signal molecule in the defense mechanism against abiotic and biotic stresses was studied. All plants were cultivated hydroponically and divided into three groups: not treated by abiotic factors (control), treated by MJ only (MJ) and by MJ and Cu (MJ + Cu) and in each group half of the plants were exposed to T. caelestialium attack. The enzymatic activities of SOD, CAT, APX, and GPX in the leaves were higher in the insect-treated than non-insect-treated control plants, but lower in both MJ + Cu- or MJ- and insect-treated plants. In the roots, the enzyme activities were elevated in all insect-treated plants with the highest rise in MJ + Cu, in comparison with the MJ-treated plants. The results showed that MJ and MJ + Cu were efficient in reducing the activity of the antioxidative enzymes in the leaves under the insect influence by elevating enzyme activity in the roots.     

Salinity up-regulates the antioxidative system in root mitochondria and peroxisomes of the wild salt-tolerant tomato species Lycopersicon pennellii

The effect of salinity on the antioxidative system of root mitochondria and peroxisomes of a cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (Lem) and its wild salt-tolerant related species L. pennellii (Lpa) was studied. Salt stress induced oxidative stress in Lem mitochondria, as indicated by the increased levels of lipid peroxidation and H(2)O(2). These changes were associated with decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidases (POD) and contents of ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH). By contrast, in mitochondria of salt-treated Lpa plants both H(2)O(2) and lipid peroxidation levels decreased while the levels of ASC and GSH and activities of SOD, several isoforms of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and POD increased. Similarly to mitochondria, peroxisomes isolated from roots of salt-treated Lpa plants exhibited also decreased levels of lipid peroxidation and H(2)O(2) and increased SOD, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) activities. In spite of the fact that salt stress decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes in Lem peroxisome, oxidative stress was not evident in these organelles.     

Differential biochemical responses of wheat shoots and roots to nickel stress: antioxidative reactions and proline accumulation

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Zyta’) seedlings were treated with 10, 100 and 200 μM Ni. Tissue Ni accumulation, length, relative water content (RWC), proline and H₂O₂ concentrations as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were studied in the shoots and roots after 6 days of Ni exposure. Treatment with Ni, except for its lowest concentration, resulted in a significant reduction in wheat growth. In comparison to the shoots, the roots showed greater inhibition of elongation, which corresponded with higher accumulation of Ni in these organs. Both shoots and roots responded to Ni application with a decrease in RWC and enhancement in proline concentration. Greater dehydration of the shoot tissue was accompanied by more intense accumulation of proline. Treatment of the wheat seedlings with the highest concentration of Ni led to about 60% increase in H₂O₂ concentration in both studied organs. Apart from CAT, constitutive activities of antioxidative enzymes were much higher in the roots than in the shoots. Exposure of the seedlings to Ni resulted in SOD activity decline, which was more marked in the roots. While the shoots showed a substantial decrease (up to 30%) in CAT activity, in the roots the activity of this enzyme remained unchanged. After Ni application APX, POD and GST activities increased several-fold in the shoots, whereas in the roots they were not significantly altered. The results suggest that differential antioxidative responses of the shoots and roots of wheat seedlings to Ni stress might be related to diverse constitutive levels of antioxidant enzyme activities in both organs.     

The effect of NaCl on antioxidant enzyme activities in potato seedlings

The effect of NaCl on the growth and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were investigated in the seedlings of four potato cultivars (Agria, Kennebec; relatively salt tolerant, Diamant and Ajax; relatively salt sensitive). The shoot fresh mass of Agria and Kennebec did not changed at 50 mM NaCl, whereas in Diamant and Ajax it decreased to 50 % of that in the controls. In Agria and Kennebec, SOD activity increased at 50 mM NaCl, but no significant changes observed in Diamant and Ajax. At higher NaCl concentration, SOD activity reduced in all cultivars. CAT and POD activities increased in all cultivars under salt stress. Unlike the other cultivars, in Ajax seedlings, APX activity increased in response to NaCl stress. We also observed new POD and SOD isoenzyme activities and changes in isoenzyme compositions under salt stress. These results suggest that salt-tolerant potato cultivars may have a better protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (especially SOD) under salt stress.     

Effects of NaCl and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Antioxidative Enzymes in Soybean

The effects of different concentrations of NaCl on the activities of antioxidative enzymes in the shoots and roots of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr cv. Pershing) inoculated or not with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann, were studied. Furthermore, the effect of salt acclimated mycorrhizal fungi on the antioxidative enzymes in soybean plants grown under salt stress (100 mM NaCl) was investigated. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were increased in the shoots of both mycorrhizal (M) and nonmycorrhizal (NM) plants grown under NaCl salinity. Salinity increased SOD activity in the roots of M and NM plants, but had no effect on CAT and polyphenol oxidase activities in the roots. M plants had greater SOD, POD and ascorbate peroxidase activity under salinity. Under salt stress, soybean plants inoculated with salt pre-treated mycorrhizal fungi showed increased SOD and POD activity in shoots, relative to those inoculated with the non pre-treated fungi.     

Fine and coarse regulation of reactive oxygen species in the salt tolerant mutants of barnyard grass and their wild-type parents under salt stress

The growth of the wild-type and three salt tolerant mutants of barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crusgalli L.) under salt stress was investigated in relation to oxidative stress and activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD: EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT: EC 1.11.1.6), phenol peroxidase (POD: EC 1.11.1.7), glutathione reductase (GR: EC 1.8.1.7) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1.11.1.1). The three mutants ( fows B17, B19 and B21) grew significantly better than the wild-type under salt stress (200 m M NaCl) but some salt sensitive individuals were still detectable in the populations of the mutants though in smaller numbers compared with the wild-type. The salt sensitive plants had slower growth rates, higher rates of lipid peroxidation and higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their leaves compared with the more tolerant plants from the same genotype. These sensitivity responses were maximized when the plants were grown under high light intensity suggesting that the chloroplast could be a main source of ROS under salt stress. However, the salt sensitivity did not correlate with reduced K ⁺/Na ⁺ ratios or enhanced Na ⁺ uptake indicating that the sensitivity responses may be mainly because of accumulation of ROS rather than ion toxicity. SOD activities did not correlate to salt tolerance. Salt stress resulted in up to 10-fold increase in CAT activity in the sensitive plants but lower activities were found in the tolerant ones. In contrast, the activities of POD, APX and GR were down regulated in the sensitive plants compared with the tolerant ones. A correlation between plant growth, accumulation of ROS and differential modulation of antioxidant enzymes is discussed. We conclude that loss of activities of POD, APX and GR causes loss of fine regulation of ROS levels and hence the plants experience oxidative stress although they have high CAT activities.     

大盘山自然保护区香果树对不同海拔生境的生理生态响应

 在全面调查大盘山国家级自然保护区香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)分布的基础上, 设置了4个海拔段(A1: 550 ~ 650 m, A2: 680 ~ 770 m, A3: 810 ~ 900 m, A4: 970 ~ 1 100 m), 对不同海拔段内香果树的生理生态特性进行研究, 结果显示, 叶绿素a (Chla)、叶绿素b (Chlb)和总叶绿素(Chl(a+b))含量均随着海拔的上升而减小, 高海拔A4与低海拔A1相比, Chla、Chlb和Chl(a+b)含量分别下降了21.32%、31.53%和24.96%, 差异均达到显著水平。分析认为, 主要是由于相对较强的光照以及干旱胁迫的增强所致。同样, 比叶面积(SLA)也随着海拔的上升而减小, A4与A1相比下降了27.55%, 差异达到显著水平。丙二醛(MDA)含量和质膜透性(MP)变化较为一致, 两者均在A3处达到最低水平, 在A4处达到最高, 说明在A3受到的伤害最小而在A4受到的伤害最大; 脯氨酸(Pro)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量先升高再降低, 在A3处则均达到最高, 与A1相比分别增加了139.33%和10.60%; 酶保护系统中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性在A1均最小, 随着海拔的升高, 其活性变化则不太一致: SOD活性一直增加, POD、CAT和APX活性虽然都是先增加后减小, 但POD和APX在A3达到最高, CAT则是在A2最高。非酶类保护物质含量的增加和酶活性的增强有利于清除细胞内的活性氧, 维持细胞膜的稳定性, 从而保证植物的正常生长。综合此次实验结果表明, 在中海拔(810～900 m)比较适合香果树的生长, 而高海拔(970～1 100 m)则不适合香果树的生长。     

Cadmium-induced changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L. cv. Dongjin)

We studied how the relationship between cadmium (Cd) toxicity and oxidative stress influenced the growth, photosynthetic efficiency, lipid peroxidation, and activity of ntioxidative enzymes in the roots and leaves of rice(Oryza sativa L Dongjin). Plants were exposed to Cd for 21 d. Both seedling growth and photosynthetic efficiency decreased gradually with increasing cadmium concentrations. Lipid peroxidation increased slowly in both roots and leaves, causing oxidative stress. However, each tissue type responded differently to Cd concentrations with regard to the induction/ inhibition of antioxidative enzymes. The activity of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased in both roots and leaves. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity increased in leaves treated with up to 0.25 μM Cd, then decreased gradually at higher concentrations. In contrast, APX activity in roots increased and remained constant between 0.25 and 25 μM Cd. Enhanced peroxidase (POD) activity was recorded for treatments with up to 25/M Cd, gradually decreasing at higher concentrations in the leaves but remaining unchanged in the roots. Catalase (CAT) activity increased in the roots, but decreased in the leaves, whereas the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) was enhanced in both roots and leaves, where it remained elevated at higher Cd concentrations. These results suggest that rice seedlings tend to cope with free radicals generated by Cd through coordinated, enhanced activities of the antioxidative enzymes involved in detoxification.     

遮荫条件下黄檗生长和生理响应的性别差异研究

分析遮荫条件下黄檗幼苗形态指标、生理指标和代谢物质性别间差异，探讨其对遮荫的响应策略，为黄檗野生资源保护及造林抚育提供理论依据。以2年生黄檗雌雄株幼苗为试验材料，采用控制实验，设置3个遮荫梯度，自然光为对照，对比研究遮荫条件下黄檗幼苗雌雄植株形态特征、生物量分配、抗氧化防御酶活性、代谢物质的差异，以揭示其遮荫条件下的生存策略。结果表明：遮荫处理更有利于黄檗的生长，轻度遮荫雌株生物量积累大于雄株，重度遮荫后雄株大于雌株；遮荫处理对叶绿素a、总叶绿素含量均有显著影响（P<0.01），性别间差异不显著，遮荫条件有利于促进黄檗幼苗叶绿素积累；遮荫处理对酶活性和MDA含量均有显著影响，性别间差异不显著，SOD酶活性均随遮荫强度的增强而增大，POD和CAT酶活性随遮荫强度的增强而减小，MDA含量在对照处理时最高；遮荫条件下可溶性糖和可溶性淀粉含量下降，性别间差异不显著。黄檗幼苗通过改变构件性状、生物量、抗氧化酶活性及代谢物质含量，适应遮荫环境。研究遮荫对黄檗生长和生理响应的性别差异，以期为遮荫环境下黄檗个体发育、种群形成、适应机制及种群繁衍等研究奠定基础，为雌雄异株植物资源的保护利用提供科学借鉴。     

不同海拔微孔草抗氧化系统的比较研究

对生长在3个不同海拔自然生境下微孔草(Microula sikkimensis)叶中的抗氧化系统进行了比较研究.结果表明,生长在高海拔的微孔草叶中抗氧化酶类SOD、POD和CAT活性比生长在低海拔的活性高,其中大通牛场的微孔草叶中3种酶活性最高;APX的活性随海拔的升高而升高,且低海拔地区西宁的APX活性极显著低于高海拔地区大通和海北站(P<0.01);作为非酶抗氧化系统物质之一的抗坏血酸(ASA)含量随海拔的升高而降低.高海拔地区微孔草叶中可溶性糖含量极高(P<0.01);可溶性蛋白含量随海拔升高呈V字形变化.光合色素Chla、Chl b和Car的含量均随着海拔升高而增加,Chl a/b比值随海拔升高而降低.MDA的含量随海拔升高有增加的趋势,西宁和大通的相比较,MDA含量差异显著(P<0.05),说明微孔草叶细胞膜脂过氧化程度随海拔升高加剧.生长在不同海拔高度的微孔草对不同海拔高度环境变化具有相应的生理适应性和抗氧化策略.     

模拟干旱胁迫对枣树幼苗的抗氧化系统和渗透调节的影响

用不同浓度的PEG-6000对抗旱性不同的1年生枣树(Zizyphus jujuba)幼苗进行渗透胁迫处理后,研究了不同抗旱性品种枣树幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的变化.结果显示,干旱胁迫下3种枣苗叶片的相对含水量(RWC)均降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞质膜相对透性均增加.在30%PEG胁迫下除骏枣1号的SOD活性降低外,3个品种枣苗在干旱胁迫下SOD和POD活性都增加;狗头枣2号的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在胁迫下明显增加,而木枣1号和骏枣1号的CAT活性均随着胁迫程度的增加而逐渐下降;木枣1号和骏枣1号的APX活性随着胁迫程度的增加先增加后降低,而狗头枣2号明显增加.干旱胁迫下,除骏枣1号的脯氨酸(Pro)含量和木枣1号的可溶性糖含量在30%的胁迫水平下降低(P>0.05)外,3种干旱胁迫水平下3个品种枣苗的Pro和可溶性糖含量均增加.总之,干旱胁迫下,枣苗叶片相对含水量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT和APX)活性、渗透调节物质Pro和可溶性糖含量均为:狗头枣2号>木枣1号>骏枣1号,而MDA含量和膜透性均为骏枣1号>木枣1号>狗头枣2号,表明3个品种的抗旱性为:狗头枣2号>木枣1号>骏枣1号,研究结果与其品种的实际抗旱性一致.