H9N2亚型AIV排毒及形成气溶胶的研究

为研究H9N2亚型AIV排毒及形成气溶胶规律,将SPF鸡饲养于正负压隔离器中,采用AGI-30收集器(All Glass Impinger AGI-30)和气管泄殖腔棉拭子在攻毒后不同时间收集空气、气管和泄殖腔样品,并利用HI、Dot-ELISA和RT-PCR检测样品.结果发现攻毒后第4天开始形成气溶胶,并持续到第43天,实验证明H9N2亚型AIV不仅可以在呼吸道和泄殖腔复制,而且可以形成气溶胶.气管泄殖腔棉拭子在接种后第3天开始排毒,至第7天攻毒鸡全部分离到病毒.排毒时间可持续到第45天.但泄殖腔的排毒量明显低于气管的排毒量,这也说明H9N2型禽流感主要通过呼吸道排毒.     

表达禽流感病毒M2基因的重组马立克氏病病毒的构建

将禽流感病毒M2基因克隆于真核表达质粒pIRES-EGFP中,使其位于pCMV启动子的调控下,并与绿色荧光蛋白基因（EGFP）串联后,将上述串联基因插入到含MDV CVI988的非必需区US基因的重组质粒pUS2中,构建带标记的重组质粒,然后将此重组质粒转染感染了MDV CVI988的鸡胚成纤维细胞,利用同源重组的方法,筛选了表达禽流感病毒M2基因的重组病毒MDV1。经PCR、Dot-blotting,Western-blotting等实验的结果表明,禽流感病毒M2基因的确插入到MDV1（CVI988）基因组中并获得表达。重组MDV1免疫1日龄SPF鸡21天后,用ELISA可检测到M2蛋白的特异性抗体。接种了重组病毒rMDV的鸡体内针对H9N2疫苗血凝素的抗体滴度(p<0.05)明显提高,以禽流感病毒AIV A/Chicken/Guangdong/00（H9N2）攻毒后进行病毒重分离试验的结果发现,重组病毒能有效地降低病毒的排出量(p<0.01),说明该重组病毒可以用于防制禽流感的免疫。     

A highly sensitive immuno-PCR assay for detection of H5N1 avian influenza virus

With an aim at detecting the ultra-low concentration of avian influenza virus (AIV), a highly sensitive hybrid assay based on immunology and polymerase chain reaction was developed. The TopYield microtiter plates were coated with ten-fold serial dilutions of H5N1 subtype AIV ranging from 10 EID₅₀ ml⁻¹~10⁻⁴ EID₅₀ ml⁻¹,which was recognized by mouse anti-AIV H5 monoclonal antibody (MAb) that was directly linked with reporter DNA using a heterobifunctional cross-linker. After extensive washing, the reporter DNA including a BamH I-restriction site was released by a specific enzymatic restriction, then transferred to PCR tubes, amplified, and used as the signal for detection of AIV. Under the optimized condition, MAb-based immuno-PCR (IPCR) method could measure 100 μl of AIV H5N1 with 10⁻⁴ EID₅₀ ml⁻¹.To evaluate the sensitivity of IPCR, the same concentration and volume of AIV H5N1 were detected by conventional RT–PCR and sandwich ELISA. The results showed that IPCR had an approximately 1,000-fold improvement over the conventional ELISA, and a 100-fold enhancement compared with RT–PCR in detection sensitivity. To further evaluate the specificity of IPCR for AIV H5 subtype, the tracheal swab specimens, taken from chickens which were infected with H9N2, and the allantoic fluid from eggs inoculated by AIV H3N2, H7N1, H9N2, were detected by IPCR. To mimic clinical samples, pharyngeal–tracheal swab specimens were collected from healthy chickens and spiked with H5N1, H5N2, H5N3 for analysis by immuno-PCR. The results demonstrated that IPCR was a highly sensitive and specific assay for AIV H5, and could be applied to clinical detection for low amount of AIV H5 subtype. This MAb-based immuno-PCR method provided a platform capable of mass screening of clinical samples for AIV H5 subtype and could serve as a model for other immuno-PCR assays.     

禽流感病毒H7N2血凝素HA1基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的　表达H7N2亚型禽流感病毒 (AIV)HA1基因 ,用于感染H7亚型禽流感病毒抗体的检测和HA1蛋白功能研究。方法　采用RT PCR方法对H7N2亚型AIVHA1基因进行扩增 ,将PCR产物克隆于pGEM T Easy载体 ,将该基因插入pGEX 4T 2中构建HA1基因原核表达载体 ,转化BL2 1大肠杆菌后 ,在IPTG诱导下表达HA1蛋白 ,Westernblot鉴定表达HA1蛋白。电洗脱方法纯化表达HA1蛋白 ,建立间接ELISA方法 ,对感染AIVH7、H9、H5亚型AIV阳性血清进行检测。结果　成功克隆H7N2亚型AIV的HA1基因 ,其核苷酸序列长度 96 6bp ,编码 32 2个氨基酸残基。构建HA1基因原核表达载体在大肠杆菌内表达出约 6 1× 10 3的HA1融合蛋白。Westernblot和ELISA方法鉴定表明 :表达HA1蛋白与感染H7亚型AIV鸡血清有反应 ,与H5、H9亚型AIV阳性血清没有反应。结论　本研究在大肠杆菌中成功表达了H7N2亚型AIVHA1基因蛋白 ,具有与感染H7亚型AIV阳性血清反应原性 ,不与H5和H9亚型AIV感染阳性血清发生反应。     

2017年河北省蛋鸡养殖场H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的遗传演化和抗原性分析

【背景】H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在鸡群中广泛流行,引起巨大损失。【目的】了解河北省蛋鸡养殖场H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)的基因序列和抗原性的变异情况,为该病原的科学防控提供理论依据。【方法】于2017年从河北省部分蛋鸡养殖场分离鉴定出7株H9N2亚型AIV,对其HA基因进行序列测定,并进行遗传演化、关键氨基酸位点及抗原性分析。【结果】7株分离毒株HA基因同源性在95.5%?97.2%之间;与2016年前的流行毒株相比,分离病毒HA裂解位点均为典型低致病性AIV特征,在受体结合区域出现变异,潜在糖基化位点无明显差异;抗原分析结果显示分离毒株与早期分离株相比抗原性发生了变异,形成了新的抗原群;抗原性相关位点分析显示,分离毒株在9个位点发生了较为明显的突变,可能是导致抗原性变异的分子基础。【结论】河北省蛋鸡养殖场H9N2亚型AIV中的流行毒株在关键功能区发生基因突变,并且抗原性发生变异,提示应持续监测H9N2亚型AIV的遗传变异情况,并及时更换疫苗株。     

Recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing HA2 antigen elicits protective immunity against H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens

Low pathogenic H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) can lead to moderate respiratory symptoms and low egg production rates in poultry. Due to its immunologic suppression, other various infectious pathogens give rise to the co-infection of hosts, causing heavy economic losses in the commercial poultry industry in both China and worldwide. Therefore, it is time to explore a novel, safe, and effective vaccine. We have already made use of the surface of Lactobacillus plantarum to display AIV HA2 (NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-HA2), which demonstrated that it has a good immunogenicity. In this study, by evaluating the immune protection effect of NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-HA2 on chickens, we found that the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies, specificity IgG antibody in chickens, the sIgA titer in broncho alveolar lavage fluids (BALF), and the T cell response were increased notably after oral vaccination with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-HA2. In addition, weight loss, lung titers, and lung pathologies were improved when chickens were orally vaccinated with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-HA2 after challenge with H9N2 AIV. This strategy lays the foundation for the development of recombinant L. plantarum oral vaccines in the prevention of AIV.

     

以结核杆菌hsp70为载体的“通用型”禽流感疫苗构建及免疫效力研究

化学合成H5N1亚型禽流感病毒M2蛋白N端胞外域基因序列3拷贝基因(3M2e),与人结核杆菌hsp70蛋白基因融合,克隆至原核表达载体pET-32a(+),构建表达载体pET-3M2e 与pET-3M2e-hsp70。重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21,经IPTG诱导重组蛋白获得表达,通过镍亲和层析获得纯化的融合蛋白,利用Western blot鉴定重组蛋白免疫原性。将纯化的重组蛋白免疫20日龄的禽流感非免鸡,以人工合成的M2e与KLH偶联后免疫鸡作为阳性对照,以pET-32a(+)载体蛋白注射组作为阴性对照,初免后2周加强免疫。通过抗M2e抗体检测、 细胞病变抑制试验与间接免疫荧光试验评价重组蛋白免疫后产生的体液免疫反应; 利用流式细胞分群及细胞因子产量检测评价重组蛋白免疫后产生的细胞免疫反应。加强免疫后4周用100EID50的H9N2亚型AIV攻毒,通过Real-time PCR检测攻毒后3、5、7天免疫鸡泄殖腔棉拭子中病毒的含量。结果表明,重组蛋白3M2e hsp70免疫组能够刺激免疫鸡产生较高的抗体水平及细胞免疫应答,并且攻毒后泄殖腔棉拭子中病毒含量明显降低。     

Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel H9N2 Subtype Influenza Virus FJG9 Strain in China Reveals a Natural Reassortant Event

A/chicken/FJ/G9/09 (FJ/G9) is an H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) strain causing high morbidity that was isolated from broilers in Fujian Province of China in 2009. FJ/G9 has been used as the vaccine strain against H9N2 AIV infection in Fujian Province of China. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of FJ/G9 with natural six-way reassortment, which is the most complex genotype strain in China and even in the world so far. The present findings will aid in understanding the complexity and diversity of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus.     

H9N2型禽流感病毒传播途径分子机制的研究

选择禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)A/chicken/Zhuhai/154/2003(H9N2)(AZHl54)株作为骨架病毒,与来自A/chicken/Guangdong/SS/94(H9N2)(SS94)AIV的NA基因和HA基因进行H9N2亚型重排.动物传播性实验发现:AZH154、SS94和3株重排的H9N2亚型AIV都可以经直接接触途径传播;5株H9N2 AIV都不经过粪便接触传播;且AZH154株和重组的H9N2亚型AZH154/SSHA能经过气溶胶传播.实验结果表明:AIV(H9N2)的NA基因与该病毒气溶胶传播途径有重要关系,即2003年珠海地区AIV(H9N2)的大流行可能是因为病毒获得气溶胶传播途径的特性,且病毒的NA基因发挥了重要的作用.     

利用反向遗传技术研究H9N2亚型AIV传播途径的分子机制

利用反向遗传技术,通过基因重排方法,产生两个表面基因来自A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94(H9N2)禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)株和其余基因来自A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)AIV株的3株H9N2亚型重排AIV,动物传播性试验发现A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)株、A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94(H9N2)AIV株和3株H9N2亚型重排AIV都可以经直接接触途径传播;在粪便接触途径下,3株重排AIV都不经粪便接触传播;只有A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)株和重排AIV RF7/SSHA能经过气溶胶途径传播。HI试验结果进一步证明了以上的结果。实验结果表明H9N2亚型AIV的NA基因与H9N2亚型AIV气溶胶传播途径有重要的关系,即1998年中国大陆H9N2亚型AIV大流行可能是因为病毒获得气溶胶传播途径的特性,推测病毒的NA基因发挥了重要作用。     

表达H5亚型AIV血凝素的重组NDV构建及免疫原性

利用反向遗传技术获得表达H5亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)血凝素(HA)的新城疫病毒(NDV)。克隆NDV clone 30的全长基因,通过在NDV的融合蛋白基因和血凝素-神经氨酸酶(HN)基因之间插入编码高致病性AIV分离株A/chicken/italy/8/98(H5N2)的血凝素基因开放阅读框从而获得两株重组新城疫病毒NDVH5和NDVH5m。NDVH5感染的细胞可以检测到两种HA转录产物。对于重组病毒NDVH5m,NDV位于HA ORF的转录终止信号序列被沉默突变消除,产生2.7个全长HA转录产物的折叠,从而使修饰过的HA得到稳定地高表达。1日龄小鸡的脑内接种证实了两种重组病毒均无致病性。鸡群在NDVH5m诱导产生的NDV和H5亚型AIV HA特异性抗体的免疫力下能够免于致死剂量的NDV与高致病性AIV的感染。血清学研究结果表明NDVH5m免疫鸡群产生的抗体可结合NP蛋白抗体的检测从而用于区分免疫和感染AIV的动物。因此,NDVH5m重组病毒可作为抗NDV和AIV的"二联疫苗",也可成为控制AJ的标记疫苗。     

表达H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因的重组鸡痘病毒及其免疫效力

以RTPCR法扩增获得H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)分离株(A/Chicken/China/F/1998)的血凝素(HA)基因,将其定向插入鸡痘病毒转移载体1175的痘苗病毒启动子P75的下游,得到重组转移载体1175HA。以脂质体转染法将1175HA转染至已感染鸡痘病毒282E4疫苗株(wtFPV)的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)中,通过在含Xgal的营养琼脂上连续挑选蓝色病毒蚀斑获得并纯化rFPVHA。以间接免疫荧光法证实感染rFPVHA的CEF表达了HA。rFPVHA在免疫7日龄SPF鸡7天后即能诱生可检出的血凝抑制(HI)抗体,14天后诱生的HI抗体到达高峰,且诱生的HI抗体保持较高水平达55天。在7日龄SPF鸡及含抗FPV母源抗体的商品鸡上进行的免疫效力试验表明,rFPVＨＶ能显著抑制静脉攻毒后免疫鸡从泄殖腔的排毒,效果与AIV全病毒灭活苗相当。     

Newcastle disease virus-based live attenuated vaccine completely protects chickens and mice from lethal challenge of homologous and heterologous H5N1 avian influenza viruses

H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has continued to spread and poses a significant threat to both animal and human health. Current influenza vaccine strategies have limitations that prevent their effective use for widespread inoculation of animals in the field. Vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), however, have been used successfully to easily vaccinate large numbers of animals. In this study, we used reverse genetics to construct a NDV that expressed an H5 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) hemagglutinin (HA). Both a wild-type and a mutated HA open reading frame (ORF) from the HPAIV wild bird isolate, A/Bar-headed goose/Qinghai/3/2005 (H5N1), were inserted into the intergenic region between the P and M genes of the LaSota NDV vaccine strain. The recombinant viruses stably expressing the wild-type and mutant HA genes were found to be innocuous after intracerebral inoculation of 1-day-old chickens. A single dose of the recombinant viruses in chickens induced both NDV- and AIV H5-specific antibodies and completely protected chickens from challenge with a lethal dose of both velogenic NDV and homologous and heterologous H5N1 HPAIV. In addition, BALB/c mice immunized with the recombinant NDV-based vaccine produced H5 AIV-specific antibodies and were completely protected from homologous and heterologous lethal virus challenge. Our results indicate that recombinant NDV is suitable as a bivalent live attenuated vaccine against both NDV and AIV infection in poultry. The recombinant NDV vaccine may also have potential use in high-risk human individuals to control the pandemic spread of lethal avian influenza.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒基因组的遗传进化分析

2009～2011年从江苏省、湖北省和安徽省等地来源于鸡、鸭、鹌鹑和鸽子的样品中分离鉴定出16株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒。通过反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增出分离株的全基因片段,并对其进行测序及遗传进化分析。序列分析显示,16株病毒HA基因裂解位点氨基酸序列为P-S-R/K-S-S-R,符合低致病性禽流感的分子特征;226位均为L,具有与哺乳动物唾液酸α,2-6受体结合的特性。M2基因均出现了对金刚烷胺产生耐药性的N31S突变。不同宿主来源的H9亚型AIV的主要分子特征一致。全基因遗传进化分析表明16株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因发生了3配体重组,即以F98亚系AIV为骨架,HA来源于Y280亚系,PB2和M基因来源于G1亚系,形成了2种新的基因型。因此,要加强对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的监测,密切关注它的重组趋势。     

Prevalence of avian influenza viruses, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycobacterium avium</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycobacterium avium</Emphasis>, subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">paratuberculosis</Emphasis> in marsh-dwelling passerines in Slovakia, 2008

Prevalence of the infectious respiratory agens, avian influenza virus (AIV), Mycobacterium avium (M. avium), and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), was studied in migratory marsh-dwelling passerines captured in the Parížske močiare wetlands in Western Slovakia during 2008. Surveillance of 650 birds revealed a lower prevalence of AIV in spring (13.6%) than in summer (17.5%). A total of 14 different subtypes were detected in samples obtained from birds captured during the spring, with the most prevalent subtypes being H8N3, H6N4, H11N6 and H12N6. Subtypes H12N6, H6N6 and H2N5 were predominant in passerines captured during summer months. In eight cases, different AIV infections were detected in the oropharyngeal and cloacal samples originating from a single bird (H1N1 and H8N3; H1N3 and H9N3; H2N3 and H12N6; H2N1 and H8N1; H4N2 and H9N6; H5N5 and H11N6; H6N4 and H11N6; H7N1 and H10N3 in the oropharynx and cloaca, respectively). M. avium was detected in 9.2% and 0.8% of marsh-dwelling passerines captured during spring and summer, respectively. Only two birds were co-infected with AIV and M. avium. All birds were negative for MAP.     

Genetic and Molecular Characterization of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Live Poultry Markets in Hubei Province,Central China, 2013–2017

H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus(AIV) is an influenza A virus that is widely spread throughout Asia, where it jeopardizes the poultry industry and provides genetic material for emerging human pathogens. To better understand the epidemicity and genetics of H9 subtype AIVs, we conducted active surveillance in live poultry markets(LPMs) in Hubei Province from 2013 to 2017. A total of 4798 samples were collected from apparent healthy poultry and environment. Realtime RT-PCR revealed that the positivity rate of influenza A was 26.6%(1275/4798), of which the H9 subtype accounted for 50.3%(641/1275) of the positive samples. Of the 132 H9N2 viral strains isolated, 48 representative strains were subjected to evolutionary analysis and genotyping. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all H9N2 viral genes had 91.1%–100% nucleotide homology, clustered with genotype 57, and had high homology with human H9N2 viruses isolated from2013 to 2017 in China. Using a nucleotide divergence cutoff of 95%, we identified ten distinct H9N2 genotypes that continued to change over time. Molecular analysis demonstrated that six H9N2 isolates had additional potential glycosylation sites at position 218 in the hemagglutinin protein, and all isolates had I155 T and Q226 L mutations. Moreover, 44 strains had A558 V mutations in the PB2 protein and four had E627 V mutations, along with H9N2 human infection strains A/Beijing/1/2016 and A/Beijing/1/2017. These results emphasize that the H9N2 influenza virus in Hubei continues to mutate and undergo mammalian adaptation changes, indicating the necessity of strengthening the surveillance of the AIV H9N2 subtype in LPMs.     

Comparative proteome analysis of tracheal tissues in response to infectious bronchitis coronavirus,Newcastle disease virus,and avian influenza virus H9 subtype virus infection

Infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and avian influenza virus (AIV) H9 subtype are major pathogens of chickens causing serious respiratory tract disease and heavy economic losses. To better understand the replication features of these viruses in their target organs and molecular pathogenesis of these different viruses, comparative proteomic analysis was performed to investigate the proteome changes of primary target organ during IBV, NDV, and AIV H9 infections, using 2D‐DIGE followed MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS. In total, 44, 39, 41, 48, and 38 proteins were identified in the tracheal tissues of the chickens inoculated with IBV (ck/CH/LDL/97I, H120), NDV (La Sota), and AIV H9, and between ck/CH/LDL/97I and H120, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that IBV, NDV, and AIV H9 induced similar core host responses involved in biosynthetic, catabolic, metabolic, signal transduction, transport, cytoskeleton organization, macromolecular complex assembly, cell death, response to stress, and immune system process. Comparative analysis of host response induced by different viruses indicated differences in protein expression changes induced by IBV, NDV, and AIV H9 may be responsible for the specific pathogenesis of these different viruses. Our result reveals specific host response to IBV, NDV, and AIVH9 infections and provides insights into the distinct pathogenic mechanisms of these avian respiratory viruses.     

共表达H5和H9亚型禽流行性感冒病毒血凝素基因的重组禽痘病毒及其免疫效力

为了构建更为安全有效能同时抵抗高致病性H5亚型和低致病忡H9亚型禽流行性感冒(禽流感)病毒的基因工程疫苗,将H5和H9亚型禽流感病毒分离株的血凝素(HA)基因,分别由鸡痘病毒早晚期启动子PS和PE／L调控其转求,定向插入鸡痘病毒转移载体p11s中,获得H5A和H9A基因分别处于PS及PE／L启动子转录调控下的重组转移载体p11SH5H9。以FuGene^TM6转染法将p11SH5H9转染至已感染鸡痘病毒282E4疫苗株(wt-FPV)的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)中。p11SH5H9与wt—FPV基因组DNA之间的同源重组产生了重组鸡痘病毒rFPV11SH5H9。通过在含X-gal的营养琼脂上连续挑选蓝色病毒蚀斑获得并纯化rFPV-11SH5H9。以间接免疫荧光法试验证实,纯化的rFPV-11SH5H9感染的CEF能同时表达H5A和H9A。初步的动物试验表明,用10^5PFU的rFPV-11SH5H9免疫无特定病原体(SPF)鸡,免疫后血凝抑制(HI)抗体监测阳性率均为100％(8／8);该重组病毒能显著抑制H9亚型AIV滴鼻、点眼后7日龄SPF鸡从气管和泄殖腔排毒,同时也能抵抗H5亚型AIV肌肉注射后对7日龄SPF鸡致死性攻击,保护率均为100％,显示出一定的应用前景。     

Quantum‐dots‐based fluoroimmunoassay for the rapid and sensitive detection of avian influenza virus subtype H5N1

The continuous spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 is threatening the poultry industry and human health worldwide. Rapid and sensitive diagnostic methods are required for the H5N1 surveillance. In this study, the fluorescent (FL) probe of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) was designed using covalently linked rabbit anti‐AIV H5N1 antibody. Based on these QD–antibody conjugates, a novel sandwich FL‐linked immunosorbent assay (sFLISA) was developed for H5N1 viral antigen detection. The sFLISA allowed for H5N1 viral antigen determination in a linear range of 8.0 × 10^?3 to 5.1 × 10^?1 μg mL^?1 with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 × 10^?4 μg mL^?1. In comparison with virus isolation for 103 clinic samples, the sensitivity and specificity of sFLISA were found to be 93.6 and 91.1% respectively. The sFLISA supplied a novel approach to rapid and sensitive detection of AIV subtype H5N1 and showed great potential for biological applications in immunoassays. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.