成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)-21改善胰岛素抵抗肝细胞对葡萄糖的吸收和肝糖原的合成

在体外建立胰岛素抵抗肝细胞模型,探讨在胰岛素抵抗状态下成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)-21对模型细胞糖代谢的影响及机制．将HepG2细胞置于10^-7 mol/L 的胰岛素培养基中培养24 h,建立胰岛素抵抗细胞模型．分别用不同浓度的胰岛素和FGF-21处理模型细胞,采用葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶(GOD-POD)法检测细胞对葡萄糖的摄取情况,并检查胰岛素与FGF-21的协同作用．利用实时荧光定量PCR检测FGF-21对模型细胞葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)mRNA表达的影响,蒽酮法检测模型细胞糖原合成量,探讨FGF-21对胰岛素抵抗细胞模型葡萄糖摄取的影响及机制．结果发现,用高浓度胰岛素处理HepG2细胞24 h后,细胞对胰岛素的敏感性显著降低,说明成功建立了胰岛素抵抗细胞模型,抵抗状态可维持48 h,未发现细胞形态学变化．FGF-21能改善胰岛素抵抗模型细胞的葡萄糖摄取,参与肝糖原的合成,并与胰岛素产生协同作用．实时荧光定量PCR结果发现,FGF-21作用模型细胞后,细胞的GLUT1 mRNA表达量显著增加,说明FGF-21促进模型细胞摄取葡萄糖的作用机制与其增加GLUT1的表达有关．     

原代培养骨骼肌细胞胰岛素抵抗模型的建立

目的:观察高脂负荷在胰岛素抵抗形成中的意义.方法:用不同浓度椋榈酸、胰岛素分别培养骨骼肌细胞2h、6h、12h、24h,对棕榈酸诱导组的一部分细胞给予1× 10-7M胰岛素刺激2h,用血糖检测试剂盒(GOD-POD)检测各组培养液中的葡萄糖含量,研究不同浓度棕榈酸、胰岛素对骨骼肌细胞摄取葡萄糖的影响,观察胰岛素的生理功效的变化.结果:0.6mM棕榈酸诱导12h以上或者5×101-M胰岛素诱导24h后,培养液中的葡萄糖浓度比正常组高且有显著性差异,表明细胞的糖代谢能力降低.经1×10-7M胰岛素刺激2h后的棕榈酸诱导组,培养液中葡萄糖的浓度与未经胰岛素刺激的棕榈酸诱导组相比无显著差异,胰岛素的生理功效降低,证实棕榈酸诱导组细胞已对胰岛素产生耐受.结论:高脂或高胰岛素条件均可诱导原代骨骼肌细胞胰岛素抵抗模型.     

肌肉肌醇对HepG2 胰岛素抵抗模型葡萄糖消耗量影响的细胞实验研究

目的:研究肌肉肌醇(myo-inositol,MI)对胰岛素抵抗细胞(IR-HepG2)细胞外葡萄糖消耗量的影响。方法:采用CCK-8法观察MI、高糖对HepG2细胞活力的影响,通过高糖持续作用,胰岛素刺激诱导HepG2细胞建立胰岛素抵抗细胞模型,葡萄糖氧化酶法(GOD-POD法)鉴定模型是否成立,并用GOD-POD法检测正常HepG2细胞和MI对HepG2胰岛素抵抗细胞葡萄糖消耗量的变化。结果:在对HepG2细胞活性没有影响的情况下,MI增加了胰岛素抵抗模型的葡萄糖消耗量。与模型对照组相比,葡萄糖氧化酶法结果显示,MI可显著增加胰岛素抵抗模型葡糖糖的消耗量(P0.01)。结论:MI可明显增加IR-HepG2细胞模型葡萄糖的消耗量,对IR-HepG2细胞模型胰岛素抵抗有显著的改善作用。     

枸杞多糖对HepG2细胞胰岛素抵抗的改善作用及机制研究

目的：观察不同浓度的枸杞多糖（LBP）对HepG2细胞胰岛素抵抗的影响并探讨其机制。方法：采用高糖高胰岛素处理HepG2细胞24 h建立胰岛素抵抗细胞模型后,用台盼蓝检测活力大于95%的HepG2细胞,以10⁴/孔密度接种于96孔板内,细胞贴壁后以30 μg/ml、100 μg/ml、300 μg/ml的LBP培养48 h,200 μl/well,各组均设4个复孔。检测不同浓度的LBP对HepG2细胞活性及胰岛素抵抗的影响;细胞内丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性;各组细胞胰岛素信号转导通路中相关蛋白（IRS-2、PI3-K、Akt、GLUT2）的表达。结果：MTT显示：与正常对照组相比,IR模型组MDA含量显著升高,SOD活力明显降低,同时IRS-2、PI-3K、Akt、GLUT2蛋白表达水平明显下降;与IR模型组相比,中、高浓度LBP组MDA的含量明显降低,SOD的活力显著升高,且IRS-2、PI-3K、Akt、GLUT2蛋白表达水平明显升高;在相同的时间内,随着LBP浓度的增加,OD值逐渐降低;在同一浓度干预下,随着时间的延长,OD值也逐渐降低;葡萄糖消耗实验表明中、高浓度的LBP可显著提高胰岛素抵抗HepG2细胞的葡萄糖消耗量,而低浓度LBP对HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗量无明显影响。结论：中、高浓度枸杞多糖能改善HepG2细胞胰岛素抵抗,其作用机制可能与降低细胞氧化应激水平及提高胰岛素信号传导通路相关蛋白表达有关。     

肌源性IL-6对骨骼肌细胞胰岛素抵抗的影响及其机制

目的:研究外源性钙负荷促进离体细胞肌源性IL-6释放,调节AMPK、p38MAPK等信号通路以改善胰岛素抵抗的效应。方法:以正常培养的C2C12细胞系和棕榈酸诱导形成胰岛素抵抗C2C12细胞系为实验对象。预实验通过不同浓度钙培养肌细胞24 h后,检测培养液葡萄糖浓度并在显微镜下观察其收缩的情况。正式试验1将细胞分为4组：A组为Control组(正常培养液培养),B组为IR组(0.6 mmol/L棕榈酸哺育细胞24 h后备用),C组为1 000 ng/ml IL-6哺育IR细胞48 h组(IL-6+IR组),D组为IL-6shRNA哺育正常细胞48 h组(IL-6shRNA组)。正式试验2将细胞分为3组：A组为IR组,B组为100μmol/L CaCl₂哺育IR细胞48 h组(钙哺育组,CaCl₂+IR组),C组为100μmol/L CaCl2和IL-6shRNA共哺育IR细胞48 h组(共哺育组,CaCl₂+IL-6shRNA+IR组),采用Real-time PCR方法检测IL-6 mRNA、GLUT mRNA表达水平...     

亚硒酸钠对HepG2细胞脂质和葡萄糖代谢相关基因表达的影响

硒是人和动物必需的微量元素,不同浓度的硒可以调节猪、羔羊、小鼠、人和酵母中与脂质和葡萄糖代谢相关基因的表达水平,但是目前尚不清楚低剂量硒对HepG2细胞脂质和葡萄糖代谢相关基因的影响.因此,我们通过实时荧光定量PCR和基因组学分析,研究了亚硒酸钠对HepG2细胞中脂质和葡萄糖代谢相关基因表达水平的影响.结果表明,脂质代谢相关基因FAR1,DGKD和HILPDA在24h和36 h时表达增加,葡萄糖代谢相关基因UGDH,IRS-2和PEPCK在24 h和36 h时表达增加.与对照组相比,0.1 μmol/L亚硒酸钠处理HepG2细胞24 h可以增加TRAP1,HILPDA 和 PEPCK的表达水平,它们在肿瘤发生发展中起着重要的作用.此外,转录组学分析表明,亚硒酸钠可以改变代谢调控网络,包括萜类骨架的生物合成、胰岛素抵抗、磷酸肌醇代谢和细胞周期途径等.以上结果表明,0.1 μmol/L亚硒酸钠可能会影响HepG2细胞的脂质和葡萄糖代谢,影响肿瘤的发生发展.     

成纤维细胞生长因子21在抵抗素引发胰岛素抵抗的肝细胞模型中的糖代谢调节作用

抵抗素是2001年Steppan等发现的一种与胰岛素抵抗有密切联系的细胞因子．本研究探讨了成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF-21)在抵抗素过表达导致胰岛素抵抗的肝细胞中的糖代谢调节作用．构建人抵抗素真核表达载体,转染HepG2细胞,利用流式细胞仪筛选出过表达抵抗素的HepG2模型细胞,分别用不同浓度的胰岛素和FGF-21刺激细胞,用GOD-POD法检测细胞的葡萄糖摄取情况,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测抵抗素转染后及FGF-21处理后细胞GLUT1、PPAR-γ mRNA表达的变化．PCR鉴定结果表明过表达抵抗素的HepG2模型细胞构建成功．GOD-POD法检测结果证明,模型细胞对胰岛素敏感性降低,但FGF-21仍能有效调节模型细胞的葡萄糖摄取,且呈现剂量依赖关系．实时荧光定量PCR方法检测发现,抵抗素转染后HepG2细胞GLUT1 mRNA表达增加,经FGF-21刺激后模型细胞与对照细胞相比GLUT1 mRNA的表达仍有上升趋势,PPAR-γ的变化不显著．上述结果表明,抵抗素过表达的肝细胞,对胰岛素敏感性降低,产生胰岛素抵抗,但FGF-21仍能有效调节其葡萄糖代谢．     

核桃多肽对高糖诱导HepG2胰岛素抵抗模型的影响

摘 要：目的：探究核桃多肽在细胞水平上的降糖作用机制,为核桃资源开发利用提供科学依据。方法：在实验室提取的HT多肽,分离纯化HT-1、HT-2的基础上,通过GLUT4转膜活性筛选,L6肌管细胞葡萄糖摄取活性筛选以及高糖诱导HepG2细胞模型胰岛素抵抗实验,探究核桃多肽的降糖生物活性及降糖作用机制。结果：HT多肽、HT-1、HT-2均有一定的促GLUT4转膜活性,其中量效曲线趋势分布较好的为HT-2,15min开始响应,30min达峰值,在25min细胞膜上GLUT4增加1倍;葡萄糖摄取活性都较好,摄取率分别为1.16、1.06和1.36;IRβ、IRS-1蛋白、GLUT2蛋白的表达水平与HT-2呈浓度依赖性增加,表明HT-2通过胰岛素信号传导途径改善葡萄糖代谢。结论：HT多肽、HT-1、HT-2的降糖活性都较好,其中HT-2效果明显,且是通过胰岛素信号传导途径改善葡萄糖代谢。     

胰岛素抵抗细胞与大鼠模型的建立及其应用

目的探讨胰岛素抵抗模型的建立方法和二苯乙烯对血糖的调节作用。方法①给予Wistar大鼠自制脂肪乳建立胰岛素抵抗动物模型。②给予HepG2细胞胰岛素,建立胰岛素抵抗（HepG2/IR）细胞模型。③分别给予模型大鼠和HepG2/IR细胞二苯乙烯,观察二苯乙烯对血糖的调节作用。结果给予脂肪乳后,大鼠的血糖和TG、TC、LDL、HDL分别升高了72.87%和16.21%、139.93%、56.93%、18.32%,与建模前比,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）;给予二苯乙烯,模型组动物血糖和血脂水平比给药前明显降低（P〈0.05~0.01）;HepG2/IR葡萄糖消耗量比对照组（HepG2）明显增加。结论给予Wistar大鼠自制脂肪乳或给予HepG2细胞胰岛素,可建立胰岛素抵抗模型;二苯乙烯具有降低模型动物血糖和血脂、增加HepG2/IR葡萄糖消耗量的作用。     

人肾小球血管内皮细胞胰岛素抵抗模型的建立

目的:采用不同浓度的棕榈酸与葡萄糖在体外诱导建立人肾小球内皮细胞(Human glomerular endothelial cells,HRGEC)胰岛素抵抗模型。方法:以人肾小球内皮细胞为研究对象,不同浓度棕榈酸(100,200,300,400,500μmol/L)与不同浓度的葡萄糖(20,30,40,50,60 mmol/L)分别作用细胞24小时和48小时,应用MTT法和葡萄糖氧化酶法检测棕榈酸和葡萄糖对HRGEC存活率与葡萄糖消耗量的影响,蛋白免疫印迹法检测P-IRS、IRS、AKT和p-AKT (Ser473)的影响。结果:1、当棕榈酸500μmol/L干预细胞24小时,与正常组比较,细胞活性显著下降(P0.01),棕榈酸浓度大于或等于300μmol/L干预细胞48小时,细胞存活率显著降低(P0.01)。与空白组比较,300μmol/L、400μmol/L、500μmol/L棕榈酸干预细胞24小时能够明显的降低细胞的葡萄糖消耗(P0.05);200μmol/L、300μmol/L、400μmol/L、500μmol/L干预细胞48小时能够明显的降低细胞的葡萄糖消耗(P0.01)。2、不同浓度葡萄糖刺激人肾小球内皮细胞(HGREC)24小时和48小时,与空白组比较,各组细胞的存活率与对照组比较均无显著变化(P0.05)。与空白组比较,40mmol/L、50 mmol/L、60 mmol/L葡萄糖干预细胞24小时能够降低人肾小球内皮细胞的葡萄糖消耗(P0.05)。与空白组比较,30mmol/L、40mmol/L、50 mmol/L、60 mmol/L葡萄糖干预细胞48小时能够明显降低人肾小球内皮细胞的葡萄糖消耗量(P0.01)。3、不同浓度的葡萄糖刺激人肾小球内皮细胞(HGREC)24小时后,结果显示,50 mmol/L、60 mmol/L葡萄糖刺激细胞24小时能降低P-IRS/IRS和p-AKT/AKT (Ser473)的水平(P0.01),而其他组无明显显著变化(P0.05)。结论:高糖诱导方法能够建立HRGEC细胞胰岛素抵抗模型,具有建模周期短、容易重复、可控性强的优点,可用于糖尿病胰岛素抵抗机制的研究和中药成分的筛选研究。     

微流控芯片技术在细胞生物学研究中的应用进展

20世纪90年代以来,微流控芯片技术得到了快速发展。由于具有小型化、集成化、高通量、低消耗、分析快速等特点,微流控芯片作为一种新型的生物学研究平台,能够提供传统方法不具备的精细和可控制的细胞研究条件,在细胞生物学研究领域中得到了广泛关注。该文主要介绍其在细胞培养、分选、裂解、计数、凋亡检测、迁移、单细胞捕获、细胞间作用等方面的研究进展。     

The role of glutamine, serum and energy factors in growth of enterocyte-like cell lines

Background: Glutamine is routinely added to most cell cultures. Glutamine has been found to be the preferential nutrient to the rapidly replicating intestinal mucosa, but whether this is a metabolic effect or due to other properties of this amino acid is not determined. To study the importance of glutamine on the growth of two enterocyte-like cell lines, the effects of depriving the media or supplementing it with glutamine were assessed in media with different serum and energy supplements. Methods: CaCo-2 and HT-29 cells were grown in serum-free medium, with fetal bovine or synthetic serum, and with or without glucose or galactose. The glutamine content was varied between 0 and 4 mM. All growth assays were performed in triplicate by counting in a hemocytometer. Results: Both cell lines were dependent of serum factors for growth, but displayed distinct requirements on glutamine supplementation. Glutamine was an obligate supplement with dose-dependent correlation to growth (r=0.87, p<0.01) for CaCo-2 cells cultured in synthetic, but not in fetal bovine serum. In HT-29 cells, the correlation between glutamine and growth was significant (r=0,68, p<0,05) only in fetal bovine serum in the absence of galactose. Conclusion: This study shows that glutamine has different growth stimulating effects on two enterocyte-like cell lines studied. This could reflect different modes of action of glutamine on proliferation and differentiation in an enterocyte cell population.     

Besides Purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex

Ever since the groundbreaking work of Ramon y Cajal, the cerebellar cortex has been recognized as one of the most regularly structured and wired parts of the brain formed by a rather limited set of distinct cells. Its rather protracted course of development, which persists well into postnatal life, the availability of multiple natural mutants, and, more recently, the availability of distinct molecular genetic tools to identify and manipulate discrete cell types have suggested the cerebellar cortex as an excellent model to understand the formation and working of the central nervous system. However, the formulation of a unifying model of cerebellar function has so far proven to be a most cantankerous problem, not least because our understanding of the internal cerebellar cortical circuitry is clearly spotty. Recent research has highlighted the fact that cerebellar cortical interneurons are a quite more diverse and heterogeneous class of cells than generally appreciated, and have provided novel insights into the mechanisms that underpin the development and histogenetic integration of these cells. Here, we provide a short overview of cerebellar cortical interneuron diversity, and we summarize some recent results that are hoped to provide a primer on current understanding of cerebellar biology.     

哺乳动物体细胞核移植中供体细胞的研究进展

在哺乳动物体细胞核移植中,供体细胞是影响其效率的主要因素之一。供体细胞的类型、细胞周期、细胞的培养代数、冷藏与冷冻处理,以及供体动物的性别、年龄等都可能影响核移植胚胎的发育。根据现有资料,简要综述了在哺乳动物体细胞核移植中有关供体细胞的研究进展。     

微囊化K562细胞生长周期及代谢特性的研究

以K562细胞为模型,分别进行微囊化和游离培养,运用流式细胞术考察两种培养体系下细胞周期和生长代谢变化;建立数学模型,模拟了两种培养体系下细胞的生长活性和代谢特性。实验发现：微囊化培养过程中的K562细胞处于DNA合成期（S期）的百分含量显著高于游离培养,并且细胞保持较高的增殖活性。模型计算表明,所建模型动力学参数能够很好地描述微囊化和游离两种培养体系下细胞的代谢情况;对细胞活性的理论计算表明,微囊化的细胞具有较高的增殖和代谢活性,同时细胞能够较长时间保持此活性;模型参数表明,两种培养体系下,葡萄糖对细胞生长的影响无显著差别 (k^Free_L≈k^APA_L),乳酸对游离培养细胞的生长具有明显抑制作用,但对微囊化培养细胞抑制作用较小(kFreeL>≈kAPAL)。     

Ultrastructural evidence for two-cell and three-cell neural pathways in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida.

Sensory and ganglion cells in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida were traced in serial transmission electron micrographs to their synaptic contacts on other cells. Sensory cell synapses were found on spirocytes, muscle cells, and ganglion cells. Ganglion cells, in turn, synapsed on sensory cells, spirocytes, muscle cells, and other neurons and formed en passant axo-axonal synapses. Axonal synapses on nematocytes and gland cells were not traced to their cells of origin, i.e., identified sensory or ganglion cells. Direct synaptic contacts of sensory cells with spirocytes and sensory cells with muscle cells suggest a local two-cell pathway for spirocyst discharge and muscle cell contraction, whereas interjection of a ganglion cell between the sensory and effector cells creates a local three-cell pathway. The network of ganglion cells and their processes allows for a through-conduction system that is interconnected by chemical synapses. Although the sea anemone nervous system is more complex than that of Hydra, it has similar two-cell and three-cell effector pathways that may function in local responses to tentacle contact with food.     

Of mice, frogs and flies: generation of membrane asymmetries in early development

Embryonic development begins with cleavage of the fertilized egg. Cleavage comprises two major processes: cytokinesis and formation of a polarized epithelial cell layer. The focus of this review is comparison of the generation of membrane polarity during embryonic cleavage in three different developmental model systems. In mammalian embryos, as exemplified by analysis of the mouse, generation of distinct membrane domains is uncoupled from cleavage divisions and is initiated in a specific developmental phase, called compaction. In Xenopus laevis embryos, generation of polarized blastomeres occurs simultaneously with cytokinesis. The origin of specific membrane domains of X. laevis polar blastomeres, however, can be traced back to oogenesis. Finally, in Drosophila melanogaster, generation of polarized cells occurs at cellularization. The relevance of cell adhesion, cell junctions and cytocortical scaffolds will be discussed for each of the model systems. Despite enormous morphologic differences, the three models share many common features; in particular, many important molecular interactions are conserved.     

Mammalian testis: a target of in vivo electroporation

Mammalian spermatogenesis consists of three biologically significant processes: stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, meiosis, and haploid cell morphogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these processes might provide clues to the puzzle of species preservation and evolution, and to treatments for male infertility. However, few useful in vitro systems exist to investigate these processes at present. To elucidate these mechanisms, in vivo electroporation of the testis might be a convenient option. Since DNA solution can be injected into the seminiferous tubule via the rete testis, similar to germ cell transplantation, it is easy to transfect expression vectors into various differentiated germ cells and supporting Sertoli cells with adequate electric shock. Unfortunately, it is difficult to create transgenic animals using this method because of its low efficiency. However, gain- and loss-of-function assays, promoter assays, and tagged-protein behavior assays can be conducted with this technique, as in in vitro culture systems.     

Towards the development of a minimal cell model by generalization of a model of Escherichia coli: use of dimensionless rate parameters.

A model of a minimal cell would be a valuable tool in identifying the organizing principles that relate the static sequence information of the genome to the dynamic functioning of the living cell. Our approach for developing a minimal cell model is to first generalize an existing model of Escherichia coli by expressing reaction rates as ratios to a set of reference parameters. This generalized model is a prototype minimal cell model that will be developed by adding detail to explicitly include each chemical species. We tested the concept of a generalized model by testing the effect of scaling all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the E. coli model. The scaling has little effect on cellular function for a wide range of kinetic ratios, where the kinetic ratio is defined as the rate of all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a given model relative to those in the E. coli model.     

牛脂肪间充质干细胞的分离、培养与鉴定

为了给组织工程提供种子细胞,对牛间充质干细胞(Adipose-derived stem cells,ADSCs)进行体外分离培养。首先应用胶原酶消化法分离牛ADSCs,进行体外培养、连续传代,并观察细胞的形态变化,通过细胞计数绘制生长曲线,细胞压片进行染色体分析,采用细胞免疫荧光化学方法检测细胞表面标记,利用成骨分化和成脂分化检测其分化能力。结果显示牛ADSCs体外培养时细胞形态呈成纤维细胞样,增殖稳定;Vimentin、CD49d、CD13表达呈阳性,CD34表达呈阴性;成骨诱导条件下的细胞碱性磷酸酶活性高,茜素红染色呈阳性;成脂诱导条件下细胞周围脂滴明显,油红-O染色呈阳性。结果证明牛ADSCs体外生长稳定、增殖速度快、定向分化能力强,简易的体外分离培养及诱导方法为其在组织工程中的应用奠定了基础。