Measles Virus Antibody in Cerebrospinal Fluids from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

A strong measles-specific gel precipitation reaction was found in the cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) of two patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.) (total of 15 tested). The serum and C.S.F. specimens from these two patients were tested for measles antibody by six assay methods. The results were compared with those obtained from serum and C.S.F. specimens of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (S.S.P.E.). The gel precipitation line produced by the C.S.F. from the M.S. patients was identical with one of the three lines produced by the C.S.F. from the S.S.P.E. patient. The main antigenic component responsible for measles antibody appearing in the C.S.F. of the S.S.P.E. patient and the M.S. patients was also electrophoretically similar, and the corresponding antibody was associated with IgG. The serum/C.S.F. antibody titre ratios with the various assay methods used suggest that the C.S.F. antibodies are mainly to other than envelope components of measles virus. No complement-fixing antibody against 27 other viruses or Mycoplasma pneumoniae was found in the C.S.F. of the two M.S. patients.     

Increases in platelet and red cell counts,blood viscosity,and arterial pressure during mild surface cooling: factors in mortality from coronary and cerebral thrombosis in winter.

Six hours of mild surface cooling in moving air at 24 degrees C with little fall in core temperature (0.4 degree C) increased the packed cell volume by 7% and increased the platelet count and usually the mean platelet volume to produce a 15% increase in the fraction of plasma volume occupied by platelets. Little of these increases occurred in the first hour. Whole blood viscosity increased by 21%; plasma viscosity usually increased, and arterial pressure rose on average from 126/69 to 138/87 mm Hg. Plasma cholesterol concentration increased, in both high and low density lipoprotein fractions, but values of total lipoprotein and lipoprotein fractions were unchanged. The increases in platelets, red cells, and viscosity associated with normal thermoregulatory adjustments to mild surface cooling provide a probable explanation for rapid increases in coronary and cerebral thrombosis in cold weather. The raised arterial pressure and possibly cholesterol concentration may contribute to slower components of the increased thrombosis.     

Role of Protein Cavities on Unfolding Volume Change and on Internal Dynamics under Pressure

The effects of two single point cavity forming mutations, F110S and I7S, on the unfolding volume change (DeltaV(0)) of azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and on the internal dynamics of the protein fold under pressure were probed by the fluorescence and phosphorescence emission of Trp-48, deeply buried in the compact hydrophobic core of the macromolecule. Pressure-induced unfolding, monitored by the shift of the center of mass of the fluorescence spectrum, showed that DeltaV(0) is in the range of 60-70 mL/mol, not significantly different between cavity mutants and compact azurin species such as the wild-type and the mutant C3A/C26A, in which the superficial disulphide has been removed. The lack of extra volume in F110S and I7S proves that the engineered cavities, 40 A(3) in I7S and 100 A(3) in F110S, are filled with water molecules. Changes in flexibility of the protein matrix around the chromophore were monitored by the intrinsic phosphorescence lifetime (tau(0)). The application of pressure in the predenaturation range initially decreases the internal flexibility of azurin, the trend eventually reverting on approaching unfolding. The main difference between compact folds, wild-type and C3A/C26A, and cavity mutants is that the inversion point is powered from approximately 3 kbar to 1.5 kbar for F110S and <0.1 kbar for I7S, meaning that in the latter species pressure-induced internal hydration dominates very early over any compaction of the globular fold resulting from the reduction of internal free volume. The similar response between wild-type and the significantly less-stable C3A/C26A mutant suggests that thermodynamic stability per se is not the dominant factor regulating pressure-induced internal hydration of proteins.     

The complete amino acid sequence of coagulogen isolated from Southeast Asian horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda

The complete amino acid sequence of coagulogen purified from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda was determined by characterization of the NH2-terminal sequence and the peptides generated after digestion of the protein with lysyl endopeptidase, Staphylococcal aureus protease V8 and trypsin. Upon sequencing the peptides by the automated Edman method, the following sequence was obtained: A D T N A P L C L C D E P G I L G R N Q L V T P E V K E K I E K A V E A V A E E S G V S G R G F S L F S H H P V F R E C G K Y E C R T V R P E H T R C Y N F P P F V H F T S E C P V S T R D C E P V F G Y T V A G E F R V I V Q A P R A G F R Q C V W Q H K C R Y G S N N C G F S G R C T Q Q R S V V R L V T Y N L E K D G F L C E S F R T C C G C P C R N Y Carcinoscorpius coagulogen consists of a single polypeptide chain with a total of 175 amino acid residues and a calculated molecular weight of 19,675. The secondary structure calculated by the method of Chou and Fasman reveals the presence of an alpha-helix region in the peptide C segment (residue Nos. 19 to 46), which is released during the proteolytic conversion of coagulogen to coagulin gel. The beta-sheet structure and the 16 half-cystines found in the molecule appear to yield a compact protein stable to acid and heat. The amino acid sequences of coagulogen of four species of limulus have been compared and the interspecies evolutionary differences are discussed.     

Cerebrospinal fluid sampling from guineapigs: sample volume--related changes in protein concentration in control animals and animals in the relapsing phase of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was removed from guineapigs by puncture of the cisterna magna and the total sample volume of 200-360 microl divided into 40 microl aliquots. After determination of albumin and IgG in these CSF aliquots it was found that successive samples gave different results. In general, up to 100 microl CSF could be removed before the protein concentration began to increase. In animals with chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CR-EAE) the rise in albumin concentration was accompanied by a corresponding fall in the number of white cells in later samples.     

Relationship of blood protein levels to outdoor air pollutant concentrations in a semicohort of school-age children living in urban areas differing by quality of air

Variations in some humoral immune responses to polluted air were studied in two semicohorts of children, initial age 10 years, from two urban communities differing from each other by the degree of ambient air pollution. The material for analysis (blood, saliva) was collected every autumn and spring in 3 successive years, giving a total of 6 sets of specimens for each examinee. All blood specimens were examined for the serum level of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), lysozyme (LYS), total serum protein (TP) and the level of the acute reactants alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M), alpha 1 antitrypsin (A1AT), transferrin (TRF) and ceruloplasmin (CPL). The saliva specimens were examined for the level of lysozyme (sLYS) and secretory IgA (sIgA). The mean protein concentrations for each of the 6 sampling series were correlated with the mean of 24-h emission concentrations measured in the last 3 months preceding the autumn or spring sampling series. In the community area characterized by a low-degree non-industrial pollution of air the correlations of immunoglobulins to SO2 and floating particles (FP) in air were as a rule inversed while the response from TP, LYS and acute reactants was direct. In the community contaminated by industrial pollutants, correlations between proteins and SO2 were markedly weaker, but there was a significant positive correlation between H2S and levels of IgA and A2M in blood and sIgA and sLYS in the saliva. A high degree of positive correlation was also observed between H2S and levels of IgM and LYS. Inverse correlations were only between levels of LYS and FP, SO2 and H2S. Significant correlations were also between contaminant concentrations and FP. The associations found between the contaminant concentrations in air and levels of blood and saliva proteins supports the hypothesis that quality of air may have considerable impacts on defense mechanisms. Seasonal variations in the quality of air may increase the rates of childhood morbidity for acute upper respiratory tract infections.     

Evaluation of the use of an integration-type laser-Doppler flowmeter with a temperature-loading instrument for measuring skin blood flow in elderly subjects during cooling load: comparison with younger subjects

An integration-type laser-Doppler flowmeter, equipped with a temperature-load instrument, for measuring skin blood flow (ILD-T), and analytical parameters developed in a previous study were used to compare changes in the skin blood flow in the forehead and cheek in elderly subjects (in their 60s and 70s) with those in younger subjects (in their teens to 50s). Age-related differences in skin blood flow in the forehead and cheek in response to cooling were evaluated in 90 healthy women in their teens to 70s (mean age: 17.2 +/- 0.33 years for teenagers; 24.3 +/- 0.76 years for those aged 20-29 years; 34.8 +/- 1.12 years for those aged 30-39 years; 43.3 +/- 0.78 years for those aged 40-49 years; 53.8 +/- 1.13 years for those aged 50-59 years; 63.5 +/- 0.55 years for those aged 60-69 years; 72.2 +/- 0.70 years for those aged 70-79 years). The measurement was performed continuously for 5 min: for 1 min at a sensor temperature of 30 degrees C, for 2 min after the setting of the sensor temperature had been changed to 10 degrees C, and for 2 min after the temperature setting had been cancelled. The parameters analyzed were (1) skin temperature in a resting state before measurement ( T(rest)), (2) mean skin blood flow in 1 min at a sensor temperature of 30 degrees C ( F(30 degrees C)), (3) minimum skin blood flow at a sensor temperature of 10 degrees C ( F(min)), (4) slope of the blood flow plot during the period from the beginning of cooling at 10 degrees C to F(min) ( S(fall)), (5) time required for the sensor temperature to reach 10 degrees C (Delta t(s)), (6) maximum skin blood flow during the period from the end of cooling to the end of measurement ( F(max)), (7) slope of the blood flow plot during the period from F(min) to F(max) ( S(rise)), (8) rate of decrease of the skin blood flow during cooling: FDR = ( F(min)/ F(30 degrees C))x100, (9) recovery rate of the skin blood flow after the end of cooling: FRR = ( F(max)/ F(30 degrees C))x100. When correlations among the above nine parameters were evaluated by combining all age groups, significant correlations ( P < 0.01) were observed between F(30 degrees C) and F(min), F(30 degrees C) and F(max), F(30 degrees C) and S(fall), F(min) and F(max), and F(max) and S(rise) in the forehead. In the cheek, significant correlations ( P < 0.01) were observed in all these combinations except between F(max) and S(rise). When these analytical parameters were compared among the age groups, F(30 degrees C), T(rest), F(max), and S(rise) decreased significantly ( P < 0.02 for F(30 degrees C) and T(rest), P < 0.01 for F(max) and S(rise)) and S(fall) increased significantly ( P < 0.03) in the forehead with aging. However, no significant change with aging was observed in FDR, Delta t(s), F(min), and FRR. In the cheek, FDR increased significantly ( P < 0.03), and S(rise) decreased significantly ( P < 0.01) with aging. However, no significant change with aging was observed in F(30 degrees C), T(rest), F(max), S(fall), Delta t(s), F(min), and FRR. Thus, the decrease in the skin blood flow during cooling showed no marked quantitative change with age, but, with aging, the rate of this decrease was clearly reduced in the forehead. In the cheek, on the other hand, the skin blood flow decreased markedly with aging, but no clear change was observed in the rate of this decrease. By using ILD-T and examining various parameters obtained, the skin hemodynamics in the forehead and cheek during cooling from 30 degrees C to 10 degrees C could be analyzed, and differences in the hemodynamics between the forehead and cheek and between elderly and younger individuals were clarified. This instrument is expected to be clinically useful.     

Humid air increases airway resistance in asthmatic subjects.

Eight persons with asthma were exposed to seven air conditions varying in temperature (37 degrees C to 49 degrees C [98.6 degrees F to 120.2 degrees F]) and water content (44 mg H2O per liter to 79 mg H2Oper liter) . Normocapnic hyperventilation for three minutes at 40% maximal voluntary ventilation was carried out for each condition. A constant-volume body plethysmograph measured the functional residual capacity and specific airway conductance (SGaw), followed by two forced expiratory manuevers. Measurements were taken before and 1, 5, 10, and 20 minutes after each challenge. Air conditions with 100% relative humidity caused a fall in the SGaw that was maximal in 1 minute. Air conditions at 100% relative humidity caused a greater fall in both the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (P<.05) and the SGaw (P<.005) than did conditions of the same temperature but less water content. At 44 degrees C and 100% relative humidity, the mean percent change in FEV1 and SGaw was -2% and -40%, respectively, at 1 minute after challenge. Of the conditions examined, the optimal temperature was 44 degrees C, and we speculate that the optimal water content is less than 44 mg H2O per liter. Inhaled water concentrations exceeding 44 mg H2O per liter should probably not be used in patients with asthma.     

A study of enteropathogenic organisms isolated in the public health laboratory, Lusaka.

A total of 328 specimens of stools were examined in the Public Health Laboratory during January and February 1973. Enteropathogens were isolated from 117 of these specimens. Besides these, 12 strains of Salmonellae were isolated from blood and 8 from urine. An occasional Salmonella was isolated from the pleural fluid (S. paratyphi A) pus from the knee (S. enteritidis) and from the C.S.F. of an infant (S. paratyphi C.). Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A are the predominant Salmonella species. No Salmonella paratyphi B has been isolated. Shigella, was isolated with slightly less frequency than Salmonella, and Shigella flexneriis was the predominant species. E. coli 0112/K66 is the most common enteropathogenic E. coli. The majority of the Shigella and Salmonella species are sensitive to the common antibiotics used. The E. coli organisms show multiple resistance to a number of antibiotics.     

Early fluid and protein shifts in men during water immersion

High precision blood and plasma densitometry was used to measure transvascular fluid shifts during water immersion to the neck. Six men (28-49 years) undertook 30 min of standing immersion in water at 35.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C; immersion was preceded by 30 min control standing in air at 28 +/- 1 degrees C. Blood was sampled from an antecubital catheter for determination of blood density (BD), plasma density (PD), haematocrit (Ht), total plasma protein concentration (PPC), and plasma albumin concentration (PAC). Compared to control, significant decreases (p less than 0.01) in all these measures were observed after 20 min immersion. At 30 min, plasma volume had increased by 11.0 +/- 2.8%; the average density of the fluid shifted from extravascular fluid into the vascular compartment was 1006.3 g.l-1; albumin moved with the fluid and its albumin concentration was about one-third of the plasma protein concentration during early immersion. These calculations are based on the assumption that the F-cell ratio remained unchanged. No changes in erythrocyte water content during immersion were found. Thus, immersion-induced haemodilution is probably accompanied by protein (mainly albumin) augmentation which accompanies the intravascular fluid shift.     

Splenic respiratory compensation and blood volume in the newt

In the newt Triturus cristatus carnifex , reversible increase in size of the spleen is linked to the respiratory state of the animal: when the newt is exposed to the air, and thus well oxygenated, the spleen hoards erythrocytes; when immersed in still water, in an hypoxic state, the spleen releases erythrocytes into the bloodstream. In chlorobutanol-anaesthetized specimens exposed to the air, the maximum size reached by the spleen diminishes with a rise in temperature up to the disappearance of all congestion at 33°C. The blood volume of newts kept in humid air at 6°C and 18°C after anaesthesia varies from about 6–9 ml per 100 g of body weight, while the red blood cell count and haematocrit value remain stable. In anaesthetized specimens kept in still water at the same temperatures the blood volume is stable, at about 7 ml per 100 g, but the red cell count and haematocrit are notably higher. At 33°C, a critical temperature for the newts, the specimens in still water succumb while those in air present the same blood volume as at 18°C, but have a higher erythrocyte count and haematocrit value.     

Immunoglobulin Levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid

The immunoglobulins G, A, M, and D have been measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of 207 patients with neurological disease. Raised levels of IgG, expressed as a percentage of total cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) protein, were found in 62% of 45 cases of multiple sclerosis compared with 14% of 160 cases with various other neurological disorders. Thus measurement of the IgG level is probably a useful confirmatory investigation in multiple sclerosis. IgA and IgM were found only in the C.S.F. of patients with a raised protein level, and IgD was not detected.     

Kinetics of utilization of Sendai virus RNA and protein in the process of virion assembly.

The synthesis of the 50S genomic RNA and strucural proteins of Sendai virus was examined with respect to their utilization in virus assembly. It was found that during a single cycle of infection, 50S RNA was synthesized before the structural proteins and that both RNA and protein were synthesized 2 to 4 h before their appearance in released virions. Pulse-chase labeling indicated that the NP and P proteins synthesized early and the M and F proteins synthesized late were preferentially incorporated into virus relative to the other viral proteins. The kinetics of incorporation of pulse-labeled NP protein suggested that it was withdrawn from a relatively large pool whereas the M protein appeared to be present in a relatively small pool in the cytoplasm. Further, it was possible to chase pulse-labeled M protein, but not NP protein, from the cell during an 8-h time period.     

Measles Virus-Specific IgG in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Multiple Sclerosis

The prevalence of measles virus-specific IgG in cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) of patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.) has been compared with that in fluids from patients with other neurological diseases and from normal control subjects. The prevalence in the three groups was 58·1%, 24·1%, and 0% respectively. Fivefold concentration of the specimens increased the prevalence in the first two groups to 80·6% and 34·5% respectively, while measles IgG was not detected in any fluids of the normal control group, even after concentration.     

Allelic differences in hemolytic activity and protein concentration of BF molecules are found in association with particular HLA haplotypes

After separating the *F and *S alleles by electrophoresis the allele-specific hemolytic activity was detected by agarose overlay method using the programmable densitometer for scanning. The hemolytic activity of BF allotypes was analyzed from 81 individuals. In thirteen FS heterozygous serum samples BF F had lower hemolysis than BF S. Four FF homozygous samples also exhibited lower hemolysis than a homozygous control sample. The low hemolytic activity of F in FS heterozygotes was not due to decreased protein concentrations relative to S. On the contrary, BF F was associated with higher protein concentration than BF S. The relative quantitation of the allele specific BF protein was done by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. BF F with low hemolytic activity but with high protein concentration associated strongly with HLA B35 phenotype and the family material confirmed the association with the haplotypes A3, Cw4, B35, DR1, BFFB, C4A3BQO (or A2BQO, A3,2BQO). The results suggest that particular MHC haplotypes contain a factor B allele with encoding for poor hemolytic activity or that MHC haplotype specific regulatory elements affect pre- or post-translational activity levels.     

Eliminating host-mediated effects demonstrates Bt maize producing Cry1F has no adverse effects on the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important pest of maize in the United States and many tropical areas in the western hemisphere. In 2001, Herculex I^® (Cry1F) maize was commercially planted in the United States to control Lepidoptera, including S. frugiperda. In 2006, a population of S. frugiperda was discovered in Puerto Rico that had evolved resistance to Cry1F maize in the field, making it the first well-documented case of an insect with field resistance to a plant producing protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Using this resistant population, we conducted tri-trophic studies with a natural enemy of S. frugiperda. By using resistant S. frugiperda, we were able to overcome possible prey-mediated effects and avoid concerns about potential differences in laboratory- or field-derived Bt resistance. We used the Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda to evaluate effects of Cry1F on Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval endoparasitoid of S. frugiperda, over five generations. Our results clearly demonstrate that Cry1F maize does not affect development, parasitism, survivorship, sex ratio, longevity or fecundity of C. marginiventris when they parasitize Cry1F maize-fed S. frugiperda. Furthermore, the level of Cry1F protein in the leaves was strongly diluted when transferred from Bt maize to S. frugiperda and was not detected in larvae, cocoons or adults of C. marginiventris. Our results refute previous reports of C. marginiventris being harmed by Bt proteins and suggest that such results were caused by prey-mediated effects due to using Bt-susceptible lepidopteran hosts.     

The identity of some taxa of Schizophragma (Saxifragaceae)

After examining a large number of type and authoritative specimens of Schizophragma Siebold & Zucc., S. elliptifolium C. F. Wei and S. integrifolium var. glaucescens Rehder were reduced to synonyms of S. hypoglaucum Rehder and S. integrifolium f. cordatum S. Y. Wang was reduced to synonym of S. corylifolium Chun. Schizophragma crassum var. ellipticum J. Anthony was treated as the correct name of S. crassum var. hsitaoanum (Chun) C. F. Wei. The name S. integrifolium var. minus Rehder is reinstated. The taxonomic treat-ment is supported by leaf epidermal characters.     

Aerial ventilatory responses of the mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, to altered aerial and aquatic respiratory gas concentrations

Periophthalmodon schlosseri is a mudskipper which uses the vascularized buccopharyngeal cavity as a respiratory organ. The fish construct mud burrows that contain hypoxic water, but store air inside the burrows. Because the burrow gas is frequently hypoxic and hypercapnic, the effects of altered respiratory gas concentrations on the aerial ventilation frequency (V(F)), inspiratory tidal volume (V(T)) and minute volume (V(M)=V(F)xV(T)) of P. schlosseri were studied by pneumotachography. Both total buccopharyngeal gas volume (V(BP)) and V(T) scaled significantly with body mass (mass exponents=1.10 and 1.03, respectively), and V(T)/V(BP) was 0.54+/-0. 05 (S.E.M., n=6). V(BP), expressed as a percentage of body volume, was much higher (16%) than in other air-breathing gobies (2-4%). When fish respired in normoxic air and water, V(F) was 0.25+/-0.04 breaths min(-1), V(T) 7.6+/-0.6 ml 100 g(-1), and V(M) 1.80+/-0.18 ml 100 g(-1) min(-1). Aquatic hypoxia did not significantly affect V(F), V(T), or V(M). In both moderate (P(O(2))=10 kPa) and severe (P(O(2))=5 kPa) aerial hypoxia, V(F) and V(M) increased significantly. V(T) increased significantly only during severe aerial hypoxia. In aerial hypercapnia, V(F) and V(M) increased significantly.     

Exchangeable Ions in Beet Disks at Low Temperature

The relatively rapid passage of ions into the ‘Free Space’of disks of beetroot has been studied using radioactive tracerswhile active accumulation was reduced to a negligible proportionby using ‘salt saturated’ tissue at 20°C. The experiments confirm the suggestion made previously thatthe free space can be treated as if made up of two main components,the ‘Water Free Space’ (W.F.S.), where the concentrationsof anion and cation quickly become equal to those of the externalsolution, and the ‘Donnan Free Space’ (D.F.S.),containing a high concentration of non-diffusible anions. In disks pretreated with solutions of RbI to remove all othermobile ions from the free space the amount of exchangeable Iand Rb was measured by the uptake of I¹³¹ and Rb⁸⁶ at variousexternal concentrations. The excess of cations over anions (the‘extra exchangeable Rb‘) was used as an estimateof the amount of non-diffusible anions in the D.F.S. This wasapproximately constant at 10–13 m.equiv./kg. A gradualrise in the extra exchangeable Rb as the external concentrationrose from 1 to 20 m.equiv./l. has been explained as consistentwith the Donnan anions having arisen from weak acids with apK of about 3. The volume of the D.F.S. was estimated from the amount of extraexchangeable Rb in disks which had previously been treated sothat the counterions in the D.F.S. were exclusively Ca, andwhich were subsequently brought to equilibrium with variousconcentrations of RbBr. The mean volume from four experimentswas 2·1 percent. so that the concentration of non-diffusibleanions in the D.F.S. was 560 m.equiv./l. In consequence thefraction of the exchangeable anion in the Donnan part of thefree space is negligible and so the amount in the free spacedivided by the external concentration gives an estimate of thevolume of W.F.S. as 200 ml./kg. The results are compared with earlier estimates of the non-diffusibleanions concentration made by different means. In consideringthe location of the D.F.S. in the tissue, account must be takenof the fact that the area of the cell protoplasts consideredas smooth spheres is much too small to contain the number ofimmobile anions present (c. 12 m.equiv./kg) since there wouldbe less than 1 A{ring}² for each ion. For reasons given, theD.F.S. is thought to be mainly in the cell cytoplasm, a layer1 micron thick in cells of diameter 120 microns contributingthe required volume.     

Microzooplankton and seston in Akkeshi Bay,Japan

Microzooplankton populations and other seston components in the water column were sampled from a central station in Akkeshi Bay, Japan for a year. The measurements reported in the present study constitute the first work on seasonal variation of microzooplankton and other seston components in Akkeshi Bay. Twenty-one categories were identified and their volume measured. T he total volume was highest between February and April, and suddenly decreased in May and then gradually increased during summer. It was relatively low and stable during the fall diatom bloom. and was least between November and January. Abundance of microzooplankton was dependent upon concentration of chlorophyll and could be predicted by% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac+% gacaGGNbGaaeywaiabg2da9iaaigdacaGGUaGaaGimaiaaicdacqGH% RaWkcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiwdacaaI3aGaciiBaiaac+gacaGGNbGaae% iwaaaa!44F9!\[\log {\text{Y}} = 1.00 + 0.57\log {\text{X}}\]where Y was the volume of microzooplankton and X was the concentration of chlorophyll a. The ecological significance of microzooplankton and other seston components is discussed.Contribution of JIBP-PM